Unit 1 Chapter 1. Thinking Geographically * Basics of Geography

Transcription

1 Global Cultures Unit 1 Chapter 1 Thinking Geographically * Basics of Geography

2 1.1 Geography in Greek means writing about the Earth study the Earth Geography Geographer asks: WHERE things are found on Earth & WHY they are there Geographers can occupy many jobs - Teachers - Government - Environment - Field - Census data

3 2 Main Questions Geographers Ask: Where? Why?

4 Geographers Explain WHERE & WHY PLACE Specific point on Earth with particular characteristics How would you describe Florida? REGION Area of Earth distinguished by cultural & physical features What region do we live in the U.S.? SCALE Relationship between the portion of Earth being studied & Earth as a whole

5 TYPES OF GEOGRAPHY Physical Geography Earth s natural processes and their outcomes. Human Geography Where and why human activities are located where they are?

6 1.3 Foundations of Geography Cartography the science of mapmaking Map - representation, usually on a flat surface (2D)

7 Geographers Use Maps as a Reference tool- find shortest route, avoid getting lost, learn where something is found (usually in atlas or road map) Communications tool- depicting the distribution of human activities or physical features, as well as for thinking about reasons underlying a distribution

8 1.3 To make a map must decide: Map scale Map projection

9 Map Scale Scale Relationship between the portion of Earth being studied & Earth as a whole Ratio between distance on a map & actual distance on the earth Fraction or Ratio numerical ratio between distances on the map & Earth s surface EX. 1/24,000 and 1:24,000 Written statement describes map & Earth distances in words EX. 1 inch equals 1 mile Graphic Bar Bar line shows distance

10 Scale

11

12

13 1.3 To make a map must decide: Map scale Map projection

14 Map Projections Map Projection scientific method of transferring locations on Earth s surface to a flat map No perfect map projection 4 Types of Distortion Shape Distance Relative size Direction

15

16 Geography Review Questions Geographers Ask? Place Region Scale What is the difference between physical & human geography? Cartography Map 2 ways geographers use maps? Map projection

17 1.4 Latitude and Longitude The earth is divided into lots of lines called latitude and longitude. Grid pattern latitude & longitude lines measured in degrees. Latitude Longitude

18 Latitude and Longitude Latitude also called parallels Lines that begin at 0º (Equator) and run north and south to 90º (north/south poles) Longitude also called meridians Lines that begin at 0º (Prime Meridian) and run east and west go 180º (International Date Line)

19 Latitude and Longitude

20 PRIME MERIDIAN = Greenwich Mean Time 0 longitude

21 Grid Pattern Helps You Find... Latitude & longitude lines are measured in degrees. To plot a location, you must determine: 1.Latitude lines 2. Longitude lines Which kind of lines are used to determine time zones?

22 TIME ZONE TELLING TIME Longitude plays an important role in calculating time Telling time using longitude 360 divided by 24 = east/west will enter a new time zone moving east turn clock ahead - moving west turn clock backward Greenwich Mean Time = Prime Meridian at 0º International Date Line - 180º longitude

23

24 1.5 Geographical Technologies Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Computer system that captures, stores, analyzes, and displays geographic data Multiple THEMATIC LAYERS of spatial information

25

26 Geographical Technologies Global Positioning Systems (GPS) System that determines the precise position on Earth Global Navigation Satellite systems use satellites, tracking stations, cell phones, & cell phone towers to pinpoint location Latitude / longitude coordinates for navigation Cell phone tower How is it done? Triangulation use of geometry Time it takes to get a signal from a known location X known rate of signal of speed = Distance Away from the known location that the signal

27 Review Latitude lines are (AKA ) 0 latitude is Longitude lines are (AKA ) 0 longitude is (AKA ) 180 longitude is the How do you plot a location? Which lines are used for time zones? Every degrees is a new time zone Go west you time; go east you time GIS = which is.... GPS = which is... How do geographers use GIS & GPS?

28 1.6 LOCATION Location a particular place Distinctiveness of a particular spot How can location be described? Think of places you want to go Think of your favorite place as a child? Sense of Place Location can be described: Toponym Site Situation

29 LOCATION Toponym name given to a place on Earth Person, religion, ancient history, original settlers, or landscape Place names change over time Lake Zurich Cedar Lake The meanings of regions are often contested. In Montgomery, Alabama, streets named after Confederate President Jefferson Davis and Civil Rights leader Rosa Parks intersect.

30 Place: a unique location Site unique physical characteristics of a place Characteristics include: climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and elevation Lower Manhattan Island

31 Cultural Landscape built environment means unique locations

32 Place: a unique location Situation location of a place relative to other places/objects Helps us find an unfamiliar place & understanding its importance

33 1.7 Region - divide into different units Region An area that contains one or more characteristics Unifying & unique cultural or physical characteristics

34 3 Types of Regions: FORMAL REGION Region shares the same characteristic Phenomena's: religion, economic activity, language, government, or cultural trait EXAMPLES: Illinois + IL counties Corn Belt

35 3 types of regions: FUNCTIONAL region Area around a node or focal point importance diminishes outward Examples -

36 Functional & formal Regions Fig. 1-11: The state of Iowa is an example of a formal region; the areas of influence of various television stations are examples of functional regions.

37 3 types of regions: Vernacular region (Perceptual) Area people believe exists Based on individual s perception or feelings Examples - What is the bad side of town? The South has different boundaries

38 What Type of Region is this Map?

39 What Type of Region is this Map?

40 What Type of Region is this Map? Links between large banks & smaller banks in the 1970 s

41 Location Review Can be described 3 ways.... Toponymn Site Situation Region 3 types of regions are.... Formal region Functional region Vernacular region

42 1.8 Scale is a powerful concept because: We can look at places on a local, regional, national, or global scale GLOBAL SCALE look at something affecting the world LOCAL SCALE look at a neighborhood within a city & its unique features Different scales influence one another

43

44 GLOBALIZATION Video Force or process that involves the entire world spread Making something worldwide TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS Major corporation found in many countries Quickly spread thanks to modern technology Globalization of the economy

45 Globalization Benefits of Globalization Video part 1 Video part 2 Video part 3 Video part 4 Video part 5 Video part 6 Video part 7 Negative aspects of Globalization

46 GLOBALIZATION Diffusion of... of the Economy

47 Where do we see Globalization? In every aspect of life Economics - Culture

48 Globalization of the Economy What has influenced globalization? Advances in communication & transportation technology Wealthier countries tap into world markets for goods & take advantage of abundant, cheap labor, & lax policies

49 Result: more specialization in countries TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS Decide where to produce or sell products based on: Proximity to raw materials Wages of workers Skill-level / education of workers Access to technology (if needed) Select best location to make a profit

50 Globalization of Culture What created the likelihood of a global culture? TECHNOLOGY: Internet, fax machines, satellites, & cable TV Enhanced communications - Uniformity of culture Global entertainment companies shape the perceptions & dreams of ordinary people, wherever they live. Result: spread of values, norms, & culture tends to promote Western ideas & capitalism $$$.

51 RESULT OF GLOBALIZATION People have more similarities & less differences What are the benefits & drawbacks to globalization? Conflict?

52 Culture Culture: way of life for a group of people People care about culture & they take care of it. Religious Practices - Dance Traditions during holidays Speaking a second language at home

53 People who want to keep their culture: Increased political conflict Intolerance toward others

54 People are being pulled in opposite directions by two factors globalization and local diversity Globalization force or process that involve the entire world and result in make something worldwide Local Diversity maintaining individual differences within a local community or culture McDonalds variety Haggis

55 Extinction of Culture? As more people become aware of a global culture, and wish to PRESERVE THEIR CULTURE... LOCAL DIVERSITY 1) There are fewer differences & more similarities among people around the world 2) Local culture (characteristics) are threatened. Geographers notice that people are being pulled in opposite directions between &

56 Review 1.8 Globalization Transnational corporations How do we see globalization in our lives? When TNC decide locations for a plant or selling, they pick a location based on... Local diversity

57 1.9 SPACE: Distribution of Features Space Physical gap or interval between 2 objects Arrangement of people & activities found in space Try to understand why those people & activities are distributed as they are.

58 SPACE: Distribution of Features DISTRIBUTION Arrangement of a feature in space 3 properties of distribution: DENSITY CONCENTRATION PATTERN

59 SPACE: Distribution of Features Density frequency (#) something occurs in space

60 Density Density is number of items or frequency in an area It remains the same no matter how the items are distributed * Which box has the highest density? * Which box has the lowest density?

61 SPACE: Distribution of Features Concentration spread of a feature over space Dispersed (scattered) Clustered (grouped)

62 Concentration * Which box best illustrates the concept of clustered? * Which box best illustrates the concept of dispersed?

63 Illinois Population Density The changing distribution of North American baseball teams illustrates the differences between density and concentration. Density and Concentration of Baseball Teams, 1952 & 2007

64 Pattern Arrangement of objects in space Geometric or Regular pattern: Linear, circular, linear Irregular pattern: Random Did you ever wonder why Midwest cities follow a grid pattern?

65 1.10 Connections between places Connection relationship among people & objects across space More rapid connections reduced the distance between places Hearth (Node) place of origin Question: What are the HEARTHS of civilization? Diffusion process which a characteristic spreads from one place to another Movement of any characteristic

66 EARTH * The source area of any innovation. The source area from which an idea, crop, artifact, or good is diffused to other areas.

67 Diffusion Two Types of Diffusion Relocation Diffusion spread through physical movement from one place to another Expansion Diffusion spread from node / hearth through various means Hierarchical Diffusion spread from persons of authority / power to other persons Contagious Diffusion rapid, widespread diffusion throughout the population Stimulus Diffusion spread of an underlying principle / changed idea

68 Relocation Diffusion Relocation Diffusion spread by physical movement People migrate for political, economic, and environmental reasons * List two of your own examples of relocation diffusion

69 Expansion Diffusion Contagious Hierarchical Stimulus * List one example of contagious diffusion * List one example of hierarchical diffusion * List one example of stimulus diffusion

70 Because Hindus believe cows are holy, cows often roam the streets in villages and towns. The McDonalds restaurants in India feature veggie burgers. Stimulus Diffusion

71 Diffusion of Walmart

72 Review Distribution 3 kinds of distribution Hearth Density Concentration Pattern Diffusion 2 types of diffusion Relocation diffusion Expansion diffusion 3 types of expansion diffusion Contagious diffusion Hierarchical diffusion Stimulus diffusion