BUILDING AN ACCURATE GIS
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1 BUILDING AN ACCURATE GIS 2006 GIS in the Rockies Denver, Colorado September 13, 2006 William E. Linzey United States Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Geodetic Survey
2 Difference Between Accuracy and Precision in a Geospatial Context Precision A measure on how close a group of measurements match one another. Accuracy A measure of how close one measurement is to the truth.
3 Difference between GIS and GIS? Geographic Information System A management system comprised of people, software, hardware, and data used to create, acquire, store, integrate, manipulate, edit, display geographic information. Geographic Information Science Having the practical and/or formal educational knowledge and understanding in using a Geographic Information System.
4 Why Accuracy is Important to a GIS Realistic, useable representation of data for local government, facilities management, utility and other applications. Large scale applications can be performed. Decision support data is reliable. Data can be aligned and easily interoperable. Survey grade and Mapping grade data can be input directly. High Accuracy data sets saves money in the long term. Accuracy is hence directly related to the affected community when decisions are derived with Geospatial Data and Geospatial Systems.
5 Assumptions about GIS Data Accuracy Immediate Trust of the data from non-originating sources. The data accuracy has been taken care of. The software will ensure data accuracy. Manipulate Data first, accuracy can be obtained later. We don t really need that much accuracy. As accurate as possible. What we have is good enough. Accuracy - It s too expensive.
6 Misperceptions about GIS Data Accuracy We can establish or adjust accuracy by: Digital orthophotos and satellite imagery Resolution is synonymous with Spatial Accuracy. Heads-up digitizing based on evidence Rubber sheeting!!!! All that s needed is a resource grade (hand held) GPS unit. Data collected is of High Accuracy The GPS data can be used to adjust the other data. It can be used for survey control. GPS = accuracy.
7 Spatial Data Accuracy Issues In GIS Spatial data accuracy is crucial to building a useful GIS. It is an underpinning!!!!! GIS Developers and Users must understand: The impact of data accuracy on GIS. Details of spatial data accuracy (metadata). Project Specific spatial data accuracy needs and requirements. Surveying and mapping professionals should: Understand the accuracy needs of GIS users. Must be involved in GIS data design and collection.
8 Spatial Data Accuracy Issues In GIS All involved - Develop and utilize Project Management Principles in finding methods to leverage cost.
9 Consequence of Inadequate Spatial Data Accuracy in GIS Projects Data mismatches, inconsistencies Multiple and undetermined base-maps Decisions based on bad and / or inappropriate data Project Cost increases. Failed Projects Possibility of being Subject to Lawsuits
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12 In Developing an Accurate GIS At a minimum the following could be considered when developing a GISystem that will support the GIScience Why is this project being undertaken? Local, Regional, National Purposes Audience, Scope, Static or Temporal data, What are the Human and Technical Resources, Funding constraints, if any. Determine Project Area Determine Coordinate Geometry of the Project Area Determine accuracy requirements Research Data repositories National and Internationally from all groups.
13 Different Type of Coordinates Latitude and Longitude (2 D) Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed (ECEF) (3D) - X,Y,Z Projection Coordinates (2D - Northing & Easting -X, Y
14 NATION S OLDEST FEDERAL SCIENTIFIC AGENCY
15 National Spatial Reference System (NSRS) Consistent National Coordinate System Latitude Longitude Height Scale Gravity Orientation Shoreline and how these values change with time.
16 NSRS ATTRIBUTES ACCURATE -- cm accuracy for (Ø, φ, h) on a global scale MULTIPURPOSE -- Supports Geodesy, Geophysics, Land Surveying, Navigation, Mapping, Charting and GIS activities ACTIVE -- Accessible through Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) and derived products INTEGRATED -- Related to International services and standards (e.g. International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, International GNSS Service etc.)
17 NSRS COMPONENTS National Shoreline Consistent, accurate, and up-to-date National and Cooperative CORS A network of GPS Continuously Operating Reference Stations Networks of geodetic control points Permanently marked survey monuments Geoid Tools Models of geophysical effects on spatial measurements
18 ACRONYMS US
19 Coordinate Systems Latitude & Longitude State Plane Coordinates UTM Coordinates NAD 83 NAD 27 NAVD 88 NGVD 29 WGS 84 ITRF.. Having trouble deciding what to use?
20 GEODETIC DATUMS Classical Horizontal 2 D (Latitude and Longitude) -- [NAD 27, NAD 83(1986)] Vertical 1 D (Orthometric Height) -- [NGVD 29, NAVD 88] Contemporary PRACTICAL 3 D (Latitude, Longitude and Ellipsoid Height) Fixed and Stable Coordinates seldom change -- [NAD 83 (1995)] SCIENTIFIC 4 D (Latitude, Longitude, Ellipsoid Height, Velocities) Coordinates change with time [ITRF00]
21 GPS NETWORKS TO SUPPORT GIS GPS SURVEY DATA OBSERVE TO NATIONAL STANDARDS CLASSICAL Lots of control points spaced at regular intervals (1-3 miles) TIES TO CORS, HARN and LOCAL BMs QUALITY MONUMENTATION CONTEMPORARY CORS and Geoid Monumentation as necessary
22 GPS NETWORKS TO SUPPORT GIS CLASSICAL
23 GPS NETWORKS TO SUPPORT GIS Contemporary
24 CLASSICAL GPS NETWORKS PROS Monumentation usually established in only 1 or 2 GPS survey campaigns Complete coverage No time lag for users access to control CONS Large initial cost Continual network maintenance Monuments destroyed or disturbed before they re used Time dependant changes to coordinates rarely measured
25 CONTEMPORARY GPS NETWORKS PROS Minimal permanent monumentation Project control established when and where needed Costs spread over time Time dependant changes monitored continuously. CONS Qualified staff to coordinate user requirements Time lag to establish project control
26 METADATA METADATA IS DATA ABOUT DATA DATUMS NAD 27, NAD 83(1986), NAD83 (1995), NGVD29, NAVD88 UNITS Meters, Feet (U.S. Survey, International) Varas, Toise, Chains, Rods, Poles, Links, Perches, Smoots ACCURACY A, B, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 3cm, Scaled
27 METADATA?? Horizontal Datum?? Plane Coordinate Zone?? Units of Measure?? How Accurate??
28 METADATA?? Horizontal and Vertical Datums?? How Accurate Plane Units B-Order, Coordinate of Measure 1 st -Order, Zone???? 2cm, 0.01 ft??
29 ELLIPSOID - GEOID RELATIONSHIP H = Orthometric Height (NAVD 88) h = Ellipsoidal Height (NAD 83) N = Geoid Height (GEOID 03) H = h - N H h Geoid N GEOID03 Ellipsoid GRS80
30 ELLIPSOID DEFINITIONS CLARKE 1866 a = 6,378,206.4 m 1/f = Adopted by C&GS/GSC for USSD/NAD & NAD 27 GEODETIC REFERENCE SYSTEM (GRS 80) a = 6,378,137 m 1/f = Adopted by IAG, used by NGS/GSC for NAD 83 WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM (WGS 84) a = 6,378,137 m 1/f = Adopted by USDoD for GPS
31 MY SOFTWARE SAYS I M WORKING IN WGS-84 Unless you re doing autonomous positioning (point positioning +/ meters) you re probably NOT in WGS-84 Project tied to WGS-84 control point obtained from the Defense Department -- Good Luck! -- You re really working in the same reference frame as your control points -- NAD 83?
32 VERTICAL DATUMS MEAN SEA LEVEL DATUM OF 1929 NATIONAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1929 (As of July 2, 1973) NORTH AMERICAN VERTICAL DATUM OF 1988 (As of June 24, 1993)
33 MHHW
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35 National Water Level Observation Network (NWLON) 184 Permanent Stations
36 STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEMS NOAA Manual NOS NGS - 5 State Plane Coordinate System of Lambert Conformal Conic and Transverse Mercator Projections International, State and County Boundaries Zones originally (1930s) limited to about 158 miles wide NAD 27 - Coordinates in U.S. Survey Feet NAD 83 - Coordinates Metric w/state Defined Foot Conversion 1 Meter = U.S. Survey Feet 1 Meter = International Feet NAD 27 to NAD 83 VERY large Positional Shifts
37 STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEMS
38 DATUM TRANSFORMATIONS 1. WHAT DATUM ARE THE EXISTING COORDINATES ON? 2. WHAT DATUM DO I WANT THE NEW COORDINATES ON? 3. HOW LARGE A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA DO I WANT TO CONVERT AT ONE TIME? 4. HOW MANY POINTS ARE COMMON TO BOTH DATUMS? 5. WHAT IS THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE COMMON POINTS? 6. HOW ACCURATE ARE THE EXISTING COORDINATES? 0.1 Foot 1.0 Foot 10. Feet 7. HOW ACCURATE DO I WANT THE NEW COORDINATES?
39 COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION COMPARISON NAD 27 to NAD 83(1986) NADCON ADJUSTED vs. TRANSFORMED Station: HUNTERSVILLE (FA2554) LATITUDE LONGITUDE PUBLISHED NADCON m m THIS CORRESPONDS TO A POSITIONAL DIFFERENCE OF m (0.87 ft)
40 GOOD COORDINATION BEGINS WITH GOOD COORDINATES Geography without geodesy is a felony Gunther Greulich, Past President, American Congress on Surveying and Mapping
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