BUILDING AN ACCURATE GIS

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "BUILDING AN ACCURATE GIS"

Transcription

1 BUILDING AN ACCURATE GIS 2006 GIS in the Rockies Denver, Colorado September 13, 2006 William E. Linzey United States Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Geodetic Survey

2 Difference Between Accuracy and Precision in a Geospatial Context Precision A measure on how close a group of measurements match one another. Accuracy A measure of how close one measurement is to the truth.

3 Difference between GIS and GIS? Geographic Information System A management system comprised of people, software, hardware, and data used to create, acquire, store, integrate, manipulate, edit, display geographic information. Geographic Information Science Having the practical and/or formal educational knowledge and understanding in using a Geographic Information System.

4 Why Accuracy is Important to a GIS Realistic, useable representation of data for local government, facilities management, utility and other applications. Large scale applications can be performed. Decision support data is reliable. Data can be aligned and easily interoperable. Survey grade and Mapping grade data can be input directly. High Accuracy data sets saves money in the long term. Accuracy is hence directly related to the affected community when decisions are derived with Geospatial Data and Geospatial Systems.

5 Assumptions about GIS Data Accuracy Immediate Trust of the data from non-originating sources. The data accuracy has been taken care of. The software will ensure data accuracy. Manipulate Data first, accuracy can be obtained later. We don t really need that much accuracy. As accurate as possible. What we have is good enough. Accuracy - It s too expensive.

6 Misperceptions about GIS Data Accuracy We can establish or adjust accuracy by: Digital orthophotos and satellite imagery Resolution is synonymous with Spatial Accuracy. Heads-up digitizing based on evidence Rubber sheeting!!!! All that s needed is a resource grade (hand held) GPS unit. Data collected is of High Accuracy The GPS data can be used to adjust the other data. It can be used for survey control. GPS = accuracy.

7 Spatial Data Accuracy Issues In GIS Spatial data accuracy is crucial to building a useful GIS. It is an underpinning!!!!! GIS Developers and Users must understand: The impact of data accuracy on GIS. Details of spatial data accuracy (metadata). Project Specific spatial data accuracy needs and requirements. Surveying and mapping professionals should: Understand the accuracy needs of GIS users. Must be involved in GIS data design and collection.

8 Spatial Data Accuracy Issues In GIS All involved - Develop and utilize Project Management Principles in finding methods to leverage cost.

9 Consequence of Inadequate Spatial Data Accuracy in GIS Projects Data mismatches, inconsistencies Multiple and undetermined base-maps Decisions based on bad and / or inappropriate data Project Cost increases. Failed Projects Possibility of being Subject to Lawsuits

10

11

12 In Developing an Accurate GIS At a minimum the following could be considered when developing a GISystem that will support the GIScience Why is this project being undertaken? Local, Regional, National Purposes Audience, Scope, Static or Temporal data, What are the Human and Technical Resources, Funding constraints, if any. Determine Project Area Determine Coordinate Geometry of the Project Area Determine accuracy requirements Research Data repositories National and Internationally from all groups.

13 Different Type of Coordinates Latitude and Longitude (2 D) Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed (ECEF) (3D) - X,Y,Z Projection Coordinates (2D - Northing & Easting -X, Y

14 NATION S OLDEST FEDERAL SCIENTIFIC AGENCY

15 National Spatial Reference System (NSRS) Consistent National Coordinate System Latitude Longitude Height Scale Gravity Orientation Shoreline and how these values change with time.

16 NSRS ATTRIBUTES ACCURATE -- cm accuracy for (Ø, φ, h) on a global scale MULTIPURPOSE -- Supports Geodesy, Geophysics, Land Surveying, Navigation, Mapping, Charting and GIS activities ACTIVE -- Accessible through Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) and derived products INTEGRATED -- Related to International services and standards (e.g. International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, International GNSS Service etc.)

17 NSRS COMPONENTS National Shoreline Consistent, accurate, and up-to-date National and Cooperative CORS A network of GPS Continuously Operating Reference Stations Networks of geodetic control points Permanently marked survey monuments Geoid Tools Models of geophysical effects on spatial measurements

18 ACRONYMS US

19 Coordinate Systems Latitude & Longitude State Plane Coordinates UTM Coordinates NAD 83 NAD 27 NAVD 88 NGVD 29 WGS 84 ITRF.. Having trouble deciding what to use?

20 GEODETIC DATUMS Classical Horizontal 2 D (Latitude and Longitude) -- [NAD 27, NAD 83(1986)] Vertical 1 D (Orthometric Height) -- [NGVD 29, NAVD 88] Contemporary PRACTICAL 3 D (Latitude, Longitude and Ellipsoid Height) Fixed and Stable Coordinates seldom change -- [NAD 83 (1995)] SCIENTIFIC 4 D (Latitude, Longitude, Ellipsoid Height, Velocities) Coordinates change with time [ITRF00]

21 GPS NETWORKS TO SUPPORT GIS GPS SURVEY DATA OBSERVE TO NATIONAL STANDARDS CLASSICAL Lots of control points spaced at regular intervals (1-3 miles) TIES TO CORS, HARN and LOCAL BMs QUALITY MONUMENTATION CONTEMPORARY CORS and Geoid Monumentation as necessary

22 GPS NETWORKS TO SUPPORT GIS CLASSICAL

23 GPS NETWORKS TO SUPPORT GIS Contemporary

24 CLASSICAL GPS NETWORKS PROS Monumentation usually established in only 1 or 2 GPS survey campaigns Complete coverage No time lag for users access to control CONS Large initial cost Continual network maintenance Monuments destroyed or disturbed before they re used Time dependant changes to coordinates rarely measured

25 CONTEMPORARY GPS NETWORKS PROS Minimal permanent monumentation Project control established when and where needed Costs spread over time Time dependant changes monitored continuously. CONS Qualified staff to coordinate user requirements Time lag to establish project control

26 METADATA METADATA IS DATA ABOUT DATA DATUMS NAD 27, NAD 83(1986), NAD83 (1995), NGVD29, NAVD88 UNITS Meters, Feet (U.S. Survey, International) Varas, Toise, Chains, Rods, Poles, Links, Perches, Smoots ACCURACY A, B, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 3cm, Scaled

27 METADATA?? Horizontal Datum?? Plane Coordinate Zone?? Units of Measure?? How Accurate??

28 METADATA?? Horizontal and Vertical Datums?? How Accurate Plane Units B-Order, Coordinate of Measure 1 st -Order, Zone???? 2cm, 0.01 ft??

29 ELLIPSOID - GEOID RELATIONSHIP H = Orthometric Height (NAVD 88) h = Ellipsoidal Height (NAD 83) N = Geoid Height (GEOID 03) H = h - N H h Geoid N GEOID03 Ellipsoid GRS80

30 ELLIPSOID DEFINITIONS CLARKE 1866 a = 6,378,206.4 m 1/f = Adopted by C&GS/GSC for USSD/NAD & NAD 27 GEODETIC REFERENCE SYSTEM (GRS 80) a = 6,378,137 m 1/f = Adopted by IAG, used by NGS/GSC for NAD 83 WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM (WGS 84) a = 6,378,137 m 1/f = Adopted by USDoD for GPS

31 MY SOFTWARE SAYS I M WORKING IN WGS-84 Unless you re doing autonomous positioning (point positioning +/ meters) you re probably NOT in WGS-84 Project tied to WGS-84 control point obtained from the Defense Department -- Good Luck! -- You re really working in the same reference frame as your control points -- NAD 83?

32 VERTICAL DATUMS MEAN SEA LEVEL DATUM OF 1929 NATIONAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1929 (As of July 2, 1973) NORTH AMERICAN VERTICAL DATUM OF 1988 (As of June 24, 1993)

33 MHHW

34

35 National Water Level Observation Network (NWLON) 184 Permanent Stations

36 STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEMS NOAA Manual NOS NGS - 5 State Plane Coordinate System of Lambert Conformal Conic and Transverse Mercator Projections International, State and County Boundaries Zones originally (1930s) limited to about 158 miles wide NAD 27 - Coordinates in U.S. Survey Feet NAD 83 - Coordinates Metric w/state Defined Foot Conversion 1 Meter = U.S. Survey Feet 1 Meter = International Feet NAD 27 to NAD 83 VERY large Positional Shifts

37 STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEMS

38 DATUM TRANSFORMATIONS 1. WHAT DATUM ARE THE EXISTING COORDINATES ON? 2. WHAT DATUM DO I WANT THE NEW COORDINATES ON? 3. HOW LARGE A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA DO I WANT TO CONVERT AT ONE TIME? 4. HOW MANY POINTS ARE COMMON TO BOTH DATUMS? 5. WHAT IS THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE COMMON POINTS? 6. HOW ACCURATE ARE THE EXISTING COORDINATES? 0.1 Foot 1.0 Foot 10. Feet 7. HOW ACCURATE DO I WANT THE NEW COORDINATES?

39 COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION COMPARISON NAD 27 to NAD 83(1986) NADCON ADJUSTED vs. TRANSFORMED Station: HUNTERSVILLE (FA2554) LATITUDE LONGITUDE PUBLISHED NADCON m m THIS CORRESPONDS TO A POSITIONAL DIFFERENCE OF m (0.87 ft)

40 GOOD COORDINATION BEGINS WITH GOOD COORDINATES Geography without geodesy is a felony Gunther Greulich, Past President, American Congress on Surveying and Mapping

Control Surveys and Coordinate Systems

Control Surveys and Coordinate Systems Control Surveys and Coordinate Systems The Earth is Round Basic Shape of the Earth: Oblate Spheroid of Revolution The length of the equatorial axis is approximately 27 miles greater than the polar axis.

More information

The National Spatial Reference System of the Future

The National Spatial Reference System of the Future The National Spatial Reference System of the Future William Stone Southwest Region (AZ, NM, NV, UT) Geodetic Advisor william.stone@noaa.gov NOAA s National Geodetic Survey geodesy.noaa.gov Salt Lake City

More information

This week s topics. Week 6. FE 257. GIS and Forest Engineering Applications. Week 6

This week s topics. Week 6. FE 257. GIS and Forest Engineering Applications. Week 6 FE 257. GIS and Forest Engineering Applications Week 6 Week 6 Last week Chapter 8 Combining and splitting landscape features and merging GIS databases Chapter 11 Overlay processes Questions? Next week

More information

MSGIC Spring Mtg Denton April 23, 2014

MSGIC Spring Mtg Denton April 23, 2014 Modernization of the National Spatial Reference System Keeping Pace with Changes in Positioning Technology and User Expectations in a Dynamic World MSGIC Spring Mtg Denton April 23, 2014 Dave Doyle Base

More information

Intro to GIS Fall 2010 Georeferencing & Map Projections

Intro to GIS Fall 2010 Georeferencing & Map Projections Intro to GIS Fall 2010 Georeferencing & Map Projections SHAPE OF THE EARTH Earth's Shape Geoid: shape of earth minus topographic features (irregular due to local variations in gravity) Ellipsoid: elongated

More information

VT State Plane. Daniel J. Martin National Geodetic Survey VT Geodetic Advisor. VSLS Conference Rutland VT April 11, 2008

VT State Plane. Daniel J. Martin National Geodetic Survey VT Geodetic Advisor. VSLS Conference Rutland VT April 11, 2008 VT State Plane Daniel J. Martin National Geodetic Survey VT Geodetic Advisor VSLS Conference Rutland VT April 11, 2008 Today s Outline Define the problem Review of VT State Plane System Relationship

More information

Georeferencing, Map Projections, Cartographic Concepts. -Coordinate Systems -Datum

Georeferencing, Map Projections, Cartographic Concepts. -Coordinate Systems -Datum Georeferencing, Map Projections, Cartographic Concepts -Map Projections -Coordinate Systems -Datum Map projection is "the process of systematically transforming positions on the Earth's spherical surface

More information

Changes are coming NGS NSRS Modernization Are you Ready?

Changes are coming NGS NSRS Modernization Are you Ready? Changes are coming NGS 2022 - NSRS Modernization Are you Ready? Pam Fromhertz Rocky Mountain Regional Advisor Pamela.Fromhertz@noaa.gov 240-988-6363 John Hunter CO State Geomatics Coordinator DRCOG March

More information

NATRF 2022 AND LDP OCTOBER 11, 2017

NATRF 2022 AND LDP OCTOBER 11, 2017 NATRF 2022 AND LDP OCTOBER 11, 2017 MODERNIZATION OF THE NSRS Why? Leaving passive control marks behind and relying solely on the CORS network for 3D positions: Older methodology relies on terrestrial

More information

NGS and the Modernization of the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS)

NGS and the Modernization of the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS) NGS and the Modernization of the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS) Dr. Dana Caccamise Pacific Southwest Region (CA,NV) Geodetic Advisor dana.caccamise@noaa.gov NOAA s National Geodetic Survey geodesy.noaa.gov

More information

4 Survey Datums. 4.1 Horizontal Datum Policy SURVEY DATUMS SEPTEMBER 2006

4 Survey Datums. 4.1 Horizontal Datum Policy SURVEY DATUMS SEPTEMBER 2006 4 Survey Datums Today s multi-organizational Project Development efforts require the use of common, accurate horizontal and vertical survey datums and consistent, precise control-survey procedures to ensure

More information

LEADS. The Essential Elements of a 3-D Geographic Coordinate

LEADS. The Essential Elements of a 3-D Geographic Coordinate The Essential Elements of a 3-D Geographic Coordinate John W. Dix 13 September 2005 ESRI Homeland Security GIS Summit - Denver, CO John.W.Dix@nga.mil NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INTELLIGENCE AGENCY Overview is

More information

Lecture 4. Coordinate Systems & Projections

Lecture 4. Coordinate Systems & Projections Lecture 4 Coordinate Systems & Projections Outline Geodesy Geoids Ellipsoids Geographic Coordinate Systems Magnetic North vs. True North Datums Projections Applying Coordinate Systems and Projections Why

More information

Modernization of the National Spatial Reference System 2022 Datum. Jacksonville Chapter July 2018

Modernization of the National Spatial Reference System 2022 Datum. Jacksonville Chapter July 2018 Modernization of the National Spatial Reference System 2022 Datum Jacksonville Chapter July 2018 Randy Tompkins, PSM, PLS Geomatics Project Manager Surveyor, Hydrographer, & Geodesist DRMP, Inc. Jacksonville,

More information

What is a Map Projection?

What is a Map Projection? What is a Map Projection? It is how we represent a three dimensional Earth on a flat piece of paper However The process of transferring information from the Earth to a map causes every projection to distort

More information

Understanding Projections for GIS

Understanding Projections for GIS Presented by John Schaeffer Juniper GIS Services, Inc. This PowerPoint is available at JuniperGIS.com Presentation Objectives To understand basic concepts on projections and coordinate systems for the

More information

WHERE ARE YOU? Maps & Geospatial Concepts Fall 2012

WHERE ARE YOU? Maps & Geospatial Concepts Fall 2012 WHERE ARE YOU? Maps & Geospatial Concepts Fall 2012 Where are you? Relative location I m at school Absolute Location 45 26 18.07 122 43 50.78 Datums Datums A reference surface of the Earth Used as the

More information

Frames for the Future New Datum Definitions for Modernization of the U.S. National Spatial Reference System

Frames for the Future New Datum Definitions for Modernization of the U.S. National Spatial Reference System Figure 10. Horizontal position differences (in meters) between NAD 83 and ITRF 08 at time 2022.00 (January 1, 2022). Positional differences are shown for the North American and Pacific tectonic plates.

More information

Georeferencing. Place names Postal addresses Postal codes Coordinate systems (lat/long, UTM, etc.)

Georeferencing. Place names Postal addresses Postal codes Coordinate systems (lat/long, UTM, etc.) Georeferencing Georeferencing Used to describe the act of assigning locations to data or information Certain requirements include that they are: unique, have shared meaning, and are persistent through

More information

GISC3325 Spring 2011 Final Exam

GISC3325 Spring 2011 Final Exam GISC3325 Spring 2011 Final Exam Name: Carefully read each question. Identify the important elements and the question being asked. Show your work for partial credit. No credit for undocumented wrong answers.

More information

MODERNIZATION OF THE NSRS

MODERNIZATION OF THE NSRS NATRF 2022 AND LDP SEPTEMBER 12, 2017 MODERNIZATION OF THE NSRS Why? Leaving passive control marks behind and relying solely on the CORS network for 3D positions: Older methodology relies on terrestrial

More information

How does an ellipsoid differ from a sphere in approximating the shape and size of the Earth?

How does an ellipsoid differ from a sphere in approximating the shape and size of the Earth? Chapter 02 Test Bank Worksheet Questions 1. What is a map projection? Topic: Map Projection 2. How does an ellipsoid differ from a sphere in approximating the shape and size of the Earth? Topic: Ellipsoid

More information

Town of Chino Valley. Survey Control Network Report. mgfneerhg mc N. Willow Creek Road Prescott AZ

Town of Chino Valley. Survey Control Network Report. mgfneerhg mc N. Willow Creek Road Prescott AZ Town of Chino Valley Survey Control Network Report mgfneerhg mc. 2050 N. Willow Creek Road Prescott AZ 86301 928-771-2376 Page 1 of 70 Table of Contents Town of Chino Valley Survey Datum Outline A short

More information

ch02.pdf chap2.pdf chap02.pdf

ch02.pdf chap2.pdf chap02.pdf Introduction to Geographic Information Systems 8th Edition Karl Solutions Manual Full Download: http://testbanklive.com/download/introduction-to-geographic-information-systems-8th-edition-karl-solutions-manu

More information

The 3-D Global Spatial Data Model: Geometrical Foundation of the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure

The 3-D Global Spatial Data Model: Geometrical Foundation of the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure The 3-D Global Spatial Data Model: Geometrical Foundation of the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Earl F. Burkholder, PS, PE Annotated Table of Contents July 8,2006 I. The Global Spatial Data Model (GSDM)

More information

Spatial Data Collection using GPS: BEST PRACTICES

Spatial Data Collection using GPS: BEST PRACTICES Spatial Data Collection using GPS: BEST PRACTICES - 2007 Page 1 of 10 Best practices for GPS & Spatial Data Collection, Storage and Documentation These Best Practices are designed to maximize positional

More information

Solving the "Grid to Ground Problem" with Custom Coordinate Systems CV327-6 About the Speaker:

Solving the Grid to Ground Problem with Custom Coordinate Systems CV327-6 About the Speaker: Solving the "Grid to Ground Problem" with Custom Coordinate Systems Richard Sincovec, LSI Director of Technology, Edward James Surveying President, Quux Software CV327-6 Grid projections such as the State

More information

Projections & GIS Data Collection: An Overview

Projections & GIS Data Collection: An Overview Projections & GIS Data Collection: An Overview Projections Primary data capture Secondary data capture Data transfer Capturing attribute data Managing a data capture project Geodesy Basics for Geospatial

More information

Shape e o f f the e Earth

Shape e o f f the e Earth 1 Coordinate Systems & Projections Coordinate Systems Two map layers are not going to register spatially unless they are based on the same coordinate system. 2 Contents Shape of the earth Datum Projections

More information

Geodetics: Implications for GIS Professionals May 10, 2018

Geodetics: Implications for GIS Professionals May 10, 2018 Experts in Geomatics, Surveying, Positioning, Geospatial Data, and Mapping Sciences Geodetics: Implications for GIS Professionals May 10, 2018 Michael Barnes APSG Education Foundation Chair 2010-2020 APSG

More information

Boolean Operators and Topological OVERLAY FUNCTIONS IN GIS

Boolean Operators and Topological OVERLAY FUNCTIONS IN GIS Boolean Operators and Topological OVERLAY FUNCTIONS IN GIS Query asking a question of the attribute data Standard Query Language (SQL) is used to query the data There are 4 basic statements used to get

More information

12/26/2012. Geographic Information Systems * * * * GIS (... yrezaei

12/26/2012. Geographic Information Systems * * * * GIS (... yrezaei ( - Geographic Information Systems ( ( 1 2 3 Information System Data base DB IS IS DB (Knowledge ( ( (System (Information System - (Georefrence Analysis Data + Knowledge ======== Information 4 5 ( < 10%

More information

Positioning the Pacific: NOAA s Geospatial Activities. Juliana Blackwell, Director NOAA s National Geodetic Survey March 6, 2012

Positioning the Pacific: NOAA s Geospatial Activities. Juliana Blackwell, Director NOAA s National Geodetic Survey March 6, 2012 Positioning the Pacific: NOAA s Geospatial Activities Juliana Blackwell, Director NOAA s National Geodetic Survey March 6, 2012 A Common Problem of the Early 19 th Century 1807 President Thomas Jefferson

More information

Map projections. Rüdiger Gens

Map projections. Rüdiger Gens Rüdiger Gens Coordinate systems Geographic coordinates f a: semi-major axis b: semi-minor axis Geographic latitude b Geodetic latitude a f: flattening = (a-b)/a Expresses as a fraction 1/f = about 300

More information

NGS is Scheduled to Replace NAVD 88 and NAD 83 In 2022

NGS is Scheduled to Replace NAVD 88 and NAD 83 In 2022 NGS is Scheduled to Replace NAVD 88 and NAD 83 In 2022 Indiana Society of Professional Land Surveyors Conference January 2017 John Ellingson NGS Geodetic Advisor john.ellingson@noaa.gov 202-306-6904 1

More information

WHERE ARE YOU? Maps & Geospatial Concepts Fall 2015

WHERE ARE YOU? Maps & Geospatial Concepts Fall 2015 WHERE ARE YOU? Maps & Geospatial Concepts Fall 2015 Where are you? Relative location I m at school Absolute Location 45 26 18.07 122 43 50.78 Where is Boston? Introducing Geodesy, Ellipsoids & Geoids Geodesy

More information

Introduction to Geographic Information Science. Updates/News. Last Lecture. Geography 4103 / Map Projections and Coordinate Systems

Introduction to Geographic Information Science. Updates/News. Last Lecture. Geography 4103 / Map Projections and Coordinate Systems Geography 4103 / 5103 Introduction to Geographic Information Science Map Projections and Coordinate Systems Updates/News Thursday s lecture Reading discussion 1 find the readings online open questions,

More information

1. Geospatial technology rarely links geospatial data to nonspatial data. a. True *b. False

1. Geospatial technology rarely links geospatial data to nonspatial data. a. True *b. False Chapter 2 Where in the Geospatial World Are You? 1. Geospatial technology rarely links geospatial data to nonspatial data. 2. For geospatial technology to work, every location on Earth must be: a. inhabited

More information

NR402 GIS Applications in Natural Resources Lesson 4 Map Projections

NR402 GIS Applications in Natural Resources Lesson 4 Map Projections NR402 GIS Applications in Natural Resources Lesson 4 Map Projections From http://www.or.blm.gov/gis/ 1 Geographic coordinates Coordinates are expressed as Latitude and Longitude in Degrees, Minutes, Seconds

More information

Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis, Chapter 10

Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis, Chapter 10 Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis, Chapter 10 Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis, Chapter 10.1 Introduction to GIS GIS Geographical Information System Spatial Data Data linked with geographical location

More information

Fusion of Geodesy and GIS at NOAA s National Geodetic Survey

Fusion of Geodesy and GIS at NOAA s National Geodetic Survey Fusion of Geodesy and GIS at NOAA s National Geodetic Survey Esri Survey Summit July 6-9, 2013 San Diego, CA Michael Dennis, RLS, PE michael.dennis@noaa.gov The Plan Background NGS Data Explorer New Datasheet

More information

Geospatial Data Standards Considerations for the delivery of 2D and 3D spatial data February 2019

Geospatial Data Standards Considerations for the delivery of 2D and 3D spatial data February 2019 Geospatial Data Standards Considerations for the delivery of 2D and 3D spatial data February 2019 Prepared by: GRCA Geomatics Version Date Summary of Changes Changes Made By: 1.00 March 16, 2018 Version

More information

April 24, :00 to 5:00 p.m.

April 24, :00 to 5:00 p.m. Datums, Coordinate Systems, Low Distortion Projections (LDP), & the Global Spatial Data Model (GSDM) Hosted by: City of Las Cruces Public Works/Project Development and Community Development/GIS April 24,

More information

Lesson 5: Map Scale and Projections

Lesson 5: Map Scale and Projections Organizing Data and Information Lesson 5: Map Scale and Projections Map Scales Projections Information can be organized as lists, numbers, tables, text, pictures, maps, or indexes. Clusters of information

More information

Coordinate Systems and Datum Transformation in ArcGIS. Brittney White and Melita Kennedy

Coordinate Systems and Datum Transformation in ArcGIS. Brittney White and Melita Kennedy Coordinate Systems and Datum Transformation in ArcGIS Brittney White and Melita Kennedy Where is my data? Problem Horizontal Vertical Projections Transformations Horizontal coordinate systems Geographic

More information

New Datums: Replacing NAVD 88 and NAD 83

New Datums: Replacing NAVD 88 and NAD 83 New Datums: Replacing NAVD 88 and NAD 83 By Dave Zenk PE, LS National Geodetic Survey Northern Plains Regional Advisor 1735 Lake Drive West Chanhassen, MN 55317-8581 952-368-2548 office 612-414-9522 mobile

More information

Shape of the Earth. Data Output by the Receiver

Shape of the Earth. Data Output by the Receiver It is quite common for confusion to arise about the process used during a hydrographic survey when GPS-derived water surface elevation is incorporated into the data as an RTK Tide correction. This article

More information

HORIZONTAL PROJECTION PARAMETERS: DANE COUNTY COORDINATES

HORIZONTAL PROJECTION PARAMETERS: DANE COUNTY COORDINATES Recommended RTK GPS Configuration Parameters for the City of Madison, WI Base Station Compiled by: Dan Rodman RLS, City of Madison (608)266-6674 drodman@cityofmadison.com For base station information see

More information

Lecture 2. Map Projections and GIS Coordinate Systems. Tomislav Sapic GIS Technologist Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University

Lecture 2. Map Projections and GIS Coordinate Systems. Tomislav Sapic GIS Technologist Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University Lecture 2 Map Projections and GIS Coordinate Systems Tomislav Sapic GIS Technologist Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University Map Projections Map projections are mathematical formulas

More information

Vertical Reference Frame Pacific

Vertical Reference Frame Pacific Vertical Reference Frame Pacific Andrick Lal SPC Geoscience Division GIS&RS User Conference 29 th November 2016 USP, Fiji. What does it mean? All buildings and features have a height. But what is it relative

More information

A PRIMER ON COORDINATE SYSTEMS Commonly Used in Michigan

A PRIMER ON COORDINATE SYSTEMS Commonly Used in Michigan A PRIMER ON COORDINATE SYSTEMS Commonly Used in Michigan David P. Lusch, Ph.D., GISP Department of Geography Remote Sensing & GIS Research and Outreach Services Group Michigan State University September,

More information

CHAIRMAN OF THE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF INSTRUCTION

CHAIRMAN OF THE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF INSTRUCTION CHAIRMAN OF THE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF INSTRUCTION J-3 CJCSI 3900.01C DISTRIBUTION: A, B, C, J POSITION (POINT AND AREA) REFERENCE PROCEDURES Reference: DODD 5105.60, 11 October 1996, National Imagery and

More information

Height systems. Rudi Gens Alaska Satellite Facility

Height systems. Rudi Gens Alaska Satellite Facility Rudi Gens Alaska Satellite Facility Outline Why bother about height systems? Relevant terms Coordinate systems Reference surfaces Geopotential number 2 Why bother about height systems? give a meaning to

More information

Achieving Great Height with GNSS

Achieving Great Height with GNSS Achieving Great Height with GNSS Oregon GPS Users Group 2015 Annual Meeting January 23, 2015 Salem, Oregon Salem Convention Center Michael Dennis, RLS, PE Oregon State University National Geodetic Survey

More information

GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE SYSTEMS

GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE SYSTEMS GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE SYSTEMS Introduction to GIS Winter 2015 What is Georeferencing? Used to establish a location on the Earth s surface 1 st order polynomial transformation Georeferencing toolbar What

More information

When the Earth Was Flat. Measurements were made using a plumb bob, a spirit level, and a stick. Also, the Stars.

When the Earth Was Flat. Measurements were made using a plumb bob, a spirit level, and a stick. Also, the Stars. ABSTRACT Defining the shape of the Earth geoid. Mathematical models spheroid or ellipsoid Mathematical projection of geodetic systems GIS/GPS technology The need for a unified projection systems World

More information

2. GETTING STARTED WITH GIS

2. GETTING STARTED WITH GIS 2. GETTING STARTED WITH GIS What are geographic information systems and what are they used for? ArcGIS: ArcMap, ArcCatalog and ArcToolbox Vector data vs. raster data vs. attribute tables Polygons, polylines,

More information

IDENTIFYING THE TYPE OF COORDINATE SYSTEM FOR DATA USING ARCMAP

IDENTIFYING THE TYPE OF COORDINATE SYSTEM FOR DATA USING ARCMAP CHAPTER 1 IDENTIFYING THE TYPE OF COORDINATE SYSTEM FOR DATA USING ARCMAP I got a parcel shapefile from the county, but it doesn t line up with my other data in ArcMap. My boss told me to make a map using

More information

Analytical and Computer Cartography Lecture 3: Review: Coordinate Systems

Analytical and Computer Cartography Lecture 3: Review: Coordinate Systems Analytical and Computer Cartography Lecture 3: Review: Coordinate Systems Geographic Coordinates NAD83 NAD27 remained in use until the earthcentered international GRS80 was complete (Geodetic Reference

More information

Geographic Information Systems class # 1 February 19, Coordinate reference systems in GIS: geodetic coordinates

Geographic Information Systems class # 1 February 19, Coordinate reference systems in GIS: geodetic coordinates Geographic Information Systems class # 1 February 19, 2013 Coordinate reference systems in GIS: geodetic coordinates Manuel Campagnolo ISA Manuel Campagnolo (ISA) GIS/SIG 2012 2013 February 19, 2013 1

More information

Outline. Shape of the Earth. Geographic Coordinates (φ, λ, z) Ellipsoid or Spheroid Rotate an ellipse around an axis. Ellipse.

Outline. Shape of the Earth. Geographic Coordinates (φ, λ, z) Ellipsoid or Spheroid Rotate an ellipse around an axis. Ellipse. Map Projections Outline Geodesy and map projections Prof. D. Nagesh Kumar Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560 012, India http://www.civil.iisc.ernet.in/~nagesh Shape

More information

SIRGAS: Basis for Geosciences, Geodata, and Navigation in Latin America

SIRGAS: Basis for Geosciences, Geodata, and Navigation in Latin America SIRGAS: Basis for Geosciences, Geodata, and Navigation in Latin America Claudio Brunini President of SIRGAS Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina María Virginia Mackern President of SIRGAS/WG-I:

More information

Basic Geodetics What Every GIS User Should Know

Basic Geodetics What Every GIS User Should Know Experts in Geomatics, Surveying, Positioning, Geospatial Data, and Mapping Sciences Basic Geodetics What Every GIS User Should Know Michael Barnes Cain & Barnes LP michael.barnes@cain-barnes.com Steven

More information

Height Modernization 2013 A New Canadian Vertical Datum

Height Modernization 2013 A New Canadian Vertical Datum Height Modernization 2013 A New Canadian Vertical Datum What is Height Modernization? The Height Reference System Modernization is a project at the Geodetic Survey Division (GSD) of Natural Resources Canada

More information

Laboratory Topic 4: Projections and Geo-Positioning in ArcGIS [ LAEP/GEOG c188 ]

Laboratory Topic 4: Projections and Geo-Positioning in ArcGIS [ LAEP/GEOG c188 ] Laboratory Topic 4: Projections and Geo-Positioning in ArcGIS 10.4.1 - [ LAEP/GEOG c188 ] Projections in ArcGIS 10.4.1 In this tutorial you will learn to identify the Projection and Datum of a dataset,

More information

Ground Truth Annual Conference. Optimized Design of Low Distortion Projections. Michael L. Dennis, RLS, PE

Ground Truth Annual Conference. Optimized Design of Low Distortion Projections. Michael L. Dennis, RLS, PE Arizona Professional Land Surveyors Association 016 Annual Conference Ground Truth Optimized Design of Low Distortion Projections Michael L. Dennis, RLS, PE Version 3 (rev 1), May 016 Design and metadata

More information

U.S. Datums: Where We ve Been,

U.S. Datums: Where We ve Been, U.S. Datums: Where We ve Been, Where We re Going Modernizing the National Spatial Reference System Matt Wellslager RFA, South Carolina Geodetic Survey Presentation Outline 1. - Introductions. 2. - National

More information

The Elements of GIS. Organizing Data and Information. The GIS Database. MAP and ATRIBUTE INFORMATION

The Elements of GIS. Organizing Data and Information. The GIS Database. MAP and ATRIBUTE INFORMATION GIS s Roots in Cartography Getting Started With GIS Chapter 2 Dursun Z. Seker MAP and ATRIBUTE INFORMATION Data (numbers and text) store as files refer to them collectively as a database gather inform.

More information

Metadata for 2005 Orthophotography Products

Metadata for 2005 Orthophotography Products Metadata for 2005 Orthophotography Products What does this data set describe? 1. How should this data set be cited? 2. What geographic area does the data set cover? 3. What does it look like? 4. Does the

More information

Map Projections. What does the world look like? AITOFF AZIMUTHAL EQUIDISTANT BEHRMANN EQUAL AREA CYLINDRICAL

Map Projections. What does the world look like? AITOFF AZIMUTHAL EQUIDISTANT BEHRMANN EQUAL AREA CYLINDRICAL Map Projections What does the world look like? AITOFF AZIMUTHAL EQUIDISTANT BEHRMANN EQUAL AREA CYLINDRICAL 1 CYLINDRICAL EQUAL AREA BONNE CRASTER PARABOLIC 2 ECKERT I ECKERT III ECKERT V There are many

More information

Welcome to Lesson 4. It is important for a GIS analyst to have a thorough understanding of map projections and coordinate systems.

Welcome to Lesson 4. It is important for a GIS analyst to have a thorough understanding of map projections and coordinate systems. Welcome to Lesson 4. It is important for a GIS analyst to have a thorough understanding of map projections and coordinate systems. A GIS without coordinates would simply be a database like Microsoft Excel

More information

Dr. ABOLGHASEM AKBARI Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources, University Malaysia Pahang (UMP)

Dr. ABOLGHASEM AKBARI Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources, University Malaysia Pahang (UMP) Workshop on : Dr. ABOLGHASEM AKBARI Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources, University Malaysia Pahang (UMP) 14-15 April 2016 Venue: Tehran, Iran GIS definitions GIS: A simplified view of the real

More information

Watershed Sciences 4930 & 6920 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Watershed Sciences 4930 & 6920 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS Watershed Sciences 4930 & 6920 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS WEEK TWO Lecture PROJECTIONS Joe Wheaton Some of slides in this lecture adapted from content in Paul Bolstad s Fundamentals of GIS HOUSEKEEPING

More information

Geog Lecture 29 Mapping and GIS Continued

Geog Lecture 29 Mapping and GIS Continued Geog 1000 - Lecture 29 Mapping and GIS Continued http://scholar.ulethbridge.ca/chasmer/classes/ Today s Lecture (Pgs 13-25, 28-29) 1. Hand back Assignment 3 2. Review of Dr. Peddle s lecture last week

More information

Georeferencing. Geography is the key to linking attributes. Georeferencing is the key to geography.

Georeferencing. Geography is the key to linking attributes. Georeferencing is the key to geography. Georeferencing Geography is the key to linking attributes. Georeferencing is the key to geography. Why georeferencing? Many reasons for having georeferences Many different approaches to georeferencing

More information

Ground Truth Annual Conference. Design and Documentation of Low Distortion Projections for Surveying and GIS

Ground Truth Annual Conference. Design and Documentation of Low Distortion Projections for Surveying and GIS Professional Land Surveyors of Oregon 15 Annual Conference Ground Truth Design and Documentation of Low Distortion Projections for Surveying and GIS Michael L Dennis, RLS, PE v. (rev 1), January 15, Design

More information

The Nature of Spatial Data. Keith C. Clarke Geography UCSB

The Nature of Spatial Data. Keith C. Clarke Geography UCSB The Nature of Spatial Data Keith C. Clarke Geography UCSB Geographic primitives G = g (x, y, z, s, A, t) [x, y, z] = f(λ, φ, d) Geography also highly dependent upon model First, the datum (d) Models of

More information

DATA SOURCES AND INPUT IN GIS. By Prof. A. Balasubramanian Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Science, University of Mysore, Mysore

DATA SOURCES AND INPUT IN GIS. By Prof. A. Balasubramanian Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Science, University of Mysore, Mysore DATA SOURCES AND INPUT IN GIS By Prof. A. Balasubramanian Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Science, University of Mysore, Mysore 1 1. GIS stands for 'Geographic Information System'. It is a computer-based

More information

Mobile Mapping Tips and Tricks

Mobile Mapping Tips and Tricks Mobile Mapping Tips and Tricks Projections, Datums and Geoids, May 2017 Introduction This guide is designed to provide a basic understanding of coordinate system projections, datums and geoids. The guide

More information

Projections and Coordinate Systems

Projections and Coordinate Systems Projections and Coordinate Systems Overview Projections Examples of different projections Coordinate systems Datums Projections Overview Projections and Coordinate Systems GIS must accurately represent

More information

Positioning a nation for the future: Modernizing the United States National Spatial Reference System

Positioning a nation for the future: Modernizing the United States National Spatial Reference System Positioning a nation for the future: Modernizing the United States National Spatial Reference System Dr. Dana Caccamise USA Representative Pacific Southwest Region Geodetic Advisor dana.caccamise@noaa.gov

More information

Coordinate Systems. Location on earth is defined by coordinates

Coordinate Systems. Location on earth is defined by coordinates Coordinate Systems We think of the earth as a sphere It is actually a spheroid (ellipsoid), slightly larger in radius at the equator than at the poles Shape of the Earth Location on earth is defined by

More information

EnvSci360 Computer and Analytical Cartography

EnvSci360 Computer and Analytical Cartography EnvSci360 Computer and Analytical Cartography Lecture 3 Geodesy Map Projections, Datums, and Coordinate Systems 1 Geodesy The science of measuring and representing the shape and size of the earth, and

More information

Applied Cartography and Introduction to GIS GEOG 2017 EL. Lecture-1 Chapters 1 and 2

Applied Cartography and Introduction to GIS GEOG 2017 EL. Lecture-1 Chapters 1 and 2 Applied Cartography and Introduction to GIS GEOG 2017 EL Lecture-1 Chapters 1 and 2 What is GIS? A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing and

More information

Making Sense of Evolving Reference Frames for North America

Making Sense of Evolving Reference Frames for North America Making Sense of Evolving Reference Frames for North America Mike Craymer Geodetic Survey Division, Natural Resources Canada Giovanni Sella U.S. National Geodesy Survey American Geophysical Union 2007 Joint

More information

Coordinate systems, measured surveys for BIM, total station for BIM, as-built surveys, setting-out

Coordinate systems, measured surveys for BIM, total station for BIM, as-built surveys, setting-out Coordinate systems, measured surveys for BIM, total station for BIM, as-built surveys, setting-out What is a BIM What does a BIM do Why use a BIM BIM Software BIM and the Surveyor How do they relate to

More information

The U.S. National Spatial Reference System in 2022

The U.S. National Spatial Reference System in 2022 Presented at the, May 29 - June 2, 2017 in The U.S. National Spatial Reference System in 2022 Daniel R. Roman, (Chief Geodesist) NOAA s National Geodetic Survey 1 Why change? Outline Naming conventions

More information

5 Coordinate Reference Systems

5 Coordinate Reference Systems 5 Coordinate Reference Systems 5.1 Overview The INSPIRE theme Coordinate reference systems (CRS) provides a harmonised specification for uniquely referencing spatial information, either using three-dimensional,

More information

TOWARDS ROBUST LOCALIZATION OF RTK-GPS TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS 23

TOWARDS ROBUST LOCALIZATION OF RTK-GPS TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS 23 TOWARDS ROBUST LOCALIZATION OF RTK-GPS TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS Jerry W. Nave, North Carolina A&T University; Tarig A. Ali, American University of Sharjah Abstract Localization is performed to fit the observed

More information

Map Projections. Displaying the earth on 2 dimensional maps

Map Projections. Displaying the earth on 2 dimensional maps Map Projections Displaying the earth on 2 dimensional maps Map projections Define the spatial relationship between locations on earth and their relative locations on a flat map Are mathematical expressions

More information

Evaluation of GPS in Orthometric Heights Determination in Khartoum State (Sudan)

Evaluation of GPS in Orthometric Heights Determination in Khartoum State (Sudan) Evaluation of GPS in Orthometric Heights Determination in Khartoum State (Sudan) Dr. Nagi Zomrawi Mohammed 1, Dr. Abd Elrahim Elgizouli Mohammed 2 and Engineer Osman Bakry 3 1 Sudan University of Science

More information

Importance of Understanding Coordinate Systems and Map Projections.

Importance of Understanding Coordinate Systems and Map Projections. Importance of Understanding Coordinate Systems and Map Projections. 1 It is extremely important that you gain an understanding of coordinate systems and map projections. GIS works with spatial data, and,

More information

International Journal of Computer Science and Telecommunications [Volume 3, Issue 7, July 2012] 109. Levelling with GPS. Dr. Nagi Zomrawi Mohammed

International Journal of Computer Science and Telecommunications [Volume 3, Issue 7, July 2012] 109. Levelling with GPS. Dr. Nagi Zomrawi Mohammed International Journal of Computer Science and Telecommunications [Volume 3, Issue 7, July 2012] 109 ling with ISSN 2047-3338 Dr. Nagi Zomrawi Mohammed Associate Professor, College of Engineering, Sudan

More information

Identifying coordinate systems for data using ArcMap

Identifying coordinate systems for data using ArcMap Chapter 1 Identifying coordinate systems for data using ArcMap I got a parcel shapefile from the county but it doesn t line up with my other data in ArcMap. My boss told me to make a map using ArcMap,

More information

EUROPEAN COMPUTER DRIVING LICENCE. GIS Cartography. Syllabus

EUROPEAN COMPUTER DRIVING LICENCE. GIS Cartography. Syllabus EUROPEAN COMPUTER DRIVING LICENCE GIS Cartography Syllabus Purpose This document details the syllabus for ECDL GIS Module 1 Cartography. The syllabus describes, through learning outcomes, the knowledge

More information

1/28/16. EGM101 Skills Toolbox. Oblate spheroid. The shape of the earth Co-ordinate systems Map projections. Geoid

1/28/16. EGM101 Skills Toolbox. Oblate spheroid. The shape of the earth Co-ordinate systems Map projections. Geoid EGM101 Skills Toolbox Oblate spheroid The shape of the earth Co-ordinate systems Map projections The geoid is the shape that the surface of the oceans would take under the influence of Earth's gravitation

More information

What is Geodesy? Types of Geodesy terrestrial or classical geodesy space geodesy theoretical geodesy

What is Geodesy? Types of Geodesy terrestrial or classical geodesy space geodesy theoretical geodesy What is Geodesy? Geodesy is the study of: The size, shape and motion of the earth The measurement of the position and motion of points on the earth's surface, and The study of the earth's gravity field

More information

Downloaded from MILITARY STANDARD DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM (WGS)

Downloaded from   MILITARY STANDARD DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM (WGS) METRIC 11 JANUARY 1994 MILITARY STANDARD DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM (WGS) AMSC N/A AREA MCGT DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. FOREWORD

More information

Low Distortion Projections Part 2 Ground versus Grid

Low Distortion Projections Part 2 Ground versus Grid Blue Marble Geographic Calculator provides an incredible variety of tools for working with an infinite combination of datums and projections. Shown here, I ve entered the parameters for a Low Distortion

More information

GPS Remote Sensing. GIS Photogrammetry. GEODESY Equipment (total station) CARTOGRAPHY Survey Software. Map Projection Coordinate Systems

GPS Remote Sensing. GIS Photogrammetry. GEODESY Equipment (total station) CARTOGRAPHY Survey Software. Map Projection Coordinate Systems GPS Remote Sensing GIS Photogrammetry GEODESY Equipment (total station) CARTOGRAPHY Survey Software Map Projection Coordinate Systems 1 Coordinate Systems, Datum and Map Projection Dr. Maher A. El-Hallaq

More information