EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROCEDURE
|
|
- Anne Jones
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROCEDURE 3.1 Determination of vapour-liquid equilibria Isobaric Vapour-Liquid Equilibria date have been obtained, using a Smith and Bonner [39] type still which is a modified design of Othmer still. It is very simple in design, construction and operation. The still design was further modified to suit the systems containing salt. A schematic diagram is shown in Figure Description of the still Figure 3.1 is the modified version of the Othmer still [40] and as such the essential features are retained in its design. The still was modified to prevent or minimise, as far as possible, the errors due to the different sources identified by Ellis [41]. The reboiler, A was made of 500 ml capacity round bottom flask (pyrex glass). A slight modification in the entry to the reboiler greatly reduced both the axial and radial concentration gradient in the bulk of the reboiler liquid as pointed out by Ellis [41] and provided for accurate equilibrium composition. The neck, B, through which vapour passes was heated externally by nichrome wire E, wound spirally and lagged with an asbestos-magnesia mixtjre, AL. Apart from this, a baffle-like arrangement was provided along the entire neck B, to prevent any entrainment of liquid droplets into the vapour. The heating element, H, of the reboiler is encased in a protecting pyrex tube P to prevent the coil from any corrosive action of the reboiler liquid. It was ensured that the entire heating element was immersed below the liquid level to avoid superheating of the vapour. The entire setup was completely lagged using asbestos-magnesia mixture to minimise the heat loss. A magnetic stirrer was used to maintain sufficient homogeneity of the liquid mixture to improve salt dissolution. At the same
2 21 -* TO ATMOSPHERE WATER OUT ICE COOLED WATER IN CONDENSATE CHAMBER C SAMPLE OUTLET p> (GRADUATED) FIG.3 1 VAPOUR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM STILL ( SMITH AND BONNER TYPE )
3 22 time it decreased the irregularities in the boiling behaviour such as blanketing, chugging and sputtering. This appartus is thus suited, not only for miscible systems, but also for partially miscible systems as it was possible to keep the partially miscible systems always in an emulsion form, with the help of the magnetic stirrer. The performance of this apparatus was ascertained by measuring the vapour liquid equilibrium data for the binary systems CCI^ - 2-propanol and n-butanol-water, a miscible system and a partially miscible system respectively. The data were compared with the literature data [42], [43] and there was good agreement Procedure- for determining raw VLE data The raw equilibrium data were obtained at atmospheric pressure (which remained constant at 760 mm ± 3 mmhg) using the modified Smith and Bonner type still [Fig. 3.1]. The still was charged with 300 ml of mixture of the desired composition containing dissolved salt at a particular weight percent. The reboiler electric voltage was adjusted in Such a way that approximately 5 to 8 ml of condensate were collected per minute. At this rate no entrainment was observed. The jacket heater was adjusted to give 2 to 3 C superheat. The equilibrium was attained within 45 minutes as indicated by the constancy of equilibrium vapour temperature recorded by the standard mecury thermometers. However the condensed vapour phase was circulated for 2\ to 3 hours before samples were drawn for analysis. The* vappyrphase, being free from salt, was analysed for its composition y?, by gas chromatographic analysis using established procedures [25]. The details of the analytical procedures adopted in this investigation are discussed in Appendix A-3.1. The liquid sample at the end of each run was analysed for its composition on a salt-free basis by first separating it quantitatively into salt and solvent fractions by a total distillation technique of evaporating to dryness. The equipment used for the evaporation is similar to the one used by Hashitani et al [44]. The liquid phase composition, x; was then analysed for composition [Appendix A-3.1] and the results were determined on salt-free basis.
4 Determination of liquid-liquid equilibria Description of the apparatus used Figure 3.2 shows a schematic diagram of the apparatus used for the dertermination of the solubility (curve) data. It consists of a thermostat (water bath) (CT) which can be maintained at any desired temperature. In this case 30 C ± 0.1 C was maintained. The water can be circulated by means of a pump to both the glass flask (JMC) and to the burette (JB). The glass flask is provided with a jacket to facilitate the water flow. A tefloncoated iron piece (TS) placed inside the flask is actuated by the electrically operated magnetic stirrer (MS). The stirrer keeps the partially miscible system always in an emulsion form Procedure for determining the soluibility curve and Tie-line data The solubility data were determined by the following procedure. A known amount of mixture of partially miscible components, for example, ethyl acetate and water, were taken in the stoppered glass apparatus (JMC). This mixture was then titrated with the solute say, methanol, until a clear homogeneous liquid mixture is obtained. Methanol was added by means of micro-burette (JB). The end points were always sharp. The titration procedure is cumulative and for each amount of water added, a series of points were determined by titrating again with methanol. The amount of each component was weighed as it was added. The tie-lines were determined by Gas Chromatographic analysis of liquid samples drawn from the two liquid phases at equilibrium. The two phase liquid mixture of about 20 to 30 cc was shaken vigorously in a 50 cc separating funnel immersed in a water bath kept at constant tempeature. The mixture was placed in the temperature bath at 30 C, for a sufficiently long time to allow it to reach equilibrium. Frequently the mixture was shaken and finally allowed to separate into two layers. When the equilibration was complete the individual phases were separated. Two to three cc of samples were drawn from each layer with a preheated syringe and was immediately transferred
5 24 CONSTANT TEMPERATURE APPARATUS MIXING CHAMBER/ TITRATION CHAMBER ASSEMBLY Fig. 3 2 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR LIQUID - LIQUID EQUILIBRIA.
6 25 to 5 cc tablet tubes. The samples were then analysed by a gas chromatograph connected to a microprocessor. The analytical and equipment details are given in Appendix A Determination of heat of mixing d/fcfa Description of the apparatus The schematic diagram of the calorimeter used in the experimental setup is shown in Figure 3.3. The calorimeter used for measurement of heat of mixing in the present investigation was similar to the one used by Tsao and Smith [45] and Viswanath et al [46]. The calorimeter (1) consisted of a cylindrical Dewar flask of 12 cm height and 5.5 cm internal diameter. The 3 total volume of the calorimeter was 215 cm. The vapour space in the calorimeter was kept small to minimise losses due to vaporization. The calorimeter was provided with inlets at the top, one for a nozzle from the jacketed burette, one for a heating element, the other two for resistance thermometer and Beckmann thermometer, respectively. A teflon coated magnetic piece (5) was actuated by a magnetic stirrer (6) to stir the liquid contents inside the flask. The heating element consisted of 16 gauge nichrome wire wound as a coil encased in a thin walled glass tube. It was placed inside the liquid just over the stirring magnetic piece. A resistance thermometer was used to detect the changes in temperature from the set experimental values, due to the heat effects accompanying the mixing of the liquids. The heat of mixing values are registered by a microprocessor based unit, 'MIPROC' [47]. It has a built-in programme to supply and measure the equivalent heat energy to the liquid system to bring it back to the original temperature conditions and to measure the values of enthalpy of mixing and display them directly (in cals/moles). Other details about 'MIPROC' are given in Appendix A Experimental procedure About 100 cc of one of the components was introduced from a calibrated burette into the calorimeter and the second component was placed in the jacketed burette. The whole assembly was placed in a constant temperature bath, whose temperature was controlled by a special relay circuit and water
7 26 0» DEWAR PLASK 2 HEATING ELEMENT 4 MAGNETIC PIECE 6 * 7 CONSTANT TEMPERATURE JACKETED BURETTE BECKMANN THERMOMETER MAGNETIC STIRRER WATER BATH FIG SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR HEAT OF MIXING.
8 27 from this bath was circulated through the jacket of the burette. Sufficient time (1 to 14 Hrs) was allowed for the liquid in the burette to attain the desired temperature. By operating the heating element the temperature of the liquid in the calorimeter was also brought to the same value. When both the components were at the desired temperature, a known amount of the liquid from the burette was then added slowly, with the stirrer in action, and the drop or rise in temperature was recorded in the digital display of the 'MIPROC' calorimeter, or registered in the Beckmann thermometer. Afterwards the heater circuit in MIPROC' was turned on, in order to bring the temperature back to the original experimental temperature. During the course of a run, about 4-5 readings were taken after each successive addition of the component from the burette. The heats of mixing for the whole range of composition were determined by taking the second component in the calorimeter and adding the first, from the burette, following the same procedure. 3A Material used All the solvents used in this investigation were obtained from M/s. E.Merck (India) Ltd., and also from British Drug House Laboratories (India) Ltd., Bombay. The hydrocarbons were assayed by gas chromatography and exceeded 99.5 percent purity and some of them were used after further purification. Anhydrous Reagent grade salts, Sodium Chloride, Calcium Chloride and Zinc Chloride have been purchased from BDH (Glaxo) Laboratories and E. Merck (India) Ltd., Bombay. Some of them have been imported from Retdel*de Haen AG. Germany. All salts were dried before use. 3.5 Details of the systems studied under the present investigation Liquid-liquid equilibria (Temp. 30 C) 1. Ethyl Acetate (1) - 2-Propanol (2) - Water (3) 2. Benzene (1) - 2-Propanol (2) - Water (3) 3. Benzene (1) - Pyridine (2) - Water (3) 4. Benzene (1) - Methanol (2) - Water (3) 5. Ethyl Acetate (1) - Methanol (2) - Water (3)
9 Vapour-liquid equilibria (ls(q?aric) 1. 2-Propanol (1) - Water (2) 2. Ethyl Acetate (1) - 2-Propanol (2) 3. Ethyl Acetate (1) - Water (2) 4. Benzene (1) - 2-Propanol (2) 5. Benzene (1) - Water (2) 6. Benzene (1) - Pyridine (2) 7. Water (1) - Pyridine (2) 8. Methanol (1) - Water (2) 9. Methanol (1) - Benzene (2) 10. Methanol (1) - Ethyl Acetate (2) Heat of mixing 1. Methanol (1) - Water (2) 2. Ethyl Acetate (2) - 2-Propanol (1) 3. Methanol (1) - Benzene (2) 4. 2-Propanol (1) - Benzene (2) 5. Methanol (1) - Ethyl Acetate (2) 6. Pyridine (1) - Water (2) 7. Benzene (1) - Pyridine (2) 8. 2-Propanol (1) - Water (2) Temperature : 30 C ± 1 C Salts employed 1. Sodium Chloride (Dried) Anhydrous 2. Calcium Chloride (Fused) Anhydrous 3. Zinc Chloride (Powdered) Anhydrous Concentrations : 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 percent by weight and saturated depending upon the solubility in each case.
CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL SET UP AND PROCEDURE
16 CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL SET UP AND PROCEDURE 3.1 DETERMINATION OF VAPOUR LIQUID EQUILIBRIA Iso baric vapor liquid equilibria data have been obtained, using a Smith and Bonner (1949) type still, a modified
More informationCHAPTER - 2 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE. Potassium permanganate has been used for. oxidation of many systems. Oxidations by permanganate
42 CHAPTER - 2 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE Potassium permanganate has been used for oxidation of many systems. Oxidations by permanganate generally takes place very fast because it is a strong oxidising agent.
More informationContractor Endrick Divyakant 1, Prof. R.P.Bhatt 2
Measuring the Changes Due To Addition of Calcium Chloride in Acetic Acid Water Mixture and Generate the VLE Data with the Help of Extractive Distillation Contractor Endrick Divyakant 1, Prof. R.P.Bhatt
More informationEXPERIMENT 7 - Distillation Separation of a Mixture
EXPERIMENT 7 - Distillation Separation of a Mixture Purpose: a) To purify a compound by separating it from a non-volatile or less-volatile material. b) To separate a mixture of two miscible liquids (liquids
More informationWorking with Hazardous Chemicals
A Publication of Reliable Methods for the Preparation of Organic Compounds Working with Hazardous Chemicals The procedures in Organic Syntheses are intended for use only by persons with proper training
More informationIsobaric Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium of Binary Mixture of 1, 2-Di-chloroethane with 1-Heptanol at Kpa
Isobaric Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium of Binary Mixture of 1, 2-Di-chloroethane with 1-Heptanol at 95.72 Kpa Sai kumar Bitta Department Of Chemical Engineering Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology Guide:
More informationThermochemistry/Calorimetry. Determination of the enthalpy of vaporization of liquids LEC 02. What you need: What you can learn about
LEC 02 Thermochemistry/Calorimetry Determination of the enthalpy of vaporization of liquids What you can learn about Enthalpy of vaporisation Entropy of vaporisation Trouton s rule Calorimetry Heat capacity
More informationMETHOD 3510B SEPARATORY FUNNEL LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
METHOD 3510B SEPARATORY FUNNEL LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION 1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 1.1 This method describes a procedure for isolating organic compounds from aqueous samples. The method also describes concentration
More informationExperimental techniques
Experimental techniques 2.1 Measurement Apparatus used in the lab: Name Use Picture Beaker Used to hold liquids Burette Used to add accurate volumes of liquid Conical Flask Used to hold liquids Crystallizing
More informationEFFECT OF SALT MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE ON VAPOUR - LIQUID EQUILIBRIA OF BINARY AZEOTROPIC LIQUID MIXTURE: ETHYL ACETATE ETHANOL
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eissn: 239-63 pissn: 232-738 EFFECT OF SALT MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE ON VAPOUR - LIQUID EQUILIBRIA OF BINARY AZEOTROPIC LIQUID MIXTURE:
More informationMETHOD 3520B CONTINUOUS LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
METHOD 3520B CONTINUOUS LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION 1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 1.1 This method describes a procedure for isolating organic compounds from aqueous samples. The method also describes concentration
More informationExperiment: 8. Determining the Solubility of Aspirin at Different Temperatures and Calculating the Heat of Solution. Theory
Experiment: 8 Determining the olubility of Aspirin at Different Temperatures and Calculating the Heat of olution Theory One of the most common forms of a homogeneous mixture is a solution. The one component
More information2017 Reaction of cinnamic acid chloride with ammonia to cinnamic acid amide
217 Reaction of cinnamic acid chloride with ammonia to cinnamic acid amide O O Cl NH 3 NH 2 C 9 H 7 ClO (166.6) (17.) C 9 H 9 NO (147.2) Classification Reaction types and substance classes reaction of
More informationMethods of purification
Methods of purification Question Paper 1 Level IGSE Subject hemistry (0620/0971) Exam oard ambridge International Examinations (IE) Topic Experimental techniques Sub-Topic Methods of purification ooklet
More informationFreezing point depression (Item No.: P )
Freezing point depression (Item No.: P3021101) Curricular Relevance Area of Expertise: Chemistry Education Level: University Topic: General Chemistry Subtopic: Solutions and Mixtures Experiment: Freezing
More informationCHEM 254 EXPERIMENT 7. Phase Diagrams - Liquid Vapour Equilibrium for two component solutions
pressure CHEM 254 EXPERIMENT 7 Phase Diagrams - Liquid Vapour Equilibrium for two component solutions The partial pressures of the components of an ideal solution of two volatile liquids are related to
More informationMethods for High Pressure VLE Measurement
Experimental Methods for High Pressure VLE Measurement by Rajpuri Sai Kiran Singh", Varun Bhalla*, S.NKaul**, VA.Shinde*** *UG Students; ** HOD., Dept. of Chemical Engineering; *** Assistant Professor,
More information5072 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH SPA) TOPIC 1: EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY 5067 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) TOPIC 1: EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY
5072 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH SPA) TOPIC 1: EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY 5067 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) TOPIC 1: EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY SUB-TOPIC 1.2 METHODS OF PURIFICATION AND ANALYSIS LEARNING
More informationTHE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA A. M. E. C. E. A
THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA A. M. E. C. E. A MAIN EXAMINATION P.O. Box 62157 00200 Nairobi - KENYA Telephone: 891601-6 Fax: 254-20-891084 E-mail:academics@cuea.edu JANUARY APRIL 2014 TRIMESTER
More informationTex-620-J, Determining Chloride and Sulfate Contents in Soil
Contents in Soil Contents: Section 1 Overview...2 Section 2 Sample Preparation...3 Section 3 Ion Chromatography Method...5 Section 4 Wet Chemical Method...9 Section 5 Archived Versions...15 Texas Department
More informationEffect of Li-Br salt on azeotropic mixture of formic acid-water by extractive distillation
Effect of Li-Br salt on azeotropic mixture of formic acid-water by extractive distillation Prajapati Chintan K 1, Prof R.P.Bhatt 2 1 Student, Chemical engineering, L.D.College of engineering Ahmedabad,
More informationGeneral Chemistry I CHEM-1030 Laboratory Experiment No. 2 Physical Separation Techniques
General Chemistry I CHEM-1030 Laboratory Experiment No. 2 Physical Separation Techniques Introduction When two or more substances that do not react chemically are blended together, the components of the
More information4023 Synthesis of cyclopentanone-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester from adipic acid diethyl ester
NP 4023 Synthesis of cyclopentanone-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester from adipic acid diethyl ester NaEt C 10 H 18 4 Na C 2 H 6 C 8 H 12 3 (202.2) (23.0) (46.1) (156.2) Classification Reaction types and substance
More informationMethods of Separation. Vacuum Filtration. Distillation. The Physical Separation of Matter Chemistry 11 2/17/2014
The Physical Separation of Matter Chemistry 11 Methods of Separation n Depending upon the physical properties of the substances involved, various methods of separation can be used. n Hand separation: A
More informationSYNTHESIS OF 1-BROMOBUTANE Experimental procedure at macroscale (adapted from Williamson, Minard & Masters 1 )
SYNTHESIS OF 1-BROMOBUTANE Experimental procedure at macroscale (adapted from Williamson, Minard & Masters 1 ) Introduction 1-bromobutane is a primary alkyl halide (primary alkyl) and therefore it is produced
More informationQuestion 1: What is meant by a pure substance? A pure substance is the one that consists of a single type of particles, i.e., all constituent particles of the substance have the same chemical nature. Pure
More informationExperiment 12: Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol
1 Experiment 12: Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Reactions that form carbon-carbon bonds are among the most useful to the synthetic organic chemist. In 1912, Victor Grignard received the Nobel
More informationUniversal Indicator turns green. Which method is used to obtain pure solid X from an aqueous solution? A. mixture
1 The results of some tests on a colourless liquid X are shown. oiling point = 102 Universal Indicator turns green What is X? ethanol hydrochloric acid pure water sodium chloride (salt) solution 2 blue
More informationChlorobenzene from Aniline via the Sandmeyer Reaction. August 21, By ParadoxChem126. Introduction
Chlorobenzene from Aniline via the Sandmeyer Reaction August 21, 2014 By ParadoxChem126 Introduction Chlorobenzene is a useful chemical in organic syntheses. It dissolves a wide range of organic compounds,
More information4.1. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM. What is thermal equilibrium?
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL 2010 4.1 4 UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM What is thermal equilibrium? 1. (, Temperature ) is a form of energy that flows from a hot body to a cold body.
More informationExtraction of Phenol from Industrial Water Using Different Solvents
Research Journal of Chemical Sciences ISSN 31-606X. Extraction of Phenol from Industrial Water Using Different Solvents Abstract Sally N. Jabrou Department of Radiology, Health and Medical Technical College
More informationExperiment 24. Chemical recycling of poly(ethylene) terephthalate (PET)
Methods of pollution control and waste management Experiment 24 Chemical recycling of poly(ethylene) terephthalate (PET) Manual Department of Chemical Technology The aim of this experiment is to gain knowledge
More informationINTERNATIONAL STANDARD
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATIONWEWlYHAPOCIHAR OPrAHM3ALlMR l-l0 CTAH~APTbl3ALWl.ORGANlSATlON INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION Determination of water - Karl Fischer
More informationTheory of Headspace Sampling
Theory of Headspace Sampling Contents 1 Basics 2 2 Static headspace sampling 2 2.1 Preconcentration time and volume.......................... 3 2.2 Sample temperature..................................
More informationVapor Phase Esterification over Sodium Acid Sulfate
The Ohio State University Knowledge Bank kb.osu.edu Ohio Journal of Science (Ohio Academy of Science) Ohio Journal of Science: Volume 49, Issue 3 (May, 1949) 1949-05 Vapor Phase sterification over Sodium
More information(ii) the total kinetic energy of the gas molecules (1 mark) (iii) the total potential energy of the gas molecules (1 mark)
NAME : F.5 ( ) Marks: /70 FORM FOUR PHYSICS REVISION TEST on HEAT Allowed: 70 minutes This paper consists of two sections. Section A (50 marks) consists of the structure-type questions, and Section B (20
More informationIsobaric Vapour Liquid Equilibrium for Acetone + Methanol + Calcium bromide at different concentration
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development e-issn: 2278-067X, p-issn: 2278-800X Volume 3, Issue 3 (August 2012), PP. 45-49 Isobaric Vapour Liquid Equilibrium for Acetone + Methanol +
More information5.37 Introduction to Organic Synthesis Laboratory
MIT pencourseware http://ocw.mit.edu 5.37 Introduction to rganic Synthesis Laboratory Spring 2009 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. URIECA
More informationá921ñ WATER DETERMINATION
USP 40 Physical Tests / á921ñ Water Determination 1 á921ñ WATER DETERMINATION Many Pharmacopeial articles either are hydrates or contain water in adsorbed form. As a result, the determination of the water
More informationMETHOD 3520C CONTINUOUS LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
METHOD 3520C CONTINUOUS LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION 1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 1.1 This method describes a procedure for isolating organic compounds from aqueous samples. The method also describes concentration
More informationExperiment DE: Part II Fisher Esterification and Identification of an Unknown Alcohol
Experiment DE: Part II Fisher Esterification and Identification of an Unknown Alcohol Fisher Esterification of an Alcohol (Fraction A) On the Chem 113A website, under "Techniques" and "Videos" review the
More informationMOST of the reactions are carried out at atmospheric pressure, hence
MOST of the reactions are carried out at atmospheric pressure, hence heat changes noted for these reactions are enthalpy changes. Enthalpy changes are directly related to the temperature changes by the
More informationLUMEFANTRINUM LUMEFANTRINE
July 2008 LUMEFANTRINE: Final text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia (July 2008) This monograph was adopted at the Forty-second WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations
More informationCH 241 EXPERIMENT #6 WEEK OF NOVEMBER 12, NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS (S N 1 and S N 2)
C 241 EXPERIMENT #6 WEEK OF NOVEMBER 12, 2001 NUCLEOPILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS (S N 1 and S N 2) Background By the time you do this experiment we should have covered nucleophilic substitution reactions
More informationPOLYVINYL ALCOHOL. SYNONYMS Vinyl alcohol polymer, PVOH, INS No DEFINITION DESCRIPTION FUNCTIONAL USES CHARACTERISTICS
POLYVINYL ALCOHOL New specifications prepared at the 61 st JECFA (2003) and published in FNP 52 Add 11 (2003). An ADI of 50 mg/kg bw was established at 61 st JECFA (2003). SYNONYMS Vinyl alcohol polymer,
More informationEffect of Calcium chloride and Cadmium chloride on the enthalpy of mixing of 1,4 Dioxane + Water at K
MultiCraft International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY www.ijest-ng.com 2011 MultiCraft Limited. All rights reserved Effect
More information4.1. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM. What is thermal equilibrium?
4.1 4 UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM What is thermal equilibrium? 1. ( Heat, Temperature ) is a form of energy that flows from a hot body to a cold body. 2. The SI unit for ( heat, temperature) is Joule,
More informationPhysical Pharmacy ( ) Unit 2 Phase Equilibria and the Phase Rule Solutions
Physical Pharmacy (0510219) Unit 2 Phase Equilibria and the Phase Rule Solutions 1 Phase Equilibria and the Phase Rule The three primary phases (solid, liquid, and gaseous) of matter are often defined
More informationSPECIFICATION & TEST PROCEDURE SODIUM SALICYLATE Technical. Molecular weight : Reference : In-house
Page 1 of 8 Molecular Formula : C 7 H 5 NaO 3 CAS Registry No. : [54 21 7] Molecular weight : 160.10 Reference : In-house Other names : Benzoic acid, 2 hydroxy, mono sodium salt, Mono sodium salicylate.
More informationChapter Four. Experimental
Chapter Four 4.1 Materials N,N-Diethyl monoethanolamine (purity 98%) used in all experiments was purchased from Spectrochem Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai. N-Ethyl monoethanolamine, N-(- aminoethyl)ethanolamine, diethanolamine,
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Part. Description on materials used in the present work Table S Details of the materials used in the experiments Chemicals Abbreviation in the text Grade of materials Manufacturer
More informationEVAPORATION YUSRON SUGIARTO
EVAPORATION YUSRON SUGIARTO Evaporation: - Factors affecting evaporation - Evaporators - Film evaporators - Single effect and multiple effect evaporators - Mathematical problems on evaporation Principal
More informationExperimental Investigation of Excess molar enthalpies of binary mixtures formed by ethyl acetate (with Cyclohexane or 1-Butanol or 1- Hexene)
Experimental Investigation of Excess molar enthalpies of binary mixtures formed by ethyl acetate (with Cyclohexane or 1-Butanol or 1- Hexene) Mahendra V. Guddad 1*, K. L. Shivabasappa 2, Bhausaheb L. Pangarkar
More informationUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA DULUTH DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ChE CONTINUOUS BINARY DISTILLATION
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA DULUTH DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ChE 3211-4211 CONTINUOUS BINARY DISTILLATION OBJECTIVE The objective of this experiment is to determine the overall column efficiency for
More informationnot to be republished NCERT MOST of the reactions are carried out at atmospheric pressure, hence THERMOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENT UNIT-3
UNIT-3 THERMOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENT MOST of the reactions are carried out at atmospheric pressure, hence heat changes noted for these reactions are enthalpy changes. Enthalpy changes are directly related
More informationNational standard of People s Republic of China
National standard of People s Republic of China GB5413.24-2010 Determination of chlorine in foods for infants and young children, raw milk and dairy products Issued at 2010-03-2 Implemented at:2010-06-01
More informationPut sufficient ice cubes into water (1 M) and wait for equilibrium (both exist) (1 M)
NAME : F.5 ( ) Marks: /70 FORM FOUR PHYSICS REVISION TEST on HEAT Allowed: 70 minutes This paper consists of two sections. Section A (50 marks) consists of the structure-type questions, and Section B (20
More informationCHEM 254 EXPERIMENT 5. Solubility and Enthalpy of Fusion of Ammonium Oxalate in Water
CHEM 254 EXPERIMENT 5 Solubility and Enthalpy of Fusion of Ammonium Oxalate in Water In general solubility (g/100 ml) is defined as amount of substance that dissolved in a given solvent at a given temperature.
More informationChemical Kinetics. Reaction rate and activation energy of the acid hydrolysis of ethyl acetate LEC 05. What you need: What you can learn about
LEC 05 Chemical Kinetics Reaction rate and activation energy of the acid hydrolysis What you can learn about Reaction rate Rate law for first and second order reactions Reactions with pseudo-order Arrhenius
More information*AC134* Chemistry. Assessment Unit AS 3. [AC134] wednesday 27 MAY, MORNING. assessing Module 3: Practical Examination Practical Booklet B
Centre Number ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY (AS) General Certificate of Education 2015 Chemistry Candidate Number Assessment Unit AS 3 assessing Module 3: Practical Examination Practical Booklet B [AC134] wednesday
More informationPREPARATIVE TASK GRAND PRIX CHIMIQUE PETNICA SCIENCE CENTER, VALJEVO, SERBIA 9 TH -14 TH OCTOBER 2017
GRAND PRIX CHIMIQUE PETNICA SCIENCE CENTER, VALJEVO, SERBIA 9 TH -14 TH OCTOBER 2017 PREPARATIVE TASK Preparation of p-nitroacetanilide Preparation of vanillyl alcohol SUPPORTED BY Serbian Chemical Society
More informationIntroductory Remarks:
Introductory Remarks: At all times while you are in the laboratory you should wear safety spectacles or own spectacles if they have been approved. Eating of any kind of food or drinking is strictly prohibited
More informationCHAPTER-2 NCERT SOLUTION
CHAPTER-2 NCERT SOLUTION Page no. 15 Question 1: What is meant by a pure substance? Answer 1: A pure substance is the one that consists of a single type of particles, i.e., all constituent particles of
More informationWhich particle diagram represents molecules of only one compound in the gaseous phase?
Name: 1) Which species represents a chemical compound? 9114-1 - Page 1 NaHCO3 NH4 + Na N2 2) 3) 4) Which substance represents a compound? Co(s) O2(g) CO(g) C(s) Which terms are used to identify pure substances?
More informationCitric Acid Analysis L-6-1. MOISTURE (Karl Fischer)
Citric Acid Analysis L-6-1 MOISTURE (Karl Fischer) PRINCIPLE SCOPE The sample is dissolved in a mixture of methanol and formamide (50:50 v/v) and then titrated with standardized Karl Fischer reagent. The
More informationMETHOD 3665 SULFURIC ACID/PERMANGANATE CLEANUP
METHOD 3665 SULFURIC ACID/PERMANGANATE CLEANUP 1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 1.1 This method is suitable for the rigorous cleanup of sample extracts prior to analysis for polychlorinated biphenyls. This method
More information1. Thermal energy is transferred through the glass windows of a house mainly by. D. radiation and convection. (1)
1. Thermal energy is transferred through the glass windows of a house mainly by A. conduction. B. radiation. C. conduction and convection. D. radiation and convection. 2. The specific latent heat of vaporization
More informationPURCHASE OF LAB EQUIPMENTS FOR CHEMISTRY [Kindly enclose a signed copy of this document along with the TENDER Document]
T.K.M. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE KOLLAM, Kerala 6900, INDIA www.tkmcas.ac.in Tender No 20/FIST/ ITEMS PURCHASE OF LAB EQUIPMENTS FOR CHEMISTRY [Kindly enclose a signed copy of this document along with
More informationGB Translated English of Chinese Standard: GB NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
Translated English of Chinese Standard: GB5009.28-2016 www.chinesestandard.net Buy True-PDF Auto-delivery. Sales@ChineseStandard.net NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE GB PEOPLE S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GB 5009.28-2016
More informationExperiment 1 SOLUBILITY. TIME ESTIMATE: Parts A-D (3 hours); Part E (1 hour); Part F (1 hour) CHEMICALS AND SUPPLIES PER 10 STUDENTS:
Experiment 1 SOLUBILITY TIME ESTIMATE: Parts A-D (3 hours); Part E (1 hour); Part F (1 hour) CHEMICALS AND SUPPLIES PER 10 STUDENTS: Part A Benzophenone (Grind up the flakes into a powder) Malonic acid
More informationDistillation of Liquids: Separation of 2-Propanol from Water by Fractional Distillation
Distillation of Liquids: Separation of 2-Propanol from Water by Fractional Distillation Introduction: Distillation is the process of vaporizing a liquid, condensing the vapor, and collecting the condensate
More informationEXPERIMENT 20. Solutions INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENT 20 Solutions INTRODUCTION A solution is a homogeneous mixture. The solvent is the dissolving substance, while the solute is the dissolved substance. A saturated solution is one in which the
More informationOndansetron Hydrochloride Tablets
Ondansetron Hydrochloride Tablets Dissolution Perform the test with 1 tablet of Ondansetron Hydrochloride Tablets at 50 revolutions per minute according to the Paddle method, using 900 ml of water
More informationMETHYL BENZYL KETONE
Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 2, p.389 (1943); Vol. 18, p.54 (1938). METHYL BENZYL KETONE [2-Propanone, 1-phenyl-] [(A) (From Phenylacetic and Acetic Acids)] Submitted by R. M. Herbst and R. H. Manske.
More informationExperiment 8 Synthesis of Aspirin
Experiment 8 Synthesis of Aspirin Aspirin is an effective analgesic (pain reliever), antipyretic (fever reducer) and anti-inflammatory agent and is one of the most widely used non-prescription drugs. The
More informationPreparation of an Ester Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin)
Preparation of an Ester Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin) BJECTIVE: To become familiar with the techniques and principle of esterification. DISCUSSIN: Aspirin is a drug widely used as an antipyretic agent
More informationWorking with Solutions. (and why that s not always ideal)
Page 1 of 13 Working with Solutions (and why that s not always ideal) Learning Objectives: Solutions are prepared by dissolving a solute into a solvent A solute is typically a solid, but may also be a
More informationElements, Compounds and Mixtures
L. R. & S. M. VISSANJI ACADEMY SECONDARY SECTION - 2016-17 CHEMISTRY - GRADE: VIII Elements, Compounds and Mixtures ELEMENTS An element is a pure substance which cannot be converted into anything simpler
More informationTOSYLHYDRAZONE CLEAVAGE OF AN α,β-epoxy KETONE; OXIDATIVE KMnO 4 CLEAVAGE OF AN ALKYNE EXPERIMENT A
1 EXPERIMENT A EPOXIDATION OF AN α,β-unsaturated KETONE; TOSYLYDRAZONE CLEAVAGE OF AN α,β-epoxy KETONE; OXIDATIVE KMnO 4 CLEAVAGE OF AN ALKYNE The goal of this experiment is the correct assignment of the
More informationEster Synthesis And Analysis: Aspirin and Oil of Wintergreen. Vanessa Jones November 19, 2015 Thursday 8:30 Lab Section Lab Partner: Melissa Blanco
Ester Synthesis And Analysis: Aspirin and Oil of Wintergreen Vanessa Jones November 19, 2015 Thursday 8:30 Lab Section Lab Partner: Melissa Blanco INTRODUCTION For this lab, students attempted to synthesize
More informationO1.1 A2 LEVEL. What is the relationship between a solvent and the substances that dissolve in it?
O1.1 What is the relationship between a solvent and the substances that dissolve in it? In this activity you investigate the solubilities of four substances in three different solvents. You can draw some
More informationVersuchsanleitungen zum Praktikum Physikalische Chemie für Anfänger 1
Versuchsanleitungen zum Praktikum Physikalische Chemie für Anfänger 1 A 6 Calorimetry Duty: Three main purposes in this experiment are obligatory: (1) the neutralization enthalpy of acid should be determined
More informationPractical organic chemistry 2 Determination of boiling point. Prepared by: Pshtiwan Ghareeb Ali Bsc. in Pharmacy
Practical organic chemistry 2 Determination of boiling point Prepared by: Pshtiwan Ghareeb Ali Bsc. in Pharmacy Definition The particles in a liquid are arranged less regularly and are freer to move about
More informationWorking with Hazardous Chemicals
A Publication of Reliable Methods for the Preparation of Organic Compounds Working with Hazardous Chemicals The procedures in Organic Syntheses are intended for use only by persons with proper training
More informationChemistry 262 Laboratory Experiment 3: Derivatization of the Grignard Product Formation of Ethyl and Propyl Benzoate 2/01/18, 2/08/18
Chemistry 262 Laboratory Experiment 3: Derivatization of the Grignard Product Formation of Ethyl and Propyl Benzoate 2/01/18, 2/08/18 Objectives Explore methods of carrying out esterification reactions.
More informationLACTIC ACID. The method is applicable to the determination of lactic acid and lactate salts (Note 2) in light or heavy steepwater.
LACTI.01-1 LACTIC ACID PRINCIPLE SCOPE Lactic acid in steepwater (Note 1) is oxidized to acetaldehyde following treatment with copper sulfate and calcium hydroxide to remove interfering substances. Acetaldehyde
More informationP1. SEPARATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MIXTURE
P1. SEPARATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MIXTURE Objectives: to train basic organic laboratory techniques to learn basic procedures for isolation and purification of organic compounds to use acid-base chemistry
More informationCHAPTER 4 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS
50 CHAPTER 4 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS 4.1 INTRODUCTION In the development of any energy-efficient heat transfer fluids for enhanced heat transfer performance, in practical applications,
More informationThermodynamics and the Solubility of Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate
Thermodynamics and the Solubility of Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate In this experiment you, as a class, will determine the solubility of sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Na 2 B 4 O 7 10 H 2 O or Na 2 [B
More informationCYCLOSERINE Final text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia. (November 2008) CYCLOSERINUM CYCLOSERINE
December 2008 CYCLOSERINE Final text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia (November 2008) This monograph was adopted at the Forty-third WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical
More informationOrganic techniques. Introduction
Organic techniques Introduction Practical organic chemistry is primarily concerned with synthesising (making) organic compounds and the purpose of a synthesis is to prepare a pure sample of a specified
More informationSEPARATION TECHNIQUES
SEPARATION TECHNIQUES If a substance does not dissolve in a solvent, we say that it is insoluble. For example, sand does not dissolve in water it is insoluble. Filtration is a method for separating an
More informationMinneapolis Community and Technical College. Separation of Components of a Mixture
Minneapolis Community and Technical College Chemistry Department Chem1020 Separation of Components of a Mixture Objectives: To separate a mixture into its component pure substances. To calculate the composition
More informationBackground on Solubility
CHEM254 01 Open Notebook Science Solubility Challenge 1 For the first laboratory exercise of this semester we are going to participate in the Open Notebook Science (ONS) solubility challenge http://onschallenge.wikispaces.com/.
More informationGRIGNARD REACTION Synthesis of Benzoic Acid
1 GRIGNARD REACTION Synthesis of Benzoic Acid In the 1920 s, the first survey of the acceleration of chemical transformations by ultrasound was published. Since then, many more applications of ultrasound
More informationChapter 12 Tex-617, Determining Chloride in Concrete
Chapter 12 Tex-617, Determining Chloride in Contents: Section 1 Overview... 12-2 Section 2 Apparatus... 12-3 Section 3 Preparing Solutions... 12-4 Section 4 Procedures... 12-5 Section 5 Calculations...
More informationBasic Equipments and Instruments used in Chemistry laboratory: Balance: It is an instrument for measuring mass.
Basic Equipments and Instruments used in Chemistry laboratory: Balance: It is an instrument for measuring mass. Pipettes: They are used to transfer of known volumes of liquids from one container to another.
More informationThe temp. at which a liquid distills is a definite value at a given pressure, for every pure organic cpd called boiling point.
Distillation It is a process of separation & purification of liquid organic cpd.s by selective evaporation & condensation. It may result in complete separation ( nearly pure ), or,a partial separation
More informationMeasuring Volume: Beaker. Measuring Volume. Measuring Volume: Burette. Comparison of Apparatus. Measuring Volume: Pipette 4/26/2010
Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: Identify the various apparatus used in the laboratory for measurement State the accuracy of the apparatus used in the laboratory. Suggest
More informationChemistry 1B Experiment 17 89
Chemistry 1B Experiment 17 89 17 Thermodynamics of Borax Solubility Introduction In this experiment, you will determine the values of H and S for the reaction which occurs when borax (sodium tetraborate
More information