P1. SEPARATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MIXTURE
|
|
- Eustacia Robinson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 P1. SEPARATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MIXTURE Objectives: to train basic organic laboratory techniques to learn basic procedures for isolation and purification of organic compounds to use acid-base chemistry for separation of organic compounds Topics of study: acid-base chemistry of carboxylic acids and amines extraction as a separation and purification technique Suggested textbooks: Extraction, filtration, melting-point determination: J. W. Zubrick, The Organic Chem Lab Survival Manual: A Student's Guide to Techniques, Wiley, eight edition, chapters: 12 (The melting-point experiment); 13 pages (Gravity Filtration), (The Büchner Funnel and Friends), (The Water Aspirator: A Vacuum Source), (Salting Out), (World-Famous Fan-Folded Fluted Paper); 15 (Extraction and washing) or R. J. Fessenden, J. S. Fessenden, P. Feist, Organic Laboratory Techniques, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, third edition, chapters: Technique 2 (Melting Points), Technique 3 (Extraction) Acid-base chemistry of carboxylic acids and amines: K. P. C. Vollhardt, N. E. Schore, Organic Chemistry: Structure and Function, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, fifth edition, chapters: 19-4 (Acidic and Basic Character of Carboxylic Acids), 21-4 (Acidity and Basicity of Amines) or J. McMurry, Fundamentals of organic chemistry, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, fourth edition, chapters: 10.3 (Acidity of Carboxylic acids), 12.3 (Amine Basicity) Apparatus and materials: separating funnel with stopper beakers graduated cylinder funnel and filtration paper Büchner funnel and filter flask watch glass laboratory stand and jacks metal ring round-bottomed flask Chemicals: a sample of benzoic acid, m-nitroaniline and naphthalene suspended in water diethyl ether concentrated hydrochloric acid sodium hydroxide anhydrous magnesium sulfate brine
2 Procedure: 1. Mount a metal ring to a laboratory stand. Make sure the size of the ring is adjusted to the size of separating funnel. Place the separating funnel into the metal ring. 2. Place the sample of organic compounds suspended in water in the separating funnel. 3. Start pouring small portions (10 ml) of diethyl ether to the suspension until solids inside separating funnel fully dissolves. Shake the suspension gently to facilitate the dissolution process. Remember which layer (upper or lower) is diethyl ether. 4. Pour 10 ml of 3 M hydrochloric acid into the mixture in separating funnel and plug it with a stopper. Shake the separating funnel vigorously for a while. Remember to equalize the pressure couple times by slow opening of the stopcock. The amine was transformed into water-soluble salt in the course of the reaction. 5. Mount the separating funnel into the metal ring, remove the stopper and wait until the emulsion separate into two distinct layers. 6. Slowly open the stopcock and drain the lower layer into the beaker no Pour 10 ml of distilled water into the solution in the separatory funnel and shake it for a while. After the full separation of emulsion into two layers, drain the lower one into the beaker no Pour 10 ml of 1.5 M NaOH into the mixture in separating funnel and plug it with a stopper. Shake the separating funnel vigorously for a short time. Remember to equalize the pressure a couple of times by slow opening of the stopcock. Repeat instructions from procedure 5. Organic acid was transformed into water-soluble salt in the course of the reaction. 9. Slowly open the stopcock and drain the lower layer with sodium benzoate into the beaker no Pour 10 ml of distilled water into the solution in the separatory funnel and shake it for a while. After the full separation of emulsion into two layers, drain the lower one into the beaker no Pour 10 ml of brine into the solution in the separatory funnel and shake it for a while. After the full separation of emulsion into two layers, drain the lower one into the beaker no. 3 and the upper one into the beaker no. 4.
3 12. Place one spatula of anhydrous magnesium sulfate into the beaker no. 4 and stir it for a while. Place a watch glass on the top of the beaker. 13. To the solution in the beaker no. 1, add dropwise a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide until the ph of solution reaches a value of (use universal indicator papers). Place the beaker in the crystallizer filled with crushed ice until the solution is cooled down. 14. To the solution in the beaker no. 2, add dropwise a concentrated hydrochloric acid until the ph of solution reaches a value 1 2 (use universal indicator papers). Place the beaker in the crystallizer filled with crushed ice until the solution is cooled down. 15. Remove the drying agent from the beaker no. 4 using a gravity filtration technique. Transfer the filtrate into small round-bottomed flask and evaporate the solvent using rotary evaporator. Transfer the solid residue from the flask into the small vial and protect it with paper. Leave it to dry in your locker until the next class. 16. Filter both precipitates from beakers no. 1 (m-nitroaniline) and 2 (benzoic acid) using a vacuumfiltration technique and transfer them into two vials. Protect the vials with paper and leave it until the next class. At this point, the solution from the beaker no. 3 may be removed. 17. Measure the melting points for all three substances you separated. Description of the sample of organic compounds Description of the separated compounds compound 1 compound 2 compound 3 name formula
4 description mass Observations and conclusions
5 The balanced chemical equations p.4 p.8
6 p.13 p.14
7 P2. SYNTHESIS AND PURIFICATION OF ASPIRIN (ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID) Objectives: to synthesize aspirin a physiologically active compound to practice a simple synthetic and purification procedure to confirm the identity of the compound using a simple analytical reaction to determine purity of compound by melting point measurements and NMR technique Topics of study: basic reactions of carboxylic acids, anhydrides and phenols crystallization as a simple and efficient purification method for organic compounds simple methods for purity control of organic compounds Suggested textbooks: Basic reactions of carboxylic acids, anhydrides and phenols K. P. C. Vollhardt, N. E. Schore, Organic Chemistry: Structure and Function, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, fifth edition, chapters: 19-8 (Carboxylic Acid Derivatives), (Biological Activity of Carboxylic Acids), 20-3 (Chemistry of Carboxylic Anhydrides), Chemical Highlight 22-2 (Aspirin: A Phenyl Alkanoate Drug) or J. McMurry, Fundamentals of organic chemistry, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, fourth edition, chapters: 8.8 (Synthesis and Reactions of Phenols), 10 (Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives) Crystallization, melting-point determination, principles of NMR spectroscopy J. W. Zubrick, The Organic Chem Lab Survival Manual: A Student's Guide to Techniques, Wiley, eight edition, chapters: 12 (The melting-point experiment); 13 (Recrystallization), 22 (Reflux and addition), 33 (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) or R. J. Fessenden, J. S. Fessenden, P. Feist, Organic Laboratory Techniques, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, third edition, chapters: Technique 1 (Crystallization), Technique 2 (Melting Points), Technique 14 (Carrying Out Typical Reactions), Technique 16 (Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy) Synthetic procedure is based on: Vogel, A. I., A text-book of Practical Organic Chemistry including qualitative organic analysis, third edition, 1956, Longman
8 Apparatus and materials: water bath laboratory stand clamps with jacks round-bottomed flasks (250 ml) thermometer glass rod graduated cylinder vials Büchner funnel filtration flask filtration paper reflux condenser beaker mortar and pestle Chemicals: salicylic acid (10 g) acetic anhydride (14 ml) sulfuric acid (few drops) commercial aspirin ethanol distilled water water solution of iron(iii) chloride Synthetic procedure: 1. Warm the water bath to 60 C. 2. Place salicylic acid and acetic anhydride in a round-bottomed flask. 3. Add few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid to the mixture of reactants and rotate the flask for a while. 4. Place the flask inside a water bath for 15 min. From time to time, stir the reagents using a glass rod. Make sure the temperature of mixture is between 50 and 60 C. 5. Remove the flask from the water bath and leave it to cool down. 6. Add 150 ml of distilled water and vigorously stir the suspension. 7. Filter the crude product using a vacuum filtration technique. 8. Place a small portion of crude product into an open vial, protect it with a paper and leave it to dry. Recrystallization procedure: 1. Place the crude product inside a round-bottomed flask (250 ml) and add 30 ml of ethanol. 2. Mount the reflux condenser on the top of the flask and warm the mixture in a water bath till solution. 3. Pour the solution into ca. 75 ml of hot water. If the product crystallized at this stage, you should dissolve it one more time in water bath. 4. Leave the solution for slow cooling. 5. Filter the crude product using vacuum filtration technique. 6. Place the product into evaporator and protect it with paper assigned to you. 7. Place the evaporator with dry product into a desiccator and leave until the next class.
9 Identity and purity determination: Analytical test for phenols 1. In four clean and dry test tubes, dissolve salicylic acid, crude aspirin, recrystallized aspirin and a sample of commercial drug in 2 ml of distilled water. 2. Add 2 3 drops of 2.5% water solution of iron(iii) chloride. Watch and note down the color of the solutions at the time of mixing reagents. Purity determination of aspirin 1. Prepare a sample for NMR measurements: Place 3 5 mg of recrystallized aspirin in NMR tube and add 0.6 ml of CDCl3. The group should additionally prepare two samples of crude product and commercially available drug. 2. With the assistance of your teaching assistant (TA) go to NMR laboratory and collect NMR spectra of your samples. 3. Compare NMR spectra you collected with those of your colleagues. 4. Using the melting point apparatus, measure the melting range for crude and recrystallized aspirin. Melting range is a range of temperature from the point at which first crystals begin to melt to the point at which the entire sample is liquid. Reagents Reagent 1 Reagent 2 Catalyst Solvent name Molar weight [g/mol] density [g/ml] mass/volume Melting point/ boiling point Safety information Equipment (fill in the boxes)
10 Observations and conclusions Identity and purity determination Test for phenols Test tube compound Color after addition of FeCl3 Description of product Molar weight [g/mol] mass [g]
11 yield [%] Theoretical melting point Experimental melting point Analysis of NMR data
12 P3. n-butyl ACETATE SYNTHESIS Objectives: to train basic organic laboratory techniques to learn basic procedures for isolation and purification of organic compounds Topics of study: extraction and distillation as a separation and purification techniques Suggested textbooks: J. W. Zubrick, The Organic Chem Lab Survival Manual: A Student's Guide to Techniques, Wiley, eight edition R. J. Fessenden, J. S. Fessenden, P. Feist, Organic Laboratory Techniques, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, third edition Apparatus and materials: heatnig mantle laboratory stand clamps with jacks round-bottomed flasks (100 ml) thermometer glass rod reflux condenser beakers condenser separatory funnel funnel Chemicals: glacial acetic acid (15 ml) n-butanol (11.5 ml) sulfuric acid (0.5 ml) sodium hydrogen carbonate anhydrous sodium sulfate
13 A direct reaction of acid with alcohol, leading to respective ester, proceeds according to the following mechanism: As one can notice esterification is an equilibrium reaction, thus to move equilibrium in the product s direction, one needs to remove the water or use an excess of one of the substrates. Direct esterification is catalyzed by strong acids (see the mechanism) e.g. sulfuric, hydrochloric or p-toluenosulfonic acids. The experiment consists of a few stages: Reflux of a substrates mixture 1. In a 100 ml round-bottom flask, mix together glacial acetic acid (15.0 ml), n-butanol (11.5 ml), and add 0.5 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid. 2. To prevent overheating, add a few boiling chips into the flask. 3. Prepare a setup for a reflux procedure. Turn on cooling water flow, connect your reaction flask and turn the heating mantle on. 4. Allow the mixture to reflux for min. Extraction of an organic product and drying 1. After reaction refluxing, turn the heating off. 2. Add approx. 50 ml of water into a separatory funnel and pour the cooled reaction mixture into it. 3. Collect the upper layer of crude ester and wash it again with water, then with saturated solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate (be careful with evolving and CO2 degas the funnel and shake it gently), and once again water. 4. Collect the organic layer and dry it with anhydrous sodium sulfate for at least 30 min (it is important to get rid of any water residues). Simple distillation 1. After drying, filter the drying agent (you should wash it with a small amount of dichloromethane) directly into a 50 ml distillation flask. 2. Add a few boiling chips. 3. Prepare a distillation apparatus, turn on the water flow and mount your distillation flask. 4. Slowly start to heat the mixture. 5. When it starts to boil, begin to collect of forerunning fraction until you achieve temperature equal to the boiling point of ester. 6. Collect the main ester fraction, within a range of two Celsius degrees, to a weighed vessel.
14 7. Note all amounts and temperatures. Do not distill the mixture to dryness. Examination of the obtained product 1. Carefully check odor of the product. 2. Calculate the yield of the reaction. 3. Measure the refractive index of obtained product and compare to the literature value. The balanced chemical equation Equipment (part 1) Equipment (part 2)
15 Name/formula Molar weight [g/mol] mass/volume [g or ml] Density [g/ml] Melting/boiling point [ C] Safety information Observations and conclusions Calculations Temperature at which you start to collect the main fraction... C Temperature at which distillation is stopped... C Appearance and odor of distillate... Measured refractive index...; Literature value... Weight of empty dry vessel... g
16 Weight of vessel plus product... g Net weight of n-butyl acetate... g; Yield...%
17 P4. SYNTHESIS AND ISOLATION OF MESO-TETRAPHENYLPORPHYRIN Objectives: to synthesize meso-tetraphenylporphyrin from pyrrole and benzaldehyde to practice small-scale synthesis, thin-layer and column chromatography Topics of study: thin-layer chromatography column chromatography Suggested literature: Synthesis of porphyrin Lindsey, J. S., Hsu, H. C., Schreiman, I. C. Tetrahedron Lett. 1986, 27, 4969 Lindsey, J. S., Schreiman, I. C., Hsu, H. C., Kearney, P. C.; Marguerettaz, A. M. J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 827 Chromatographic techniques J. W. Zubrick, The Organic Chem Lab Survival Manual: A Student's Guide to Techniques, Wiley, eight edition, chapters: 21 (The rotary evaporator), 26 (Chromatography: some generalities), 27 (Thin-layer chromatography), 28 (Wet-column chromatography) or R. J. Fessenden, J. S. Fessenden, P. Feist, Organic Laboratory Techniques, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, third edition, chapters: Technique 11 (Column Chromatography), Technique 12 (Thin-layer Chromatography) Apparatus and materials: magnetic stirrer magnetic stirring bar laboratory stand clamps with jacks round-bottomed flask (50 ml) beaker (200 ml) septum, balloon aluminum foil syringes (two 5 ml and one 1 ml) two needles chromatography column TLC plates TLC chamber Pasteur pipettes
18 Chemicals: solution of pyrrole in dichloromethane (4.5 ml) solution of benzaldehyde in dichloromethane (4.5 ml) solution of boron trifluoride-diethyl ether complex in dichloromethane (1 ml) 2,3-dichloro-5,6- dicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ) (171 mg) aluminium oxide (basic, grade II) for chromatography dichloromethane for chromatography n-hexane for chromatography Procedures: Synthetic procedure: 1. Using 5 ml syringes, place solutions of pyrrole and benzaldehyde in 50 ml round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stirring bar (Figure 1). 2. Flush the solution with nitrogen for 15 min. 3. Put the rubber septum at the top of flask neck and protect the mixture from air using a nitrogen-filled balloon. Cover the flask with aluminum foil to protect reagents from light (Figure 2). 4. Using 1 ml syringe, place a solution of boron trifluoride-diethyl etherate in the flask. 5. Mix the reagents for 1 h using a magnetic stirrer. 6. Remove the balloon with septum and add DDQ to the solution. 7. Evaporate the solvent under reduced pressure using rotary evaporator. Column chromatography procedure: 1. Attach the chromatographic column to a laboratory stand using a clamp (Figure 3). 2. Plug a column chromatography with a small piece of cotton. You can use glass rod to tamp it down.
19 3. Prepare a slurry of aluminum oxide in dichloromethane. 4. Place the beaker under the column you will use it to collect the eluate (Figure 4). 5. Load the chromatographic column with an appropriate amount of adsorbent. Make sure the column does not dry. 6. Dissolve the crude reaction products in small amount (2 3 volumes of Pasteur pipette). 7. Carefully transfer the solution to the top of the aluminum oxide layer. Before you load the sample, make sure that the eluent level is maximum 5 mm under the adsorbent. 8. Once the mixture of products has gone into the adsorbent, carefully pour little amount of eluent and allow it to enter the adsorbent. Repeat the process until the eluent you add remains colorless. 9. Carefully fill the column with eluent making sure not to disturb the adsorbent. 10. Watch the separation and collect fractions eluted witch dichloromethane. Make sure there is an eluent in the column as long as you run the column. 11. Evaporate the solvent from red-purple fraction using a rotary evaporator. Thin-layer chromatography procedure: 1. Prepare two thin-layer chromatography plates (TLC plates). 2. Using a pencil carefully draw start lines, localized 1 cm under the shorter edge, on both plates (Figure 1). 3. On this line mark three, equally distant from each other, spots. Make sure that the first and the last point are about 0.5 cm distant from the longer edge of TLC plate. 4. Using capillaries, apply three samples on the spots in the sequence (Figure 2): crude mixture after porphyrin synthesis purple fraction after chromatography benzaldehyde 5. Leave the plates for three min to dry. 6. Prepare TLC chambers. 7. Fill a small beaker with 2 ml of dichloromethane (eluent 1). Make sure that once you put the TLC plate into the chamber, the eluent level is about 3 mm below the start line.
20 8. Prepare the second TLC chamber in the same manner using n-hexane (eluent 2). 9. Put TLC plates into TLC chambers. Be careful it is very easy to break the adsorbent layer. You can help yourself by using tweezers (Figure 3). 10. Put a watch glass on the top of a beaker and observe the separation (Figure 4). 11. Once the eluent reach the level 1 cm below the upper edge, take out the plate from the TLC chamber and mark the solvent line using a pencil. 12. Leave plates for a couple minutes to dry. 13. Put the plates under the UV-lamp and using a pencil, mark the spots which appeared after the separation (Figure 5). 14. Measure the distance between start line and finish line and between the start line and the center of each spot after separation. Calculate the Rf for each spot using the formula: a R f (Figure 5). b 15. Repeat your calculations for the plate developed in the eluent 2. Compare the results. Synthesis of porphyrin Observations and conclusions Column chromatography Observations and conclusions Thin-layer chromatography Eluent 1 Observations and conclusions
21 Rf calculations Eluent 2 Observations and conclusions Rf calculations
GRIGNARD REACTION Synthesis of Benzoic Acid
1 GRIGNARD REACTION Synthesis of Benzoic Acid In the 1920 s, the first survey of the acceleration of chemical transformations by ultrasound was published. Since then, many more applications of ultrasound
More informationIntroductory Remarks:
Introductory Remarks: At all times while you are in the laboratory you should wear safety spectacles or own spectacles if they have been approved. Eating of any kind of food or drinking is strictly prohibited
More informationExperiment 8 Synthesis of Aspirin
Experiment 8 Synthesis of Aspirin Aspirin is an effective analgesic (pain reliever), antipyretic (fever reducer) and anti-inflammatory agent and is one of the most widely used non-prescription drugs. The
More informationExperiment 12: Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol
1 Experiment 12: Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Reactions that form carbon-carbon bonds are among the most useful to the synthetic organic chemist. In 1912, Victor Grignard received the Nobel
More informationSynthesis of Benzoic Acid
E x p e r i m e n t 5 Synthesis of Benzoic Acid Objectives To use the Grignard reagent in a water free environment. To react the Grignard reagent with dry ice, CO 2(s). To assess the purity of the product
More informationTo understand concept of limiting reagents. To learn how to do a vacuum filtration. To understand the concept of recrystallization.
E x p e r i m e n t Synthesis of Aspirin Experiment : http://genchemlab.wordpress.com/-aspirin/ objectives To synthesize aspirin. To understand concept of limiting reagents. To determine percent yield.
More informationAspirin Synthesis H 3 PO 4
Aspirin Synthesis Experiment 10 Aspirin is the common name for the compound acetylsalicylic acid, widely used as a fever reducer and as a pain killer. Salicylic acid, whose name comes from Salix, the willow
More informationPREPARATIVE TASK GRAND PRIX CHIMIQUE PETNICA SCIENCE CENTER, VALJEVO, SERBIA 9 TH -14 TH OCTOBER 2017
GRAND PRIX CHIMIQUE PETNICA SCIENCE CENTER, VALJEVO, SERBIA 9 TH -14 TH OCTOBER 2017 PREPARATIVE TASK Preparation of p-nitroacetanilide Preparation of vanillyl alcohol SUPPORTED BY Serbian Chemical Society
More informationPreparation of an Ester Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin)
Preparation of an Ester Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin) BJECTIVE: To become familiar with the techniques and principle of esterification. DISCUSSIN: Aspirin is a drug widely used as an antipyretic agent
More informationUniversity of Wisconsin Chemistry 116 Preparation and Characterization of Aspirin and Some Flavoring Esters *
University of Wisconsin Chemistry 116 Preparation and Characterization of Aspirin and Some Flavoring Esters * Esters are an important class of organic compounds commonly prepared via a condensation reaction
More informationExperiment 24. Chemical recycling of poly(ethylene) terephthalate (PET)
Methods of pollution control and waste management Experiment 24 Chemical recycling of poly(ethylene) terephthalate (PET) Manual Department of Chemical Technology The aim of this experiment is to gain knowledge
More informationThe Synthesis of Triphenylmethano. will synthesize Triphenylmethanol, a white crystalline aromatic
HEM 333L rganic hemistry Laboratory Revision 2.0 The Synthesis of Triphenylmethano ol In this laboratory exercise we will synthesize Triphenylmethanol, a white crystalline aromatic compound. Triphenylmethanol
More information6. Extraction. A. Background. (a) (b) (c) Figure 1. Mixing of Solvents
6. Extraction A. Background Extraction is a frequently used technique to selectively transfer a compound of interested from one solvent to another. Extraction is based on solubility characteristics of
More information5.37 Introduction to Organic Synthesis Laboratory
MIT pencourseware http://ocw.mit.edu 5.37 Introduction to rganic Synthesis Laboratory Spring 2009 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. URIECA
More informationCH 241 EXPERIMENT #6 WEEK OF NOVEMBER 12, NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS (S N 1 and S N 2)
C 241 EXPERIMENT #6 WEEK OF NOVEMBER 12, 2001 NUCLEOPILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS (S N 1 and S N 2) Background By the time you do this experiment we should have covered nucleophilic substitution reactions
More information2. Synthesis of Aspirin
This is a two-part laboratory experiment. In part one, you will synthesize (make) the active ingredient in aspirin through a reaction involving a catalyst. The resulting product will then be purified through
More information6. Extraction. A. Background. (a) (b) (c) Figure 1. Mixing of Solvents
6. Extraction A. Background Extraction is a frequently used technique to selectively transfer a compound of interested from one solvent to another. Extraction is based on solubility characteristics of
More informationThe Fragrance of Rum, Isobutyl Propionate
The Fragrance of Rum, Isobutyl Propionate Exp t 82 from K. L. Williamson, Macroscale and Microscale rganic Experiments, 2nd Ed. 1994, Houghton Mifflin, Boston p385; revised Prelab Exercise 6/27/06 Give
More informationPrelab Reading Assignment: Laboratory Techniques in Organic Chemistry, 4 th Ed. Chapter 19
CHEM 213 Technique Experiments Experiment 5: Column Chromatography Number of labs - one Reactions performed None Chemicals used: Fluorene-fluorenone mixture, hexanes, methylene chloride, silica gel Supplies
More informationLab #3 Reduction of 3-Nitroacetophenone
Lab #3 Reduction of 3-Nitroacetophenone Introduction: Extraction: This method uses a different technique in which the two chemical compounds being separated are in immiscible solvents, also known as phases.
More informationEster Synthesis And Analysis: Aspirin and Oil of Wintergreen. Vanessa Jones November 19, 2015 Thursday 8:30 Lab Section Lab Partner: Melissa Blanco
Ester Synthesis And Analysis: Aspirin and Oil of Wintergreen Vanessa Jones November 19, 2015 Thursday 8:30 Lab Section Lab Partner: Melissa Blanco INTRODUCTION For this lab, students attempted to synthesize
More informationNucleophilic Addition to Carbonyl: Grignard Reaction with a Ketone
Experiment 7 Nucleophilic Addition to Carbonyl: Grignard eaction with a Ketone prepared by Jan William Simek, California Polytechnic State University modified by Hyunwoo Kim, Sunkyu Han and Eunyoung Yoon,
More informationExperiment DE: Part II Fisher Esterification and Identification of an Unknown Alcohol
Experiment DE: Part II Fisher Esterification and Identification of an Unknown Alcohol Fisher Esterification of an Alcohol (Fraction A) On the Chem 113A website, under "Techniques" and "Videos" review the
More informationExperiment 1: Extraction and Thin Layer Chromatography
Experiment 1: Extraction and Thin Layer Chromatography Introduction: Chromatography is a useful tool in chemistry and can be very helpful in determining the composition of an unknown sample. In chromatography
More informationEXPERIMENT THREE THE CANNIZARO REACTION: THE DISPROPORTIONATION OF BENZALDEHYDE
EXPERIMENT THREE THE CANNIZARO REACTION: THE DISPROPORTIONATION OF BENZALDEHYDE H C O HO C O H H C OH KOH 2x + DISCUSSION In planning the laboratory schedule, it should be observed that this experiment
More informationThe Friedel-Crafts Reaction: 2-(4-methylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
The Friedel-Crafts Reaction: 2-(4-methylbenzoyl)benzoic acid Exp t 63 from K. L. Williamson, Macroscale and Microscale rganic Experiments, 2nd Ed. 1994, Houghton Mifflin, Boston. p449 revised 10/13/98
More informationORGANIC SYNTHESIS: MICROWAVE-ASSISTED FISCHER ESTERIFICATION
EXPERIMENT 7 ORGANIC SYNTHESIS: MICROWAVE-ASSISTED FISCHER ESTERIFICATION Materials Needed 1.0-2.0 ml of an alcohol to be chosen from the following: 3-methyl 1-butanol (isoamyl alcohol, isopentyl alcohol),
More informationTOSYLHYDRAZONE CLEAVAGE OF AN α,β-epoxy KETONE; OXIDATIVE KMnO 4 CLEAVAGE OF AN ALKYNE EXPERIMENT A
1 EXPERIMENT A EPOXIDATION OF AN α,β-unsaturated KETONE; TOSYLYDRAZONE CLEAVAGE OF AN α,β-epoxy KETONE; OXIDATIVE KMnO 4 CLEAVAGE OF AN ALKYNE The goal of this experiment is the correct assignment of the
More informationORG1 Syntheses of Acetaminophen and Aspirin
RG1 Syntheses of Acetaminophen and Aspirin Estimated Time Required: 60 minutes Introduction Ethanoylation (better known as acetylation) is the introduction of an acetyl functional group onto a suitable
More informationExperiment 9 Dehydration of Methylcyclohexanol Friday/Monday 1
Experiment 9 Dehydration of Methylcyclohexanol Friday/Monday 1 There are three distinct steps in most organic preparative reactions: 1) the reaction itself, 2) isolation of the crude product, and 3) final
More information4023 Synthesis of cyclopentanone-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester from adipic acid diethyl ester
NP 4023 Synthesis of cyclopentanone-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester from adipic acid diethyl ester NaEt C 10 H 18 4 Na C 2 H 6 C 8 H 12 3 (202.2) (23.0) (46.1) (156.2) Classification Reaction types and substance
More informationExperiment 3: Acid/base Extraction and Separation of Acidic and Neutral Substances
Experiment 3: Acid/base Extraction and Separation of Acidic and Neutral Substances Introduction Your task in this lab is to separate two compounds by taking advantage of differences in their acidity, and
More informationExp t 83 Synthesis of Benzyl Acetate from Acetic Anhydride
Exp t 83 Synthesis of Benzyl Acetate from Acetic Anhydride from K. L. Williamson, Macroscale and Microscale rganic Experiments, 2nd Ed. 1994, Houghton Mifflin, Boston p385; revised Prelab Exercise: 10/14/00
More informationExtraction. weak base pk a = 4.63 (of ammonium ion) weak acid pk a = 4.8. weaker acid pk a = 9.9. not acidic or basic pk a = 43
Extraction Background Extraction is a technique that separates compounds (usually solids) based on solubility. Depending on the phases involved, extractions are either liquid-solid or liquid-liquid. If
More informationAspirin Lab By Maya Parks Partner: Ben Seufert 6/5/15, 6/8/15
Aspirin Lab By Maya Parks Partner: Ben Seufert 6/5/15, 6/8/15 Abstract: This lab was performed to synthesize acetyl salicylic acid or aspirin from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. We had learned in class
More informationAP Chemistry Lab #5- Synthesis and Analysis of Alum (Big Idea 1 & 2)
www.pedersenscience.com AP Chemistry Lab #5- Synthesis and Analysis of Alum (Big Idea 1 & 2) 1.A.1: Molecules are composed of specific combinations of atoms; different molecules are composed of combinations
More informationGCE. Chemistry. A2 Practical Support Document. Revised GCE
GCE Revised GCE Chemistry A2 Practical Support Document For first teaching from September 2016 A2 Practical Support Document 1 Carrying out experiments to determine the rate of a reaction using a variety
More informationChemistry 283g Experiment 4
Chemistry 283g xperiment 4 XPRIMNT 4: lectrophilic Aromatic Substitution: A Friedel-Craft Acylation Reaction Relevant sections in the text: Fox & Whitesell, 3 rd d. Chapter 11, especially pg. 524-526,
More informationChem 102b Experiment 14: Part II Revised Preparation of Esters
http://www.chem.arizona.edu/courseweb/981/chem102b1/fisher_esterification.html Purpose of the Experiment: Chem 102b Experiment 14: Part II Revised Preparation of Esters Students will be given alcohols
More informationSYNTHESIS OF 1-BROMOBUTANE Experimental procedure at macroscale (adapted from Williamson, Minard & Masters 1 )
SYNTHESIS OF 1-BROMOBUTANE Experimental procedure at macroscale (adapted from Williamson, Minard & Masters 1 ) Introduction 1-bromobutane is a primary alkyl halide (primary alkyl) and therefore it is produced
More informationTerpenoids: Investigations in Santonin Chemistry
1 Experiment 8 Terpenoids: Investigations in Santonin Chemistry Santonin, (I) is a well-known sesquiterpenoid that has received much study in the past. Because it is a highly functionalized compound, and
More informationExperiment 3: Preparation of Lidocaine
Experiment 3: Preparation of Lidocaine This two-step synthesis involves the following conversion: 2,6-dimethylaniline α- chloro-2, 6-dimethylacetanilide Lidocaine. This synthetic scheme is shown in equation
More informationExperiment 17. Synthesis of Aspirin. Introduction
Experiment 17 Introduction Synthesis of Aspirin Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is a synthetic organic derived from salicylic acid. Salicylic acid is a natural product found in the bark of the willow tree
More information36B-BioOrganic Modifications for Technique Experiments. Technique of Thin-Layer Chromatography
36B-BioOrganic Modifications for Technique Experiments Technique of Thin-Layer Chromatography Experiment Title: Applying TLC As A Method to Monitor the Multistep Synthesis of Aspirin You will be using
More informationExpt 10: Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of p-xylene
Expt 10: Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of p-xylene INTRODUCTION The Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction is one of the most useful methods for adding alkyl substituents to an aromatic ring. Mechanistically,
More informationSYNTHESIS OF AN AZO DYE revisited (1 or 2 credits)
SYNTHESIS OF AN AZO DYE revisited (1 or 2 credits) This lab you can revisit the fist experiment of this quarter and synthesize more azo dyes of your choice. The old procedure is given below followed by
More informationExp t 144 Synthesis of N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide: The Insect Repellent "OFF"
Exp t 144 Synthesis of,-diethyl-m-toluamide: The Insect epellent "FF" Adapted by. Minard and Sridhar Varadarajan from Introduction to rganic Laboratory Techniques: A Microscale Approach, Pavia, Lampman,
More informationAs you can see from the reactions below for the reduction of camphor, there are two possible products, borneol and isoborneol.
E19-1 Experiment 19 Fig. 19-1 REDUTIN WIT NaB 4 : STERI AND NJUGATIN EFFETS (3 Experiments) erbert. Brown (1912-2004) Received Nobel prize for synthetic organic chemistry work with boron compounds. http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1979/brown-autobio.html
More informationWorking with Hazardous Chemicals
A Publication of Reliable Methods for the Preparation of Organic Compounds Working with Hazardous Chemicals The procedures in Organic Syntheses are intended for use only by persons with proper training
More informationChromatography Extraction and purification of Chlorophyll CHM 220
INTRODUCTION Extraction and purification of naturally occurring molecules is of the most common methods of obtaining organic molecules. Locating and identifying molecules found in flora and fauna can provide
More informationExp t 111 Structure Determination of a Natural Product
Exp t 111 Adapted by R. Minard, K. Smereczniak and Jon Landis (Penn State Univ.) from a microscale procedure used by the University of California, Irvine, in its undergraduate labs. The procedure is based
More informationExperiment 1: The Borohydride Reduction of 9-Fluorenone to 9-Fluorenol
Experiment 1: The Borohydride Reduction of 9-Fluorenone to 9-Fluorenol Background: In this week s experiment, a metal hydride will be used as a reducing agent. Metal hydrides can be quite reactive, and
More informationTHE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA A. M. E. C. E. A
THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA A. M. E. C. E. A MAIN EXAMINATION P.O. Box 62157 00200 Nairobi - KENYA Telephone: 891601-6 Fax: 254-20-891084 E-mail:academics@cuea.edu JANUARY APRIL 2014 TRIMESTER
More informationEXPERIMENT: LIMITING REAGENT. NOTE: Students should have moles of reactants in DATASHEET converted into masses in grams prior to the lab period.
Revised 12/2015 EXPERIMENT: LIMITING REAGENT Chem 1104 Lab NOTE: Students should have moles of reactants in DATASHEET converted into masses in grams prior to the lab period. INTRODUCTION Limiting reactant
More informationExperiment 3. Condensation Reactions of Ketones and Aldehydes: The Aldol Condensation Reaction.
Experiment 3. Condensation Reactions of Ketones and Aldehydes: The Aldol Condensation Reaction. References: Brown & Foote, Chapters 16, 19, 23 INTRODUCTION: This experiment continues the saga of carbon-carbon
More informationCHEMISTRY Organic Chemistry Laboratory II Spring 2019 Lab #2: Grignard Reaction: Preparation of Triphenylmethanol
CHEMISTRY 244 - Organic Chemistry Laboratory II Spring 2019 Lab #2: Grignard Reaction: Preparation of Triphenylmethanol Purpose. In this lab you will use the Grignard Reaction, a classic reaction in organic
More informationSodium Borohydride Reduction of Benzoin
Sodium Borohydride Reduction of Benzoin Introduction The most common and useful reducing agents for reducing aldehydes, ketones, and other functional groups are metal hydride reagents. The two most common
More informationPHYSICAL CONSTANTS: MELTING POINTS, BOILING POINTS, DENSITY
CRYSTALLIZATION: PURIFICATION OF SOLIDS ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS: 1. (a) (b) (c) (d) A plot similar to line A in Figure 5.1 on page 559 will be obtained. The line will be slightly curved. All of the substance
More informationGreen Chemistry in the Undergraduate Organic Laboratory: Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of a Natural Insecticide on Basic Montmorillonite K10 Clay
LAB PRCEDURE: Green Chemistry in the Undergraduate rganic Laboratory: Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of a Natural Insecticide on Basic Montmorillonite K10 Clay Matthew R. Dintzner*, Paul R. Wucka and Thomas
More informationExperiment 7: The Synthesis of Artificial Hyacinth Odor (1-bromo-2-phenylethene), Part I
Experiment 7: The Synthesis of Artificial Hyacinth Odor (1-bromo-2-phenylethene), Part I This two-step synthesis involves the following conversion: trans-cinnamic acid 2,3- dibromocinnamic acid 1-bromo-2-phenylethene
More informationWeek 10 Chemical Synthesis
Week 10 Chemical Synthesis The meeting of two personalities is like the contact of two chemical substances; if there is any reaction, both are transformed. Carl Gustav Jung Psychiatrist and Philosopher
More informationChemical Reactions: The Copper Cycle
1 Chemical Reactions: The Copper Cycle ORGANIZATION Mode: pairs assigned by instructor Grading: lab notes, lab performance and post-lab report Safety: Goggles, closed-toe shoes, lab coat, long pants/skirts
More informationSYNTHESIS OF AN AZO DYE revisited (1 or 2 credits)
SYNTHESIS OF AN AZO DYE revisited (1 or 2 credits) This lab you can revisit the fist experiment of this quarter and synthesize more azo dyes of your choice. The old procedure is given below followed by
More information2 (CH 3 CH 2 ) 2 NH diethylamine
Experiment: (Part B) Preparation of Lidocaine from α-chloro-2,6-dimethylacetanilide and Diethylamine ITRDUCTI This step of the synthesis involves the reaction of α-chloro-2, 6- dimethylacetanilide, prepared
More informationThe Synthesis and Analysis of Aspirin
The Synthesis and Analysis of Aspirin Computer 22 Aspirin, the ubiquitous pain reliever, goes by the chemical name acetylsalicylic acid. One of the compounds used in the synthesis of aspirin is salicylic
More informationLab #6: CARBOXYLIC ACIDS LAB
lab Lab #6: CARBOXYLIC ACIDS LAB Name PART I: Preparation of Carboxylic Acids (a) Oxidation of an Aldehyde by Oxygen from the Air: Benzaldehyde is an aromatic aldehyde with a familiar odor. On a clean,
More informationRule 2. Rule 1. Rule 4. Rule 3. Rule 5. Rule 6. Rule 7. Rule 8
Rule 1 Follow the directions in your course reader, of your teaching assistant and of your instructor. They are usually much more experienced doing chemistry. Rule 3 When in doubt, ask. This will make
More informationLab 2. Go Their Separate Ways: Separation of an Acid, Base, and Neutral Substance by Acid-Base Extraction
Lab 2. Go Their Separate Ways: Separation of an Acid, Base, and Neutral Substance by Acid-Base Extraction How can I use an acid-base reaction to separate an acid-base-neutral mixture? Objectives 1. use
More informationThe ratio of the concentrations of a substance in the two solvents at equilibrium is called its distribution coefficient, K D :
CHM 147 Advanced Chemistry II Lab Extraction: A Separation and Isolation Technique Adapted from Extraction: A Separation and isolation Technique, Hart, Harold; Craine, Leslie; Hart, David; Organic Chemistry,
More informationR C OR' H 2 O carboxylic acid alcohol ester water side product
EXPERIMENT 7 SYNTHESIS OF ESTERS USING ACETIC ANHYDRIDE 1 Materials Needed 2.0 ml of an alcohol to be chosen from the following: 1-propanol (n-propyl alcohol), 3-methyl 1-butanol (isoamyl alcohol, isopentyl
More informationReview Experiments Formation of Polymers Reduction of Vanillin
Review Experiments Formation of Polymers What is a polymer? What is polymerization? What is the difference between an addition polymerization and a condensation polymerization? Which type of polymerization
More informationLisa Barton CHEM 2312 Organic Chemistry Performed: 2/4/12. Synthesis of Aspirin
Lisa Barton CHEM 2312 rganic Chemistry Performed: 2/4/12 Synthesis of Aspirin bjective: The goal of this experiment is to synthesize Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) from the reaction of Salicylic acid and
More informationExpt 9: The Aldol Condensation
Expt 9: The Aldol Condensation INTRDUCTIN Reactions that form carbon-carbon bonds are particularly important in organic chemistry as they allow the synthesis of more complex structures from simpler molecules.
More information5072 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH SPA) TOPIC 1: EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY 5067 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) TOPIC 1: EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY
5072 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH SPA) TOPIC 1: EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY 5067 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) TOPIC 1: EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY SUB-TOPIC 1.2 METHODS OF PURIFICATION AND ANALYSIS LEARNING
More informationLAB #6 Chromatography Techniques
LAB #6 Chromatography Techniques Objectives: To learn how to story board a procedure Explain how a chromatograph of pigments is formed from both paper and thin layer chromatography. Isolate and identify
More informationExperiment # 13 PREPARATION OF ASPIRIN
Experiment # 13 PREPARATION OF ASPIRIN Objective In this experiment you will synthesize acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin), determine the limiting reagent, and then determine the theoretical and percent yields
More informationCHEM51LC PROJECT DETERMINATION OF DIASTEREOSELCTIVITY USING THERMODYNAMIC VERSUS KINETIC CONTROLLED REDUCTION PROCEDURES: A REDUCTION
CHEM51LC PROJECT DETERMINATION OF DIASTEREOSELCTIVITY USING THERMODYNAMIC VERSUS KINETIC CONTROLLED REDUCTION PROCEDURES: A REDUCTION of 4-tert-BUTYLCYCLOHEXANONE REACTION: Oxidation of an Alcohol, Reductions
More informationMultistep Synthesis of 5-isopropyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione
Multistep Synthesis of 5-isopropyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize 5-isopropyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione from commercially available compounds. To do this, acetone and
More informationExperiment 12 Grignard Reaction; Preparation of Triphenylcarbinol
Experiment 12 Grignard Reaction; Preparation of Triphenylcarbinol In this experiment we will perform a Grignard addition to an ester. First we will form the Grignard reagent from magnesium and bromobenzene
More informationNaBr, H2SO4 CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + NaHSO4 + H2O. 1-Bromobutane bp C den MW n 1.439
Exp t 140 The SN2 Reaction: 1-Bromobutane from K. L. Williamson, Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments, 2nd Ed. 1994, Houghton Mifflin, Boston. p247; revised 2/22/02 Prelab Exercise: Review the
More informationExperiment V: Multistep Convergent Synthesis: Synthesis of Hexaphenylbenzene
Experiment V: Multistep Convergent Synthesis: Synthesis of Hexaphenylbenzene 1) Introduction CH H Thiamine HCl (V-02) ah (aq) Cu(Ac) 2 H 4 3 HAc V-01 V-03 V-04 Me 3 + H - V-05 V-06 Tetraphenylcyclopentadieneone
More informationExperiment : Reduction of Ethyl Acetoacetate
Experiment 7-2007: eduction of Ethyl Acetoacetate EXPEIMENT 7: eduction of Carbonyl Compounds: Achiral and Chiral eduction elevant sections in the text: Fox & Whitesell, 3 rd Ed. Chapter 12, pg.572-584.
More informationChlorobenzene from Aniline via the Sandmeyer Reaction. August 21, By ParadoxChem126. Introduction
Chlorobenzene from Aniline via the Sandmeyer Reaction August 21, 2014 By ParadoxChem126 Introduction Chlorobenzene is a useful chemical in organic syntheses. It dissolves a wide range of organic compounds,
More informationREACTIONS: Reduction of a ketone, acetylation of an alcohol, and a kinetic resolution using a lipase.
CHEM 51LD EXP #2 FALL 2013 SYNTHESIS F ENANTIPURE ALCHLS AND ESTERS USING A LIPASE-BASED KINETIC RESLUTIN REACTINS: Reduction of a ketone, acetylation of an alcohol, and a kinetic resolution using a lipase.
More informationThin Layer Chromatography
Thin Layer Chromatography Thin-layer chromatography involves the same principles as column chromatography, it also is a form of solid-liquid adsorption chromatography. In this case, however, the solid
More informationEXPERIMENT #1 SEPARATION AND RECOVERY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY, COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY, CRYSTALLIZATION AND MELTING POINTS
EXPERIMENT #1 SEPARATION AND RECOVERY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY, COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY, CRYSTALLIZATION AND MELTING POINTS Overview In the first few weeks of this semester you will
More informationGeneral Chemistry I CHEM-1030 Laboratory Experiment No. 2 Physical Separation Techniques
General Chemistry I CHEM-1030 Laboratory Experiment No. 2 Physical Separation Techniques Introduction When two or more substances that do not react chemically are blended together, the components of the
More informationNucleophilic displacement - Formation of an ether by an S N 2 reaction The Williamson- Ether Synthesis
Nucleophilic displacement - Formation of an ether by an S N 2 reaction The Williamson- Ether Synthesis Bond formation by use of an S N 2 reaction is very important for organic and biological synthesis.
More informationCHEMISTRY Organic Chemistry Laboratory II Spring 2019 Lab #1: Oxidation of Alcohols to Ketones - Borneol Oxidation (2 weeks)
CHEMISTRY 244 - Organic Chemistry Laboratory II Spring 2019 Lab #1: Oxidation of Alcohols to Ketones - Borneol Oxidation (2 weeks) Purpose. In this lab you will learn about oxidation reactions in organic
More informationExperiment: Synthesis of Aspirin
Experiment: Synthesis of Aspirin Background Aspirin, which ranks as the most widely used drug in the United States, is one of a series of salicylic acid esters that has been known since antiquity to have
More information18 Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments
360465-P01[01-024] 10/17/02 16:16 Page 18 Sahuja Ahuja_QXP_03:Desktop Folder:17/10/02: 18 Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments Preparing a Laboratory Record Use the following steps to prepare
More information17 th Chemistry Olympiad of the Baltic States
17 th Chemistry Olympiad of the Baltic States Riga, Latvia, 2009 Practical examination Introduction General information Keep your safety or optical glasses on, while working in laboratory. Fill pipettes
More informationCHEMISTRY Organic Chemistry Laboratory II Spring 2019 Lab #3: Friedel-Crafts Acylation
CHEMISTRY 244 - Organic Chemistry Laboratory II Spring 2019 Lab #3: Friedel-Crafts Acylation Purpose: In this lab you will predict and experimentally test the directing effects of substituent groups in
More informationExp 1 Column Chromatography for the Isolation of Excedrin Components. Reading Assignment: Column Chromatography, TLC (Chapter 18)
Exp 1 Column Chromatography for the Isolation of Excedrin Components Reading Assignment: Column Chromatography, TLC (Chapter 18) Column chromatography separation can be achieved if the compounds have different
More informationLimiting Reagent Synthesis of Aspirin Thomas M. Moffett Jr., SUNY Plattsburgh, 2007.
Limiting Reagent Synthesis of Aspirin Thomas M. Moffett Jr., SUNY Plattsburgh, 007. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is the most common medicinal drug in use today. Aspirin is an analgesic (pain reliever),
More informationHonors Cup Synthetic Proposal
onors Cup Synthetic Proposal Section: 270-V Group Members: Azhar Carim, Ian Cross, Albert Tang Title: Synthesis of indigo from -(2-bromoethyl)-2-nitrobenzamide Introduction: Indigo has been used as a dye
More informationExpt 5: Synthesis of Benzoic Acid Using the Grignard Reaction
Expt 5: Synthesis of Benzoic Acid Using the Grignard Reaction INTRDUCTIN The Grignard reaction is one of the most general methods for carbon-carbon bond formation in all of organic chemistry. In the first
More informationEXTRACTION: A SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNIQUE
E6-1 Experiment 6 Fig. 6-1 EXTRATIN: A SEPARATIN AND PURIFIATIN TENIQUE (with a possibly unexpected result) New Techniques Discussion R carboxylic acid + Na + 2 R _ Na + sodium carboxylate ippocrates (460-377
More informationExperiment 1: Preparation of Vanillyl Alcohol
Experiment 1: Preparation of Vanillyl Alcohol INTRDUCTIN A common method for preparing alcohols is the reduction of aldehydes to form primary alcohols [equation (1)] or of ketones to produce secondary
More information9. Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes
9. ydroboration-xidation of Alkenes A. Introduction 1. ydroboration-xidation of Alkenes Alkenes can be oxidized to alcohols using a two-step method of hydroboration followed by oxidation. The first step
More information