Stoichiometry. Cartoon courtesy of NearingZero.net
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1 Stoichiometry Cartoon courtesy of NearingZero.net
2 Stoichiometry In solving a problem of this sort, the grand thing is to be able to reason backward. This is a very useful accomplishment, and a very easy one, but people do not practice it much. Sherlock Holmes, in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle s A Study in Scarlet Stoichiometry - The study of quantities of materials consumed and produced in chemical reactions.
3 Review: The Mole divide by MM multiply by x grams moles molecules multiply by MM divide by x The number equal to the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12 grams of pure 12 C. 1 mole of anything = units of that thing
4 Using Compound Masses
5 Review: Molar Mass A substance s molar mass (molecular weight) is the mass in grams of one mole of the compound. CO 2 = grams per mole H 2 O = grams per mole Ca(OH) 2 = grams per mole
6 Review: Chemical Equations Chemical change involves a reorganization of the atoms in one or more substances. C 2 H 5 OH + 3O 2 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O reactants products When the equation is balanced it has quantitative significance: 1 mole of ethanol reacts with 3 moles of oxygen to produce 2 moles of carbon dioxide and 3 moles of water
7 Mole Relations
8 Calculating Masses of Reactants and Products 1. Balance the equation. 2. Convert mass to moles. 3. Set up mole ratios. 4. Use mole ratios to calculate moles of desired substituent. 5. Convert moles to grams, if necessary.
9 Grams of A Stoichiometry MAP 1 mole A #B MW B = Grams B MW A #A 1mole B A is the starting material given in the problem not always the reactant B is the desired material in the problem needed #B / #A is the mole ratio from the balanced equation
10 Solving Problems Problem Type Grams A Grams B Use Steps All Three Grams A Moles B 1 & 2 Moles A Grams B 2 & 3 Moles A Moles B JUST 2
11 Working a Stoichiometry Problem 6.50 grams of aluminum reacts with an excess of oxygen. How many grams of aluminum oxide are formed. 1. Identify reactants and products and write the balanced equation. 4 Al + 3 O 2 2 Al 2 O 3 a. Every reaction needs a yield sign! b. What are the reactants? c. What are the products? d. What are the balanced coefficients?
12 Working a Stoichiometry Problem gram A to gram B grams of aluminum reacts with an excess of oxygen. How many grams of aluminum oxide are formed? 4 Al + 3 O 2 2Al 2 O g Al 1 mol Al 2 mol Al 2 O g Al 4 mol Al g Al 2 O 3 1 mol Al 2 O 3 =? g Al 2 O g Al 2 O 3
13 Grams A to Moles B 4 Al + 3 O 2 2Al 2 O grams of aluminum oxide formed, how many moles of oxygen reacted? 55.0 g Al 2 O 3 1 mole 3 mole O moles Al 2 O moles O 2
14 Moles A to Grams B 4 Al + 3 O 2 2Al 2 O moles of aluminum reacted, how many grams of oxygen are required to react? molesal 3 mole O g 4 moles Al 1 mol O grams O 2
15 Moles A to Moles B 4 Al + 3 O 2 2Al 2 O moles of aluminum oxide formed, how many moles of oxygen reacted? molesal 2 O 3 3 mole O 2 2 moles Al 2 O moles O 2
16 Limiting Reactant or Reagent The limiting reactant is the reactant that is consumed first, limiting the amounts of products formed. Tend to be: expensive, rare, or toxic reagent
17 Excess Reagent The more abundant reactant. Does not run out at the end of the experiment. If a chemist has a choice it will Tend to be cheaper, abundant, non-toxic Methane combusts to give a lot of heat and energy. What reagent do you think a chemist would hold as the limiting reagent? Why?
18 Limiting Reagents - Combustion
19 Determine the Limiting Reagent Compare the amount each reagent can produce the one that produces the least is the limiting reagent. For the problem below solve 2 gram to gram problems and evaluate: 4 Al + 3 O 2 2Al 2 O 3 Given grams of aluminum and grams of oxygen what is the maximum mass of aluminum oxide that may be produced? What is the limiting reagent? 1mol Al 2 Al 2 O g 50.0 g Al 27.0 grams 4 Al 1moles Al 2 O 3 = 94.4 g Al 2 O 3 1mol O 2 2 Al 2 O g 50.0g O grams 3 O 2 1moles Al 2 O 3 = 106. g Al 2 O 3 Therefore only 94.4 grams can be made! How much oxygen remains?
20 Determine the leftover amount of excess reagent Subtract what was produced from what could have been produced and send backwards: 4 Al + 3 O 2 2Al 2 O grams grams = 11.6 grams 11.6 g 1mol Al 2 O 3 3 O g O grams 2 Al 2 O 3 1 mole Al = 5.46 grams of Oxygen leftover
21 Percent Yield Find the theoretical amount or (Mathematical result ) Divide what was obtained (Lab or Actual) by the theoretical Multiply by 100 Yields are seldom 100% due to four factors: Poor Collection, Impure reagents, Incomplete reactions, and Competing side reactions
22 Percent Yield Cindy reacts 4.00 grams of aluminum with an excess of oxygen and formed 7.05 grams of aluminum oxide. Please calculate her percent yield. Calc Theo: 4.00 g Al 1mol Al 2 Al 2 O g 27.0 g 4 Al 1 molal 2 O 3 Should get: 7.55 grams Al 2 O 3 % Yield = 7.05 / 7.55 x 100 = 93.4%
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Stoichiometry Dry Lab Name: Mole-Mass Conversions The molar mass of a substance is the conversion factor that allows us to convert between the mass of a substance (in grams) and the number of moles of