An Explanation of Redshift in a Static Universe

Transcription

1 Long Bach 010 PROCEEDINGS of th NPA 1 An Explanation of Rdshift in a Static Univrs Lyndon Ashmor Dubai Collg, P.O. Box 837, Dubai, UAE -mail: wbmastr@lyndonashmor.com A rviw of th litratur on th Lyman alpha forst givs dirct vidnc on th dynamics of th univrs. In an xpanding univrs on would xpct th avrag tmpratur of th univrs to fall as it xpands - but a rviw of th Dopplr paramtrs of th Hydrogn clouds in Quasar spctra shows that contrary to this, thy ar incrasing in tmpratur (or at last, bcoming incrasingly disturbd) as th univrs ags. Additionally, in an xpanding univrs, hydrogn clouds must bcom furthr apart with tim, so, as rdshift incrass, th clouds would b closr togthr. Instad, th vidnc is that, on avrag, thy ar vnly spacd up to a rdshift of on - if not byond. How can this b so if th univrs is xpanding? Espcially sinc this rang of rdshifts includs th suprnova data usd to show acclration and so calld tim dilation. Taking ths rsults in isolation implis that th univrs has bn static for at last th last billion yars or so and thrfor a nw modl of rdshift is ndd to xplain rdshifts in a static univrs. Th modl proposd hr is that in a static univrs, photons of light from distant galaxis ar absorbd and rmittd by lctrons in th plasma of intrgalactic spac and on ach intraction th lctron rcoils. Enrgy is lost to th rcoiling lctron (Nw Tird Light thory) and thus th rmittd photon has lss nrgy, a rducd frquncy and thrfor an incrasd wavlngth. It has bn rdshiftd. Th Hubbl rlationship bcoms photons of light from a galaxy twic as far away, mak twic as many intractions with th lctrons in th plasma of IG spac, los twic as much nrgy and undrgo twic th rdshift. A rlationship btwn rdshift and distanc is found and, using publishd valus of collision cross-sctions and numbr dnsity of lctrons in IG spac, a valu for th Hubbl constant is drivd which is in good agrmnt with masurd valus. Assuming that th nrgy transfrrd to th rcoiling lctron is mittd as scondary radiation; th wavlngth is calculatd and found to b consistnt with th wavlngths of th CMB. On th basis that plasma clouds rsult in priodicity or quantisd galaxy rdshifts it is shown that th avrag spacing btwn hydrogn clouds (z = 0.06) compars favourably with an avrag spacing btwn galaxy clustrs (z = 0.03). A tst of this thory in th laboratory is proposd whrby a high powrd lasr could b fird through spars cold plasma and th thoris prdictd incras in mission of microwav radiation of a particular frquncy dtrmind. 1. Introduction Dspit th ida of an xpanding univrs having bn around for almost on hundrd yars, thr is still no dirct physical vidnc to show xpansion. Tru, thr ar rdshifts that incras in proportion to distanc - but to assign ths rdshift as vlocitis is not dirct vidnc but an intrprtation of ths rsults in trms of an xpansion ida. Edwin Hubbl purgd from his vocabulary th trm radial vlocity and instad usd rdshift on th basis of that s what you masur. [1] In th sam way, suprnova tim dilation is not dirct vidnc. What is sn is that th multicolor light curvs from distant typ Ia suprnova tak longr to ris and fall th furthr away th suprnova ar. [] This is not 'dirct vidnc' for rlativistic 'tim dilation', but rathr an intrprtation of ths rsults in trms of an xpansion ida. To find dirct vidnc, on way or th othr, initially, this papr looks at th light from distant quasars which, according to main stram idas ar at vast distancs from Earth. This light has bn travling across th univrs for almost its ntir history. On its way, th light passs through Hydrogn clouds - which hav also bn thr sinc tim immmorial (or so w ar told) and ach cloud absorbs a particular frquncy of photon (Lyman alpha lin). This lin is thn rdshiftd bfor th light passs through th nxt cloud which again absorbs this particular frquncy of photon. In this way a whol forst of lins is built up and known as th Lyman alpha forst. By studying th lins in this forst, w can find dirct vidnc of th dynamics of th univrs for th majority of its lif. [3]. Lin Counting and Avrag Cloud Sparation As a masur of th spacing of th Lyman alpha lins, th lin dnsity ( dn dz ) is oftn quotd. This is th numbr of lins (N) pr unit rdshift (z). In a static, non xpanding, univrs th Hydrogn clouds, on avrag, hav a constant distanc btwn thm and so th absorption lins will b qually spacd with rdshift and hnc tim. Hr th lin dnsity will b th sam for all rdshifts. In a univrs which is contracting, th Hydrogn clouds and hnc th lins will bcom closr and closr togthr with tim and thus th lin dnsity will dcras as th rdshift incrass. In a univrs that is xpanding, th hydrogn clouds and hnc th absorption lins will bcom furthr and furthr apart with tim and thus th lin dnsity will incras as th rdshift incrass. Th lin dnsity is usually xprssd as: / 1 dn dz dn dz z 0 (1) dn / dz 1 z () whr γ is a constant [4] and ( dn dz ) 0 is th lin dnsity at zro rdshift. Bchtold stats that for 0 q 0 0.5, if γ>1 thn thr is

2 Ashmor: An Explanation of Rdshift in a Static Univrs Vol. 6, No. intrinsic volution in th obsrvd numbr dnsity of absorbrs. From a study of 34 high rdshift QSO s with z >.6, it was found that γ = 1.89±0.8 and concludd that thr must b intrinsic volution [5]. Similar valus for γ wr rportd by othr workrs [6,7,8,9,10]. Sinc th Hydrogn clouds appard to b disapparing at a gratr rat than was xpctd from xpansion alon, othr, additional, mchanisms put forward wr both th thinning out of th clouds du to galaxy formation and th ffct of UV radiation from Quasars ionizing th Hydrogn atoms within th clouds. Th combind rsult of ths ffcts would b a rduction in th numbr dnsity of th clouds and/or a rduction in thir collision cross-sction and thus a rduction in ( dn dz ). For obsrvations in th low rdshift rgion on had to wait until th Faint Objct Spctrograph (FOS) on th Hubbl Spac Tlscop cam into opration as Lyman alpha lins in this rgion ar still in th UV and had not bn rdshiftd nough to mov into th visibl rgion and b obsrvabl by ground basd instrumnts. Wymann t al studid 63 QSO s and 987 Lyman alpha lins in th rang 0.0 to 1.5 and whn ths wr analysd it cam as quit a surpris that thr wr many mor lins pr unit rdshift than xpctd from mrly xtrapolating th lin from high rdshift [11]. Thy found th volution almost flat giving th valu of γ = in this rgion. Ths rsults hav bn supportd by othr workrs [1,13]. Hydrodynamic simulations dsignd to xplain this phnomnon includd th assumption that th UV background dclins at low rdshift in concrt with th dclining population of quasar sourc [14]. Howvr, this is now known not to b th cas as many mor quasars in this rdshift rang ar known to xist than prviously thought [15]. Mor rcntly, furthr studis giv mor startling conclusions. Jankncht, E t al. [16] lookd at th rang 0.5< z 1.9 and statd, quot, A comparison with rsults at highr rdshifts shows that it ( dn dz ) is dclratd in th xplord rdshift rang and turns into a flat volution for z 0. Lhnr t al [17] lookd at rsults for th rang z > 0 and z 0.4 and statd, quot: dn dz is vry similar for ithr column dnsity rang implying no rdshift volution of dn dz btwn z > 0 and z 0.4. Kirkman t al. [18] lookd at 74 QSO s in th rang 0< z 1.6 using th HST FOS but instad of lin counting chos to us masurmnts of th flux dcrmnt (DA) in th Lyman alpha rgion of th spctra as a function of rdshift. Thy concludd that if th absorption cam from lins with fixd rst quivalnt widths thn thr was, quot: no chang in th numbr of lins pr unit rdshift. [Fig.1] Sinc dn dz is th numbr of lins pr unit rdshift thn th rciprocal of this quantity dz dn is th avrag spacing btwn Hydrogn clouds in rdshift spac and hnc distanc (crtainly in th local rgion). Consquntly, what ths rsults ar saying is that vn though ths clouds hav diffring rdshifts showing xpansion ffcts, thy still manag to b, on avrag, vnly spacd. Taking th Kirkman rsult by itslf shows that th clouds ar vnly spacd ovr a rdshift rang from 0.0 to 1.6 a rgion that includs most of th suprnova usd to show tim dilation and hnc both xpansion and acclration []. Whilst it must b said that ths rsults ar consistnt with a univrs that xpandd in th past, but, about on billion yar ago (rdshift unity) it cam to rst, and has bn static sinc; thr rmains th problm of how is it that ths Hydrogn clouds can b qually spacd, on avrag, and yt hav diffring rdshifts? Unlss, in a static univrs, rdshifts ar causd by anothr mchanism and th on proposd hr is th Nw Tird Light thory. Fig. 1. Graph of log( dn dz ) vrsus log(1 + z) 3. Th Dopplr Paramtr b as a Masur of Tmpratur This Sction looks in dtail at th tmpratur (or at last th tmpratur and/or dgr of disturbanc of th Hydrogn clouds) and how it has changd as th univrs ags. In an xpanding univrs th thory prdicts that, as th univrs xpands, it will cool down. On would xpct this to b rflctd in th data on th Hydrogn clouds thmslvs. Looking at th width of th Lyman alpha lins givs us a masur of th tmpratur of th Hydrogn cloud concrnd. Th highr th tmpratur of th cloud, th broadr th lin du to Dopplr ffcts. It must b said that a highr dgr of disturbanc also broadns th lins but at last th width of a lin givs an uppr limit to th tmpratur of th cloud. Th Dopplr paramtr, b, givs an indication of th width (and hnc th maximum tmpratur) of that Hydrogn cloud and is found from th width of th Lymanalpha lins. Th Dopplr Paramtr (b) is rlatd to th tmpratur of th gas by: b bth bnt (3) whr b th and b nt ar th thrmal and non thrmal broadning of th lin and so b givs an uppr limit to th cloud tmpratur. From a sarch of th litratur [8,16,18,19,0,1,,3] w can dtrmin how b and hnc th uppr limit of cloud tmpratur has changd ovr rdshift and hnc tim (uncrtaintis shown whr availabl). [Fig..] Fig.. Man Dopplr Paramtr Vrsus Rdshift It can b sn that rathr than dcrasing in tmpratur th clouds ar ithr at a constant tmpratur or show a gradual

3 Long Bach 010 PROCEEDINGS of th NPA 3 incras as tim gos on contrary, it would appar, to th prdictions of th big bang thory. Taking all th rsults togthr w can smooth th data by y and find th rciprocal to show how th avrag sparation of th Hydrogn clouds has changd ovr tim and compar this with th Dopplr paramtrs. [Fig. 3] Fig. 3. All Data Vrsus Rdshift If all ths hydrogn cloud obsrvations mntiond abov ar takn at fac valu, it would appar that th univrs is static, at last out to a rdshift of 1.6. This, thn, rquirs a r-xamination of th caus of th rdshift. 4. Introduction to Nw Tird Light In th Nw Tird Light thory [4], Intrgalactic spac (IG spac) is tratd as a transparnt mdium with th mdium itslf bing plasma. Whn photons travl through any transparnt mdium thy ar continually absorbd and rmittd by th lctrons in th mdium. Frnch [5] stats th propagation of light through a mdium (vn a transparnt on) involvs a continual procss of absorption of th incidnt light and its rmission as scondary radiation by th mdium. Fynman [6] dscribs th transmission of light through a transparnt mdium simply as photons do nothing but go from on lctron to anothr, and rflction and transmission ar rally th rsult of an lctron picking up a photon, scratching its had, so to spak, and mitting a nw photon. Th plasma of Intrgalactic spac acts as a transparnt mdium and photons of light, as thy travl through spac, will b absorbd and rmittd by th lctrons in this plasma. Sinc thr is a dlay at ach intraction whr th momntum of th photon is transfrrd to th lctron, th lctron will rcoil both on absorption and rmission - rsulting in inlastic collisions [7]. A doubl Mössbaur ffct will occur during ach intraction btwn photon and lctron. Som of th nrgy of th photon will b transfrrd to th lctron and sinc th nrgy of th photon has bn rducd, th frquncy will rduc and th wavlngth will incras. It will hav undrgon a rd shift. On this basis rd shift bcoms a distanc indicator and th distanc - rd shift rlation (Hubbl s law) bcoms: photons of light from galaxis twic as far away will travl twic as far through th IG mdium, mak twic as many collisions and thus undrgo twic th rd shift. Of cours, it is not as simpl as that as th rdshift is invariant with wavlngth and, as w shall s latr, this is xplaind by th fact that not all photons hav th sam collision cross-sction. 5. Rdshift in Photon-Elctron Intractions Elctrons in th plasma of IG spac (or any plasma for that mattr) can prform SHM and any lctron that can prform SHM can absorb and rmit photons of light. [8,9]. To quot, Th lctron just has a natural oscillation frquncy qual to th local plasma frquncy, and w gt a simpl pictur of rsonanc absorption in trms of th driving fild bing in rsonanc with this natural frquncy. [30]. Th plasma in IG spac is known to hav a frquncy of lss than 30Hz [31] and so th driving fild i.. th photon of light, has a driving frquncy far abov rsonanc. In consqunc, rsonanc absorption will not tak plac and th photon will always b r-mittd. In th sparsly populatd plasma of intrgalactic spac th lctron will not only absorb and rmit th photon but will rcoil ach tim. Th nrgy lost to th rcoiling absorbing/mitting systm is wll known [3] and givn by: Enrgy lost to an lctron during mission or absorption = Q /m c, whr Q is th nrgy of th incoming photon, m th rst mass of th lctron and c th spd of light. This must b applid twic for absorption and rmission. Hnc, total nrgy lost by photon = Q / m c h c / m (nrgy bfor intraction) (nrgy aftr) = hc / hc / h / m hc / m (4) = initial wavlngth of photon, = wavlngth of th rmittd photon. Multiplying through by m and dividing by h, givs: mc mc h Incras in wavlngth, so: => (5) ( ) mc mc h( ) (6) mc mc mc h h (7) => mch h (8) sinc h mc h/ m c (9) On thir journy through IG spac, th photons will mak many such collisions and undrgo an incras in wavlngth of h/ m c ach tim. On this basis rd shift bcoms a distanc indicator and th distanc - rd shift rlation bcoms: photons of light from galaxis twic as far away will travl twic as far through th IG mdium, mak twic as many collisions and thus undrgo twic th rd shift. Consrvation of linar momntum will nsur th linar propagation of light. 6. Th Hubbl Law Th procss whrby a photon intracts with an lctron and givs all its nrgy to th lctron is known as photoabsorption and th photoabsorption cross sction, σ, is known from th intraction of low-nrgy x rays with mattr. [33,34,35] r f (10) whr r is th classical radius of th lctron and f is on of two smi-mpirical atomic scattring factors dpnding, amongst othr things, on th numbr of lctrons in th atom. For 10 kv to 30 kv X-rays intracting with Hydrogn, f has valus approximatly btwn 0 and 1. On maning that th photon has bn absorbd and th atom rmaining in an xcitd stat and

4 4 Ashmor: An Explanation of Rdshift in a Static Univrs Vol. 6, No. zro maning that th photon was absorbd and an idntical photon rmittd [5]. Collision cross sctions hav th units of ara and rprsnt a probability that th intraction will tak plac. In a photonlctron intraction thr ar only two possibl outcoms. Eithr th photon is absorbd and not r-mittd (rsonanc absorption, f = 1, and probability of r-mission = 0) or th photon is absorbd and a nw photon is mittd (transmission, f = 0 and probability of r-mission = 1). Consquntly whn th photon frquncy is wll off rsonanc th probability of absorption is zro and th probability of r-mission is on. For conditional probability wr w nd th photon absorbd AND r-mittd, r is th probability of absorption and f is th probability of r-mission, and so w multiply th two sparat probabilitis. Sinc f has th valu of unity th collision cross-sction for transmission is r. Th atomic scattring factor, f, only modulats th collision cross-sction r and so this is th trm w nd. Elctrons in plasma bhav in th sam way as thos in an atom. Sinc th photon frquncy of light from distant galaxis is far rmovd from th rsonant frquncy of th lctrons in th plasma of IG spac, th photons will always b rmittd. On thir journy through th IG mdium, photons of radiation at th rd nd of th spctrum will ncountr mor collisions than photons at th blu nd of th spctrum and thus undrgo a gratr total shift in wavlngth. For a particular sourc, th ratio will b constant. Th collision cross sction for a particular photon will not b constant but will incras vry tim it intracts with an lctron. Th photon travls shortr and shortr distancs btwn collisions as it travls furthr and furthr and it is this that maks th rd shift rlation go non-linar for larg rd shifts. If th initial wavlngth is, thn it will b ( + h/m c) aftr on collision, ( + h/m c) aftr two collisions, ( +3h/m c) aftr thr collisions and so on. Th man fr path of a photon in th plasma of IG spac is givn by (n ) -1 or (n r ) -1 sinc σ = r λ. If th photon maks a total of N collisions in travlling a distanc d, sum of all man fr paths = or { n r l} { n r ( l h m c)} { n r ( l h m c)} { nr( l3 hmc)}... { nr( l N1 hmc)} d N 1 x0 1 (11) h x n r d mc (1) Sinc N is larg and h/ m c is small (.43 x 10-1 m), this approximats to: N1 0 which solvs to giv: 1 h x dx n r d mc (13) 1 1 N xp n hr d/ m c h/ m c 1 h/ m c (14) Th total incras in wavlngth, N, or Nh / m c xp nhrd / mc h/ mc (15) Th rd shift, z is dfind as z z xp n hr d/ m c h/ m c 1 (16) Sinc h/ m c (=.4x ) is small for all wavlngths blow X-ray, z xp n hr d/ m c 1 (17) sinc v cz and in th Hubbl Law, v Hd w hav: H c / d xp n hr d / m c 1 (18) For small astronomical distancs d, us th approximation: x 1 x (19) Giving: H nhr / m (0) Consquntly: v c Hd c And: z Hd c xp / 1 (1) xp / 1 () It should b notd that whilst th actual mchanisms of Tird Light ar diffrnt, this rlationship prdictd by th Nw Tird Light thory btwn rdshift, z and distanc, d is idntical to that first proposd by Zwicky in 199 [36]. Fig. 4 shows a comparison of a linar Hubbl law (z = (H/c)d and th nw Tird Light xponntial Hubbl diagram. Not that for rdshifts up to approximatly 0., thy ar th sam and giv similar rsults. Fig. 4. Exponntial and Linar Hubbl Diagrams 7. Prdictd valu of th Hubbl Constant This thory givs a rlation btwn th Hubbl constant, H, a numbr of known constants and th lctron dnsity of IG spac, n and so it is a simpl mattr to calculat th prdictd valu. W hav: H n hr / m (3) Publishd valus of th Hubbl constant ar around H = 64±3 km/s pr Mpc or, in SI units,.1x10-18 s -1. An stimatd valu of n in th local univrs can b achivd from th WMAP data [37] and givs n =.x10-7 cm -3 or an avrag of 0. lctrons pr mtr cubd. Thus this Nw Tird Light thory givs a prdictd valu of H as 0.9x10-18 s -1 or 7 km/s pr Mpc. Thus th thory s prdictd valu of H from first principls is in good agrmnt with th obsrvational valu. Som might find th coincidnc that hr / m itslf has th valu.1x10-18 pr cubic mtr of spac or 64 km/s pr Mpc pr

5 Long Bach 010 PROCEEDINGS of th NPA 5 cubic mtr of spac (th masurd valu of th Hubbl constant), but this is purly a coincidnc. Howvr, on viwing th Nw Tird Light Hubbl rlationship w s it is not that unlikly givn that th lctron dnsity of IG spac is approximatly 1 lctron m -3. This Tird Light thory prdicts an xponntial form to th Hubbl diagram. For small valus an xponntial function is linar and this on is linar up to about z = 0.. Byond this th curv bnds upwards. Howvr, it has rcntly bn shown [38,39] that data from th Calan/Tololo suprnova survy can vrify this xponntial law with a valu of H of 7 km/s pr Mpc i 1.13 hr /m pr m 3 if th data is not corrctd for th rlativistic ffcts of xpansion first. That is, th data fits this thory s prdictd xponntial Hubbl law providd that w do not assum that th Univrs is acclrating and manipulat th data accordingly. 8. Cosmic Microwav Background (CMB) Th rcoiling lctron will b brought to rst by Coulomb intractions with all th lctrons containd within a Dby sphr of radius λ D. Th dclrating lctron will mit transmission radiation (TR) i.. brmstrahlung. Thr ar two mission channls of th systm, intrinsic mission by th dclrating lctron, and mission by th mdium whr th background lctrons radiat nrgy. Intrinsic radiation ariss whn th rcoiling lctron xchangs a virtual photon with th xtrnal fild (st up by th larg numbr of coulomb cntrs) with momntum q and mits a quantum with momntum k. Th mdium or xtrnal fild in which th rcoiling lctron is moving radiats whn th virtual photon of momntum q rsults in th production of radiation by background lctrons containd within th Dby sphr [40]. Th intractions btwn light and th lctrons ar nonrlativistic and th initial and final stats of th lctron blong to th continuous spctrum. Th photon frquncy of th transmission radiation f cmb is givn by: cmb 1/ hf m p p (4) whr p mv and p mv ar th initial and final momntum of th lctron [41]. Th lctron rturns to rst aftr absorption and rmission and so th wavlngth of th transmission radiation λ cmb is givn by: cmb m c/ h (5) Light of wavlngth 5x10-7 m givs ris to TR of wavlngth 0.1m. In IG spac, th dominant background photons ar microwavs, having pak nrgy of 6x10-4 V and a photon dnsity of about 400 pr cm -3 [4,43]. In this thory, ths background photons (λ =.1x10-3 m) would b givn off as TR by a photon of wavlngth 5x10-8 m (i.. Ultra Violt radiation) intracting with an lctron. Intrstingly, th CMB has a black body form of radiation and it is known that plasma mit Black Body radiation as th clouds will b in thrmal quilibrium. To quot, whn vry mission is balancd by an absorption by th sam physical procss this is th principl of dtaild balanc. Th radiation spctrum must hav a black body form in thrmodynamic quilibrium. That is whn th mission of a photon is du to th absorption of a photon, th mission will b black body. [44] 9. Possibl Laboratory Tst On of th many problms in tsting cosmological thoris in th laboratory is clarly on of siz. As sn arlir, th avrag man fr path in IG spac is 1 n r, (sinc r ). For light of wavlngth 5x10-7 m, th avrag distanc btwn collisions in IG spac (using n =.x10-7 cm -3 ) is 1.6x10 1 m or 1.8x10 5 light yar. Distancs on this scal cannot b rcratd on Earth. Making th plasma dnsr will not hlp sinc as th plasma bcoms dnsr thr ar strongr forcs btwn th ions and so th lctrons will not rcoil. As with th Mössbaur ffct, whn light travls through glass thr is no rcoil and thrfor no rdshift as ach lctron is fixd in its atom and th atom is fixd in th glass block and so it is th mass of th glass block that has to b takn into account whn calculating th rcoil (hnc, thr is ffctivly non). Additionally, if a high powr lasr is fird through low dnsity plasma, most of th photons would pass through without intracting with an lctron at all - and so it would b impossibl to dtct any rdshift in th ovrall transmittd bam. Howvr, a small numbr of photons will intract and in doing so will giv off microwav radiation. It may b possibl to dtct this radiation - that is, fir a high powr lasr through a sparsly populatd plasma in th laboratory and look for th tll tal signs of scondary microwav radiation. For a lasr in th visibl rgion (λ 5x10-7 m) th microwav mission will hav a minimum wavlngth of 0.1m (as in IG spac) but longr in th laboratory as th plasma dnsity will b gratr and rcoil lss. Th plasma dnsity is critical. Too high a plasma dnsity and th lctrons will not rcoil and so no microwav radiation will b mittd. Too low a dnsity and th numbr of intractions will b so small that th microwav radiation mittd is too wak to b dtctd. Howvr, this rmains a possibl tst of th Nw Tird Light thory. That is, fir a high powr lasr through plasma of gradually rducing dnsity and look for microwav mission. 10. Conclusion W hav sn that publishd data from svral sourcs shows that artifacts of th Big bang hydrogn clouds, ar ithr incrasing in tmpratur or bcoming mor disturbd as th univrs ags. Mor importantly w hav sn that prsnt vidnc is that ths sam Hydrogn clouds (up to at last a rdshift of unity and hnc for th last billion yar or so) ar vnly spacd in rdshift - vn though thy hav diffring rdshifts. How can this b? In cosmology w obsrv look back tim. W ar sing th univrs as it was thn and not as it in now. In th Big bang thory, Hydrogn clouds should hav bn closr thn than thy ar now. But th vidnc is that this is not so. Th physical vidnc of Hydrogn cloud sparation is, takn in isolation, that th univrs is static and this bgs th qustion, just how do rdshifts occur in a static univrs? This papr puts forward a nw thory whrby in a static univrs, rdshifts ar causd by lctrons in th plasma of IG spac absorbing and rmitting photons of light. Sinc th lctrons will rcoil on ab-

6 6 Ashmor: An Explanation of Rdshift in a Static Univrs Vol. 6, No. sorption and rmission in th sparsly populatd plasma, nrgy will b lost to th rcoiling lctron. Th thory prdicts a valu for th Hubbl constant and this is shown to b consistnt with th valu obsrvd. Th rcoiling lctrons ar brought to rst and th nrgy of rcoil is mittd as scondary radiation and it is proposd that this forms th CMB. Again, th thory prdicts a valu for this radiation and it is shown to b in th microwav. Plasma is known to mit black body radiation and so ach plasma cloud could b th clumps in th CMB. Th xpansion intrprtation of suprnova light curvs as tim dilation is known to hav problms. Firstly Quasar light curvs at much gratr rdshifts show no vidnc of tim dilation [45] and w now s that ths sam suprnova ar in th sam rgions in which Hydrogn clouds ar, on avrag, qually spacd. How is it that in th sam rgion whr th avrag spacing of Hydrogn clouds is constant, thy manag to hav diffring rdshifts and yt th suprnova in this sam rgion ar supposdly showing acclration? Unlss, that is, th xpansion intrprtation of ths ffcts is rronous. On possibl xplanation of suprnova tim dilation in a static univrs is disprsion. Th curvs undr inspction ar multicolourd and it is known that a puls of whit light travling down a fibr optic suffrs puls broadning du to diffrnt colours travling at diffrnt spds down th fibr. Could it b th sam with suprnova multicolour light curvs? Th thory uss avrag lctron numbr dnsitis for th plasma and, considring th hug distancs involvd, consistnt valus for th Hubbl constant will b dtrmind. Howvr, thr will b slight diffrncs and this could account for th diffring valus of H obsrvd dpnding upon in which dirction th masurmnt is takn. If th univrs is composd of plasma clouds or filamnts with voids btwn th filamnts, as is vidncd on all scals, thr will b fw lctrons in th 'voids' and so littl rdshifting of light will occur thr. It is only as light gos through a plasma filamnt that rdshifting will occur. This may b on rason why som quantization or 'jumps' in rdshifts occur. Intrstingly, Collss [46] looks at priodicity in galaxy rdshifts listd in th df rdshift survy and it can b sn that thr is an avrag rdshift priodicity of 0.03 i 4 clustrs pr unit rdshift. Th Lyman alpha clouds studid at th bginning of th papr [11] show an avrag rdshift priodicity of 0.06 i 38 Hydrogn clouds or filamnts pr unit rdshift in this sam rgion. Onc again, th Nw Tird Light thory shows quantitativ agrmnt btwn obsrvations. Th papr thn gos on to propos a laboratory tst of th thory whrby a powrful lasr is fird through spars plasma and th tll tal signs of mittd microwav radiation lookd for. Rfrncs [ 1 ] G.E. Christianson, Edwin Hubbl. 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