concentration of the chemical species A to activity as shown below:

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1 Fundmentl of Anlyticl Chemitry: th ed. Chpter Chpter - Activity, A, i the effective concentrtion of chemicl ecie A in olution. The ctivity coefficient, A, i the numericl fctor necery to convert the molr concentrtion of the chemicl ecie A to ctivity hown below: A A [A b The thermodynmic equilibrium contnt refer to n idel ytem within which ech chemicl ecie i unffected by ny other. A concentrtion equilibrium contnt tke into ccount the influence exerted by olute ecie upon one nother. The thermodynmic equilibrium contnt i numericlly contnt nd independent of ionic trength; the concentrtion equilibrium contnt depend upon molr concentrtion of rectnt nd product well other chemicl ecie tht my not prticipte in the equilibrium. - Activity coefficient hve the following propertie:. The ctivity coefficient depend on the olution ionic trength.. In very dilute olution, the ctivity coefficient pproche unity.. For given ionic trength, the ctivity coefficient become mller the chrge of the chemicl ecie incree.. At ny ionic trength, the ctivity coefficient re pproximtely equl for chemicl ecie hving the me chrge tte. - gcl N g NCl Replcing divlent-g with N cue the ctivity coefficient to incree i.e.,

2 Fundmentl of Anlyticl Chemitry: th ed. Chpter pproch.0. Thu, the ionic trength decree. b HCl N H NCl The ctivity coefficient remin reltively contnt when the N trong be i dded to HCl trong cid. There i no chnge in the chrge tte of the ion preent in the olution equilibri. The ionic trength i unchnged. c HAc N H NAc The ctivity coefficient will decree when the N trong be i dded to the cetic cid wek cid generting wter, N nd Ac - conjugte be. Thu, the ionic trength incree. - The ionic trength will incree when Cl i dded to HCl. b N Cl NCl Addition of Cl to N replce univlent - with univlent Cl - ; thu, the ionic trength i unchnged. c N Cl N Cl Addition of Cl replce the univlent with the trivlent ; thu, the ionic trength incree. - The initil lope of the chnge of ctivity coefficient for C i teeper thn tht for becue ctivity coefficient for multiply-chrged ion devite from idelity unity more thn ctivity coefficient for ingly-chrged ion. - The chemicl ecie NH i not chrged; therefore, the ctivity coefficient i unity.

3 Fundmentl of Anlyticl Chemitry: th ed. Chpter -7 µ [0.00 [ b µ [0.0 [ c µ [0. [0.0 [0.0 [0.0. d µ [0.00 [0.0 [0.00 [ log A 0.Z A.α A µ µ Z µ µ α -log b c d µ µ µ b µ 0.0 Pb Pb 0. µ µ Pb

4 Fundmentl of Anlyticl Chemitry: th ed. Chpter c Ce Ce Ce µ µ µ d n n n µ µ µ - CN CN µ b 9 I Pb I Pb µ c I I µ d P NH g P NH g µ

5 Fundmentl of Anlyticl Chemitry: th ed. Chpter [ [ olubility [ [ [ [ , From Tble µ b 0. 0., From Tble µ [ [ olubility [ [ [ [

6 Fundmentl of Anlyticl Chemitry: th ed. Chpter c Cl mole mole Cl 0.00 mole mole [ olubility [ [ [ [ 0. 0., From Tble [ mole.0 [Cl [ mole.0 [ µ d mole.0 [Cl 0 [ mole.0 [ Cl mole mole Cl 0.00 mole mole 0.0

7 Fundmentl of Anlyticl Chemitry: th ed. Chpter [ 9. [.0 [ olubility [ [ [ [ 0. 0., From Tble [ µ µ [CN [ CN CN CN CN CN [CN [ olubility [CN [ CN

8 Fundmentl of Anlyticl Chemitry: th ed. Chpter b [I [Pb olubility [I [Pb [I [Pb I Pb PbI 9 9 I Pb 9 I Pb I Pb I Pb c [ [B olubility [ [B [ [B B B B B B B

9 Fundmentl of Anlyticl Chemitry: th ed. Chpter d [CN [Cd olubility [CN [Cd [CN [Cd CN Cd CN Cd 7 7 CN Cd 7 CN Cd CN Cd CN Cd µ [I [ olubility [I [ [I [ I I I I I I

10 Fundmentl of Anlyticl Chemitry: th ed. Chpter b g g g [ [g g g [ [g olubility [ [g g c [ olubility [ [B [ [B B B 9 B B B B

11 Fundmentl of Anlyticl Chemitry: th ed. Chpter d I [ [I olubility [ I I I [I. 7. I 7. [ I [I - µ CuCl Cu Cl If we ume tht Cu h n effective dimeter of 0. like imilrly chrged ction, then.9 [Cu [Cl olubility [Cu [Cl Cu error 0% 9 % reltive Cu Cl 7 Cl Cu Cl Cu 7 [Cu Cl [Cl

12 Fundmentl of Anlyticl Chemitry: th ed. Chpter b. [ [ olubility [ [ [ [ % 0%... error reltive.... c [ [ % 0%.. 9. error reltive [ [ olubility 0.0. [ [ 9 9 9

13 Fundmentl of Anlyticl Chemitry: th ed. Chpter d I [ [I.0 olubility [ I I I I [I..0. reltive error % % [ I [I e A A If we ume tht A - h n effective dimeter of 0. like imilrly chrged nion, then A A [ [A olubility [A A [ [ A [A

14 Fundmentl of Anlyticl Chemitry: th ed. Chpter % 0%... error reltive µ % 0%.0.0. error reltive [H [H [HAc [Ac [H log log Ac H Ac H Ac Ac H H b µ log log Ac H NH

15 Fundmentl of Anlyticl Chemitry: th ed. Chpter 7% 0%...07 error reltive [H [...0 [H [ [NH [ [NH b NH NH b c µ log log C ClCH C ClCH H H % 0% error reltive [H [H C [ClCH C [ClCH [H C ClCH H Ac H

16 Fundmentl of Anlyticl Chemitry: th ed. Chpter - A B C D E F G H I Problem - I.E-0 cbn pcbn conc pconc ct pct µ I E-0.7.E-0.7.7E E-0.7.E E E-0.7.E-0.7.E E-0.7.E-0.7.E E-0.7.7E-0.7.E E-0.7.9E-0.7.E E-0.7.9E-0.70.E E-0.7.0E-0.9.E E E-0..0E E-0.7.E-0..0E E-0.7.7E-0..0E E-0.7.E-0.9.0E E-0.7.E-0..00E E-0.7.9E-0..00E E-0.7.E-0.0.0E E-0.7.0E-0..0E E-0.7.0E-0..00E predheet Documenttion 0 B7-GA7 F7-GE7 C7QRTA$ G70.A7***A7**C7**C7*-*- D7-GC7 H7^-0.***QRTG7/.*0.*QRTG7 E7QRTA$/H7*I7 I7^-0.*-*-*QRTG7/.*0.*QRTG7

17 Fundmentl of Anlyticl Chemitry: th ed. Chpter A B C D E F G H I Problem -b g 7.E- cbn pcbn conc pconc ct pct µ g E-0.9.0E-0..E E-0.9.E-0..E E-0.9.E-0.7.E E-0.9.E-0..9E E-0.9.9E-0..7E E-0.9.E-0..7E E-0.9.E-0..7E E-0.9.E-0.7.7E E-0.9.9E E E-0.9.E E E-0.9.0E-0.9.E E-0.9.E-0..E E-0.9.E-0..0E E-0.9.9E-0.9.0E E-0.9.E-0..0E E-0.9.E-0..0E E-0.9.0E E predheet Documenttion 0 B7-GA7 F7-GE7 C7A$/^/ G70.A7***A7*-*-C7***C7*-*- D7-GC7 H7^-0.***QRTG7/.*0.0*QRTG7 E7A$/*H7*I7*I7^/ I7^-0.*-*-*QRTG7/.*0.*QRTG7

18 Fundmentl of Anlyticl Chemitry: th ed. Chpter A B C D E F G H I Problem -c B.E- cbn pcbn conc pconc ct pct µ B E-0.9.E-0..09E E E-07..0E E-07..9E-07..0E E-07..E-07..0E E E E E-0 7..E E E E E E E E E E E E-09..E E E-09..9E E E-09..9E E E-09.9.E E E- 9..0E E E- 9..7E E E- 9..0E E E E E predheet Documenttion 0 B7-GA7 F7-GE7 C7A$/A7 G70.A7***A7** D7-GC7 H7^-0.***QRTG7/.*0.0*QRTG7 E7A$/A7*H7*I7 I7^-0.*-*-*QRTG7/.*0.0*QRTG7

19 Fundmentl of Anlyticl Chemitry: th ed. Chpter A B C D E F G H I Problem -d I.00E- cbn pcbn conc pconc ct pct µ I E-0. 9.E-0.0.9E E E-0.0.E E E-0.0.E E E E E-0..00E E E-0..0E E E-0..E-0.9.7E E-0..9E-0.9.7E E-0..E-0.9.7E E-0..E-0.7.7E E-0..E-0..E E-0..7E-0.7.E E-0..0E-0.7.0E E-0..0E-0.9.0E E-0..9E-0..0E E-0..E-0.0.0E E-0..E-0..00E predheet Documenttion 0 B7-GA7 F7-GE7 C7A$/A7 G70.A7***A7*-*-C7***C7*-*- D7-GC7 H7^-0.***QRTG7/.*0.90*QRTG7 E7A$/7*H7*I7^^/ I7^-0.*-*-*QRTG7/.*0.0*QRTG7

20 Fundmentl of Anlyticl Chemitry: th ed. Chpter -7 A B C D E F G Problem -7 µ α x Z predheet Documenttion C^-0.*$B^*QRTC$/.*$A*QRTC$

7/19/2011. Models of Solution Chemistry- III Acids and Bases

7/19/2011. Models of Solution Chemistry- III Acids and Bases Models of Solution Chemistry- III Acids nd Bses Ionic Atmosphere Model : Revisiting Ionic Strength Ionic strength - mesure of totl concentrtion of ions in the solution Chpter 8 1 2 i μ ( ) 2 c i z c concentrtion