1. Re-teach Notes Compare Structures of Biomolecules. Compare Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis.

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1 1. Re-teach Notes Compare Structures of Biomolecules. Compare Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis. Carbohydrates 1. Made of sugar units called 2. Classified based on the number of sugar units in total chain: STRUCTURES OF BIOMOLECULES Proteins 1. Made of (monomers) 2. Contain: o o Monosaccharides ( sugar) Ex. Glucose (plants) Contain: CHO,, C:H:O in ratio: 1:2:1 Ex. Glucose Disaccharides ( sugars) Ex. Sucrose (table sugar) AMINO ACID: POLYMER Ex. o Polysaccharides ( sugars) Ex. Starch (plants) Lipids 1. Made of Fatty Acids and Glycerol 2. Contain: Fatty Acid (long chain): Nucleic Acids 1. Monomer 2. Contain: NUCLEOTIDE: 3. Polymers: &

2 DEHYDRATION SYTHESIS vs. HYDROLYSIS Two monosaccharides are linked together by is the REVERSE of the dehydration - LOSS of synthesis ADDITION of 1. Spiral Practice Compare Structures of Biomolecules. Compare Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Classify the following molecules into 4 categories: Proteins (P), Nucleic Acids (NA), Lipids (L), or Carbohydrates (C) A. E B. F. What process is shown in the picture below? How do you know? Explain. C. D.

3 2. Re-teach Notes Compare Functions of Biomolecules. Compare locations of Synthesis. A. FUNCTIONS of Biomolecules Biomolecule Function Examples Location of SYNTHESIS Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Source of also called QUICK or short-term energy (main or primary energy). Source of also called a back-up energy. We start burning lipids for energy when we run our of Also used for Found in Used to (grow) and body tissues. Some are used to chemical reactions they are called ENZYMES. Store or instructions how to make YOU. Sugars: Fructose (fruit sugar) Lactose (milk sugar) Starch (stored sugar in plants) (Butter) (vegetable oil) (catalyze = speed up chemical reactions) (fight diseases) Muscle, hair, finger nail DNA and RNA B. Draw a line to the organelle and Write the name of the biomolecule synthesized (made) in the organelle identified. PLANT CELL

4 2. Spiral Practice Compare Functions of Biomolecules. Compare locations of Synthesis. 1. Lipids are used by the body to perform all of the following functions except: a. Membrane structural material b. Enzyme action c. Insulation d. Secondary source of energy 2. Which of the following is not a function of proteins? a. Coding for traits b. Catalyzing chemical reactions c. Growing and repairing tissues d. Fighting diseases 3. Which of the following biomolecules is used as a primary source of energy? a. Lipids b. Carbohydrates c. Nucleic Acids d. Proteins 4. Which of the following is a function of nucleic acids? a. Increase rate of reaction b. Build up tissues c. Store quick energy d. Act as genetic material 5. All of the following biomolecules are correctly matched to the organelles where they are made except: a. Lipids - Mitochondria b. Carbohydrates chloroplast c. Nucleic acids nucleus d. Proteins ribosomes

5 3. Re-teach Notes Explain the Structure and Function of Enzymes 1. Enzymes are. Like all proteins, they are made of. 2. The most important part of an enzyme is its. The active site is the area where the substrate. 3. A substrate is a reactant(s) in a reaction. Reactants are what you start with. 4. Enzymes are highly specific in nature they have specific. This means that enzymes will only attach to a substrate if it its shape like lock and key. 5. Ex: Catalase decomposes hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen (harmless products) 6. Enzymes work as. This means that hey speed up chemical reactions and they do so without being or in the reaction and therefore are. o Enzymes speed up reactions by the activation energy of a chemical reaction. Activation energy is the amount of energy needed to form or break bonds in order to start a reaction.

6 3. Spiral Practice Explain the Structure and Function of Enzymes 1. What is the function of enzymes within living systems? a. Speed up chemical reaction by increasing activation energy. b. Speed up chemical reactions by decreasing activation energy. c. Speed up chemical reactions by being used during the reaction d. Speed up chemical reactions by being altered during the reaction 2. An enzyme active site is the location in an enzyme where substrate molecules a. Become catalysts b. Undergo change c. Become inactive d. Increase in their concentration Use the energy diagram below to answer these questions. 3. What does A represent? 4. What does B represent? 5. Which curve, E or F, represents a reaction without enzyme? With enzyme? 6. What do C and D represent? 7. Which letter, C or D, represent activation energy with enzyme? 8. Complete the sentence stem: Enzymes are catalysts that E F C D A B

7 9. Re-teach Notes Express and Manipulate quantities using Dimensional Analysis Dimensional Analysis a To convert units using. Conversion factors are arranged as a ratio with different units. For every equality, you can write conversion factors. Example: Problem 1: How many dollars are in 27 quarters? Read as one dollar per four quarters or four quarters per dollar a. Write what is unknown: b. Write down conversion factors you can use: c. Set up a picket fence. Start what is given to you. Do NOT forget units. d. Multiply by the correct conversion factor. Make sure you can cancel units diagonally. Do the math: Multiply all numbers across and divide by every number on the bottom. = Sometimes we need to use several conversion factors in a row. Usually a go-between unit is used. Problem 2: How many seconds in 5.6 hours? a. Write what is unknown: b. Write down conversion factors you can use: c. Set up a picket fence. Start what is given to you. Do NOT forget units. d. Multiply by the correct conversion factor. Make sure you can cancel units diagonally. =

8 9. Spiral Practice - Express and Manipulate quantities using Dimensional Analysis Problem 1: The density of a substance is 1.80 grams/ml. What is the mass of the substance in kilograms? 1 kg = 1000 g 1.80 grams = Problem 2: Convert 12.7 kilometers (km) to centimeters. 1 km = 1000 meter 1 meter = 100 cm = Problem 3: The volume of the liquid in a graduated cylinder reads 42 ml. What is the volume in Liters? 1 L = 1000 ml = Problem 4: The average mass of the chimpanzees at a zoo is 52 kilograms. If 1 gram = ounce (oz), use dimensional analysis to find the average mass of the chimpanzees in pounds (lbs). Hint: 1 lb = 16 oz. =

9 12. Re-teach Notes Analyze and Calculate Density Density is a measure of the of matter per unit of. (How crowded something is) Density (g/ml) DENSITY= MASS (grams) VOLUME (milliners) A. A marble has a mass of 8g and a density of 28.4 g/ml. What is the volume of the marble? Given: Unknown: B. How to determine the density of a regularly shaped object? Ex. Cube Mass (g) Volume (cm 3 )= Problem: Given a side of 3 cm and the mass of 12 grams find the density of the cube Given: Density: C. How to determine the density of an irregularly shaped object? Ex. Rock Mass (g) - balance Volume (ml) Problem: The mass of a cylinder is 15 g. You place it in as graduated cylinder to find its volume. Calculate the density of the cylinder. Given: Mass Volume:

10 12. Spiral Practice Analyze and Calculate Density 1. You have an irregularly shaped object with a volume of 14.5ml and density of 20.3 g/ml. What is the mass of the object? Given: Volume = Density = Unknown: 2. A ninth grade student wanted to find the density of a ring. She found that the mass of it was 35 g. She used the water displacement method to find its volume, but she is not sure how to calculate its density. Can you help her find its density? Given: 3. Nickel (Ni) has a density of 9 g/cm 3. Lead (Pb) has a density of 11 g/cm 3. Ralph has a cube measuring 2 cm x 1 cm x 2cm. The cube has a mass of 36 g. Is the cube made of Nickel or Lead? Given: Volume = Mass = 4. An irregular shaped object was dropped into a graduated cylinder filled with 50 ml of water. The volume of water changed to 53 ml when the object was put in the cylinder. The mass of the object was 15g. What is the density of the object? Given: Mass = Volume =

11 17. Re-teach Relate the Structure of Water to its function and investigate the properties of solutions and factors affecting solubility. STRUCTURE of WATER molecule _ 1. Water (H2O) consists of hydrogen (H) atoms attached to atom of oxygen (O). 2. H and O are form compounds by sharing valence electrons. 3. Water is which means that it has a positive (+) and negative (-) poles. Due to its polarity, water is considered to be a UNIVERSAL, which means that it can dissolve many substances. Ex. RULE: Like dissolves Like 4. Because opposite electrical charges, there is an attraction between the positively charged H atoms and negatively charged O atoms. Similarly, there is an attraction between the negatively charged O atoms and positively charged H atoms. These attractions are called bonds. PROPERTIES OF WATER due to POLARITY & HYDROGEN Bonding 5. Cohesion - water molecules sticking together Because water molecules are, water has a high Surface Tension. a. Surface Tension - tightness across the surface caused by water molecules sticking other water molecules creating skin & pulling on each other. This is what allows some insects to 6. Adhesion water is sticking to other substances a. Ex. Meniscus in the graduated cylinder: water sticks to glass and crawls up the sides 7. HEATING CURVE OF WATER X axis - Y axis A C- ; E- B D 8. FACTORS that affect solubility of SOLIDS Heat it! - Temp. Ex. Stir it! Ex. Crush it! - into smaller pieces. Ex.

12 17. Spiral Practice Relate the Structure of Water to its function and investigate the properties of solutions and factors affecting solubility. 1. Which of the following effects is produced by the high surface tension of water? a. Lakes don t freeze solid in winter, despite low temperatures. b. A small insect such as a water strider can walk across the surface of a small pond. c. Organisms resist temperature changes, although they give off heat due to chemical reactions. d. Water can act as a solvent. 2. Which statement(s) correctly describe these water molecules? I. 1 is a covalent bond and 2 is a hydrogen bond II. 1 is a covalent bond and 2 is an ionic bond III. 1 is a hydrogen bond and 2 is a covalent bond 2 a. I only is correct b. I, II, and III are correct c. III only is correct d. I and III only are correct 1 3. Which factor makes water an effective solvent? a. The presence of molecular oxygen b. Its lack of covalent bonds c. The polar nature of its molecules d. Its abundance on Earth s surface 4. Which of the following will dissolve at the fastest rate? a. 15 g of sugar cubes in 120 g of water at 60 o C b. 15 g of sugar cubes in 120 g of water at 20 o C c. 15 g of granulated sugar in 120 g of water at 60 o C d. 15 g of granulated sugar in 120 g of water at 20 o C 5. In what phase would you find water at 45 0 C based on the Heating Curve of Water shown below? a. No phase change occurs b. solid c. liquid d. vapor