10/15/2010. First Thoughts. First Thoughts
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1 0/5/200 First Thoughts First Thoughts People began wondering about matter more than 2,500 years ago. Some of the early philosophers thought that matter was composed of tiny particles. They reasoned that you could take a piece of matter, cut it in half, cut the half piece in half again, and continue to cut again and again. Eventually, you wouldn t be able to cut any more. You would have only one particle left. They named these particles atoms, a term that means cannot be divided. Describing the Unseen Early philosophers didn t try to prove their theories by doing experiments as scientists now do. Their theories were the result of reasoning, debating, and discussion not of evidence of proof. Greek philosophers devised a theory of atoms, or tiny particles. Dalton s Concept John Dalton combined the idea of elements with the Greek theory of the atom.. Matter is made up of atoms. 2. Atoms cannot be divided into smaller pieces. 3. All atoms of an element are exactly alike. 4. Different elements are made of different atoms. 5. Dalton s theory was tested by William Crookes and his cathode-ray tube experiment.
2 0/5/ An element is matter made of atoms of only one kind. Scientific Evidence In 870, the English scientist William Crookes did experiments with a glass tube that had almost all the air removed from it. The glass tube had two pieces of metal called electrodes sealed inside. The electrodes were connected to a battery by wires. An electrode is a piece of metal that can conduct electricity. One electrode, called the anode, has a positive The other, called the cathode, has a negative When the battery was connected, the glass tube suddenly lit up with a greenishcolored glow. A shadow of the object appeared at the opposite end of the tube the anode. The shadow showed Crookes that something was traveling in a straight line from the cathode to the anode, similar to the beam of a flashlight. The cross-shaped object was getting in the way of the beam and blocking it. 2
3 0/5/200 Cathode Rays The Electron Crookes hypothesized that the green glow in the tube was caused by rays, or streams of particles. These rays were called cathode rays because they were produced at the cathode. Crookes s tube is known as a cathode-ray tube, or CRT. J. J. Thomson discovered negatively charged particles, electrons, which are a part of every atom.. Thomson revised Dalton s model to include a sphere with a positive charge and negatively charged electrons spread evenly within the positive Rutherford s Experiments 2. The negatively charged electrons and the positive charge in the sphere neutralized each other. Earnest Rutherford tested Thomson s model, which was found to be an inaccurate model of the atom. The Model Fails A Model with a Nucleus An atomic model with a nucleus was developed. 3
4 0/5/200 The Proton The positively charged proton is located in a very small space at the center of an atom. The Atom Most of an atom is empty space occupied by nearly massless electrons. The Neutron The Neutron Electrically neutral particles, neutrons, are also located in the nucleus. The number of electrons equals the number of protons in an atom. Click image to view movie. The Electron Cloud Model The electron cloud model explains the unpredictable wave behavior of electrons, which could be anywhere in the area surrounding the nucleus. Question Explain why early Greek philosophers thought that matter was composed of atoms. 4
5 0/5/200 The Greeks didn t do experiments; they relied only on reasoning. They reasoned that if you kept cutting something in half, eventually you would have a piece so small it couldn t be cut any more. Question 2 The first modern atomic theory was proposed by. John Dalton, a 9th century English school teacher, proposed the first atomic model. Dalton thought atoms were tiny, hard spheres. Question 3 A cathode-ray tube has two electrodes, one at either end. These are known as the and the. The electrodes are called the cathode and anode. Sometimes a cathode-ray tube is abbreviated CRT. 5
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