Analytická chémia I. Analytické meranie. Princípy analytických meraní 2/13/2018

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1 Analytická chémia I 2017/2018 prof. Ing. Ivan Špánik, DrSc. Ústav Analytickej chémie miestnosťč. 490, 566, 379 Klapka ivan.spanik@stuba.sk Analytické meranie Signál Dekódovanie Vzorka Informácia Princípy analytických meraní Fyzikálne 1

2 Princípy analytických meraní Fyzikálne Princípy analytických meraní Chemické Princípy analytických meraní Biochemické 2

3 Princípy analytických meraní Biologické Princípy analytických meraní Senzorické Absolútne (nezávislé) Analytické metódy Vzorka y = f(c,x) Signál y Informácia x = základná fyzikálna veličina Relatívne (závislé) Vzorka y = f(c,k) Signál y Informácia k = konštanta získaná experimentálne 3

4 Qualitative analysis Analysis in which substances are identified or classified on the basis of their chemical or physical properties, such as chemical reactivity, solubility, molecular weight, melting point, radiative properties, mass spectra, nuclear half-life etc. Analýza, pri ktorej sú zlúčeniny identifikované alebo klasifikované na základe ich fyzikálno-chemických vlastností, ako napr. chemická reaktivita, rozpustnosť, molekulová hmotnosť, bod topenia, spektrálne údaje, hmotnostné spektrá, rádioaktívny polčas rozpadu a pod. IUPAC Compendium on Chemical Terminology 2nd edition 1997 Chemické metódy Inštrumentálne metódy Nechemické metódy Skúmadlo Analytický signál Vzorka + Reagent Charakteristická reakcia (produkt) Acidobázická Komplexotvorná Oxidačnoredukčná Zrážacia Dôkaz konštatovanie prítomnosti látky v analyzovanej vzorke 4

5 Dôkaz Identifikácia Špeciácia Analytické reakcie: Skupinové Selektívne Špecifické Medza postrehu, hranica dokázateľnosti, detekčný limit Minimálna koncentrácia (hmotnosť) prítomnej vo vzorke, ktorá poskytne pri príslušnom postupe merateľný analytický signál Medzné (hraničné) zriedenie Maximálne prípustné zriedenie analytu, pri ktorom je signál dôkazovej reakcie ešte pozorovateľný Odber vzorky Prevedenie do roztoku/predbežné skúšky Dôkaz katiónov Dôkaz aniónov Overenie Protokol 5

6 H 2 O 1 M HCl 5 M HCl 1 M HNO 3 5 M HNO 3 Cr 3+ Cr2+ Va 2+ Va 3+ Va 4+ Va 5+ Plameňové skúšky Cu 2+ Li + Na + Sr 2+ K + 6

7 Perličkové skúšky Oxidačnýplameň Redukčný plameň Prvok Horúci studený Horúci studený Bezfarebná Bezfarebná Si, Al, Sn Bezfarebná Bezfarebná Bezfarebná Bezfarebná Ca, SrBaMg Be Zn Y La Bezfarebná Bezfarebná ThZrTa and Nb Slabožltá Bezfarebná, biela Pb, Sb, and Cd Slabožltá Bezfarebná Slabožltá Bezfarebná, biela Bi Sivá Sivá Slabožltá Bezfarebná, biela Mo Hnedá Hnedá Slabožltá Bezfarebná, biela W Žltá Žltohnedá Slabožltá Bezfarebná, biela Ti Sivá Silno Fialová Slabožltá Bezfarebná, biela Fe a U Svetlozelená Bezfarebná Žltá Slabožltá Ce Bezfarebná Bezfarebná Žltá Žltozelená Cr Zelená Zelená Žltá Žltozelená V Kaki zelená Zelená Silnožltá, oranžová Žltá Ce Bezfarebná Bezfarebná Silnožltá, oranžová Žltá U Svetlozelená Svetlozelená Silnožltá, oranžová Žltá Fe Bottle Green Zelená Silnožltá, oranžová Žltozelená Cr Zelená Zelená Zelená Modrá Cu Bezfarebná, zelená Červená Modrá Modrá Co Modrá Modrá Fialová Silnočervená Ni Sivá Sivá Fialová Červenofialová Mn Bezfarebná Bezfarebná Svetloružová Svetloružová Nd Svetloružová Svetloružová 7

8 Skupinové reakcie katiónov 0.1 mol l -1 HCl Ag +, Pb 2+,Hg 2 2+,SiO % H 2 SO 4 Ca 2+, Ba 2+, Sr 2+, Pb 2+ 1mol l -1 H 2 C 2 O 4 Ca 2+ Sr 2+ Cu 2+ Hg mol l -1 NaOH Al 3+, Zn 2+, Pb 2+,Sn 2+,Sb 3+, Cr 3+ Ag +, Pb 2+,Cu 2+, Fe 3+, Ni 2+, Co 2+,Bi 3+, Mn 2+, Cd 2+ Skupinové reakcie katiónov 0.1 mol l -1 NH 3 Ag +, Hg 2 2+,Cu 2+,Cd 2+, Zn 2+, Ni 2+,Co 2+, Cr 3+ Skupinové reakcie katiónov 2mol l -1 Na 2 CO mol l -1 HPO 2-4 Okremalkalickýchkovov, As 3+ a NH mol l -1 KI I a II skupinaokremcd 2+ 8

9 Skupinové reakcie katiónov Sulfánový spôsob delenia katiónov Vzorka + zriedená HCl I. skupina (Ag+, Hg+, Pb2+, Tl+) roztok + H 2 S v kyslom prostredí roztok + H 2 S v zásaditom prostredí (NH 3 ) II. skupina (Cu2+, Hg2+, Cd 2+, Bi3+ Sb3a 5+ Sn2 a 4+ As 3 a 5+) III. skupina (Fe3+, Cr 3+, Al3+, Mn2+ Zn2+ Co 2+ Ni 2+) roztok + (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 v kyslom prostredí IV. skupina (Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca 2+) Roztok V skupina (Mg2+, Na+, K+. Li+) I. skupina (AgCl, Hg 2Cl 2, PbCl 2, TlCl + horúca voda Roztok Pb 2+ AgCl, Hg 2 Cl 2 + NH 4 OH Roztok Ag[(NH 3) 2] Čierny Hg+ HgNH 2Cl 9

10 II. skupina (CuS, HgSCdS, Bi 2S 3 Sb 2S 5 As 2S 5SnS 2) + (NH 4 ) 2 S x IIA skupina CuS, HgS, CdS, Bi 2 S 3 Roztok IIB skupina SbS 4 3- SnS 3 2- AsS HNO 3 (1:1) HgS Roztok Cu 2+, Cd 2+, Bi % NH 3 Roztok Cu[(NH 3) 4] 2+, Cd[(NH 3) 4] 2+ modrý bezf. BiO(OH) čierny Roztok IIB skupina SbS 4 3- SnS 3 2- AsS H 2 SO 4 (1:1) Filtrát- vyliať Sb 2 S 5 As 2 S 5 SnS 2 + HClkonc. Roztok [SbCl 4 ] -,[SnCl 6 ] 2- As 2S 5 (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 Sb Roztok Sn 2+ IIIskupina FeS, Cr(OH) 3, Al(OH) 3, MnS ZnS, CoS NiS + 5% HCl CoS, NiS Roztok Fe 3+, Mn 2+, Zn 2+, Al 3+, Cr %NaOH+ 10%H 2 O 2 Roztok [Al(OH) 4 ] -, [Zn(OH) 3 ] -, CrO 4 2- MnO. H 2 O, Fe(OH) 3 10

11 IVskupina BaCO 3 SrCO 3, CaCO 3 + CH 3 COOH (rozpustiť) + CH 3 COONa a K 2 CrO 4 BaCrO 4 Roztok Ca 2+ Sr 2+ + NH 3, (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 CaCO 3, SrCO 3 Filtrát vyliať + rozpustiť v HCl, K 2 SO 4 SrSO 4 Roztok Ca 2+ Pb 2+ Mn 2+ Skupinové reakcie aniónov Delenie aniónov podľa Bunsena 11

12 Vzorka + 5% HNO 3 CO 3 2-, ClO -,SO 3 2-, S 2-, S 2 O 3 2-, SiO 3 2- Roztok aniónov + Ba(NO3)2 Roztok aniónov SO 4 2-, HPO 4 2-, BO 2 -,F - + AgNO3 Cl -, Br -, I -, CN -, SCN -, [Fe(CN)6] 3,4- Roztok NO 3-, NO 2-, CH 3 COO -, ClO 4 - AgCl AgBr AgI chrómany Dôkazové reakcie: A kvapkový dôkaz na sklenej platni pre objem vzorky 0,03 ml B kvapkový dôkaz na papieri pre objem vzorky 0,03 ml C dôkaz na mikroskúmavke pre objem vzorky 0,10 ml D dôkaz na makroskúmavke pre objem vzorky 5 ml M reakcie v zornom poli mikroskopu 0,10 ml V iný spôsob (musí byť popísaný) 12

13 Moderné metódy Katióny : Emisná spektrometria, senzory Anióny: Iónová chromatografia, elektrochémia, senzory Využitie Využitie 13

14 Využitie 14

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