The States of Matter

Transcription

1 The States of Matter

2 AZ State Standards Concept 1: Structure and Properties of Matter Understand physical, chemical, and atomic properties of matter. PO 1. Describe substances based on their physical properties. PO 2. Describe substances based on their chemical properties. PO 4. Separate mixtures of substances based on their physical properties.

3 Content Objectives SWBAT differentiate between the four states of matter based on the relative freedom of movement of the molecules and other physical characteristics.

4 4 Phases of Matter Solid- molecules move very slowly and are connected together in a rigid formation, like crystals Liquid- molecules move quicker and flow over each other in a fluid manner like sand grains flowing over each other. But, they remain attached and can not disburse upward. Gases- molecules move very quickly, spread out, and have no connection to each other. Plasma- Highly energized particles that begin emitting energy. Florescent lights, Neon lights, and fire have plasma inside. The Sun is nearly all Plasma

5 4 Phases of Matter Solids Tightly packed particles, particles are locked.

6 4 Phases of Matter Solids Tightly packed particles, particles are locked. Liquids Loosely packed particles, particles can slide past each other (flow).

7 4 Phases of Matter Solids Tightly packed particles, particles are locked. Liquids Loosely packed particles, particles can slide past each other (flow). Gases Particles are spaced apart (a lot of space between them), particles can flow.

8 4 Phases of Matter Solids Tightly packed particles, particles are locked. Liquids Loosely packed particles, particles can slide past each other (flow). Gases Particles are spaced apart (a lot of space between them), particles can flow. Plasma High energy gas particles that have had their electrons ripped off.

9 But, why these states? Kinetic theory Particles are attracted to each other. If they have sufficient attraction and are moving slow enough, they will stick together as a solid. If they are moving too quickly (too hot), they will not be able to stick and will be a gas. If they do not have sufficient attraction, they have to be moving very slowly (cold) to form a solid.

10 See this demo Let s see the molecules in action

11 Changes in the States of Matter When matter changes its state, it is called a Phase Change. You must add energy to the system to break the attraction between molecules and allow them to become more random.

12 Changes in the States of Matter Solid to Liquid = Melting a. Particles get more energy and begin rotating around each other. Water Ice melts at 32 F Gallium melts at 86 F. So, it melts in your hand.

13 Changes in the States of Matter Solid to Liquid = Melting a. Particles get more energy and begin rotating around each other. b. There isn t enough energy to break the inter-particular attractions, so the particles remain close (liquid). c. The energy required to break the crystalline connects to melt a solid is called the Heat of Fusion Water Ice melts at 32 F Gallium melts at 86 F. So, it melts in your hand.

14 Changes in the States of Matter Liquid to Solid = Freezing a. Particles lose energy and slow down. Liquid water freezes at 32 F Molten lava freezes at 1000 F

15 Changes in the States of Matter Liquid to Solid = Freezing a. Particles lose energy and slow down. b. Attractive forces between particles become stronger than the particles motion, so the particles begin merely vibrating in place. c. The amount of heat the particles lose to the environment turn into a solid is called the Heat of Fusion Liquid water freezes at 32 F Molten lava freezes at 1000 F

16 Changes in the States of Matter Liquid to Gas = Vaporization a. Types: 1) Boiling - rapid; gas bubbles are produced throughout. 2) Evaporation - slow; occurs at the surface. Water boils at 212 F But, water can evaporate at any temperature.

17 Changes in the States of Matter Liquid to Gas = Vaporization a. Types: 1) Boiling - rapid; gas bubbles are produced throughout. b. Liquid particles gain enough kinetic energy to overcome forces between the particles and they begin translational motion; this energy is called the Heat of Vaporization. Water boils at 212 F Those bubbles you see are not air, but actually gaseous water vapor

18 Changes in the States of Matter Liquid to Gas = Evaporation Evaporation is a cooling process. a. Particles in a liquid gain energy. b. They leave as gas particles (taking the energy with them). c. This leaves less energy in the liquid, therefore cooling down what is left.

19 Changes in the States of Matter Gas to Liquid = Condensation a. Particles lose energy, slow down, and come closer together.

20 Changes in the States of Matter Gas to Liquid = Condensation a. Particles lose energy, slow down, and come closer together. b. Forces between the particles become strong enough to make particles merely rotate around each other. c. The energy they lose as they become liquid is the Heat of Vaporization.

21 Condensation Warms the Air heat heat As water vapor condenses, the heat it releases warms the air around it, causing the updraft to continue even higher. This allows the cumulonimbus cloud to continue rising.

22 Hail and Lightning As water droplets rise higher, they get cold and freeze into hail. The rubbing of ice with water droplets, cause electrons to be knocked off, resulting in a charged cloud. The charged cloud will eventually release the electricity in the form of lightning.

23 Hail However, the hail doesn t necessary land on the ground. These small ice balls can be uplifted again into the top of the cloud. As they rise, more water droplets freeze onto them making them larger. The more times they fall and rise, the larger they become. Eventually they are too heavy for the updraft to lift them and they fall to the ground in a hailstorm.

24 Changes in the States of Matter Solid to Gas = Sublimation Dry ice - carbon dioxide b. Iodine c. Frost Dry ice sublimates at C The smoke you see is actually water vapor condensing to liquid because of the cold temperatures of the CO 2 gas! Water ice sublimates under very dry conditions

25 Changes in the States of Matter Gas to Solid = Deposition Dry ice - carbon dioxide Water ice Snowflakes and Frost

26 It can snow on Mars without clouds Deposition on Mars

27 Antarctic Dry Valleys The temperature is very cold and the vapor pressure is very low (dry), such that ice will sublimate into vapor without melting, causing these desert-like dry valleys in Antarctica

28 Triple Point

29 Water Triple Point

30 States of Water in the Solar System Gas Venus Liquid Mars Earth Solid

31 Plasma The 4 th state of matter Plasma are gases that are heated so high that their electrons are removed easily. Atoms can be positive or negatively charged and react to magnetic fields.

32 Plasma The 4 th state of matter The Sun is made of plasma that is made of hydrogen and helium. Lightening is a plasma formed by hail stripping electrons from water molecules. Fluorescent lamps are plasma

33 Plasma When a gas is energized to a plasma it is called ionization When a plasma is cooled back to a gas it is called deionization.

34 Other Weird States of Matter Superfluids (Helium near absolute zero) There are 3 others that only occur under very special conditions and near absolute zero.

35 Content Objectives SWBAT differentiate between the four states of matter based on the relative freedom of movement of the molecules and other physical characteristics.