SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES

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1 CHEMIS TRY CONTENTS 17 SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES 17 Solids, Liquids and Gases Solutions and Crystallisation Separating Mixtures Elements, Compounds and Mixtures 171 All materials exist in one of three different forms: either solids, liquids or gases. These are known as the three states of matter. All matter is made up of particles (atoms or molecules) and these particles behave differently in solids, liquids and gases. Matter Anything that occupies space and has mass. 21 The Atom The Periodic Table Chemical Bonding Metals and Non-Metals Fuels Acids and Bases The Atmosphere Water Water Hardness Plastics 252 ProPErTiES of THE STATES of MATTEr The properties of a substance tell us how a substance behaves. Solids The particles in a solid are closely packed into position. They can vibrate but do not move from their position. As a result, solids keep their shape and volume. As the particles are in fixed places, solids cannot flow and cannot be compressed (squashed). Liquids The particles in liquids are close to each other but are free to move past each other. They do tend to stick together, however. Liquids do have a definite volume, but will take the shape of whatever container they are placed in. They cannot be easily compressed or squashed. 5Fig 17.1 Solids have a definite volume 5Fig 17.2 Solid, liquid and gaseous states of bromine 5Fig 17.3 Liquids are not easily squashed 5 Fig 17.4 Liquids have no definite shape and always take the shape of the container they are poured into

2 Gases In gases the particles are free to move in all directions. They do not keep a definite shape or volume and always fill the container they are placed in. As the particles are very spread-out it is easy to compress them into a smaller volume. Activity 17.1 To explain solids, liquids and gases (a) Solid Equipment A tray or box, marbles or similar 2 Tilt the tray. All the marbles gather into one corner. How are the marbles arranged? The marbles cannot move freely without tilting the box. They can only vibrate. 5Fig 17.5 Gas particles are free to move in all directions but can be compressed 5 Fig 17.6 Gases can be compressed (squeezed) 5Fig To illustrate solids When particles in a solid are tightly packed together they are not free to move. They can only vibrate. So to summarise: Particles in a solid n Definite shape n Definite volume n Cannot be compressed n Cannot flow. Particles in a liquid n No definite shape n Definite volume n Cannot be compressed n Can flow. 5Fig 17.7 Particles in a solid (b) Liquid 2 Place the tray horizontally and shake it gently. Can you see the marbles sliding past each other? Particles are far enough apart to slip and slide over each other. In a liquid, particles can slide past each other. (c) Gases 2 Shake the tray quickly. What happens to the distance between the marbles? The marbles are free to move in all directions. The particles in a gas can move in all directions independently of each other. 5Fig To illustrate liquids Particles in a gas n No definite shape n No definite volume n Can be compressed n Can flow. 5Fig 17.8 Particles in a liquid 5Fig 17.9 Particles in a gas 5Fig To illustrate gases

3 CHANGiNG of STATE When solids are heated their particles gain energy and move apart. The particles then break free from their positions and the solid melts into a liquid. When a liquid is heated, the particles gain even more energy and eventually break free from each other. This is called boiling and the liquid turns into a gas. Note that these changes of state are physical changes. There is no change of mass and no new substance is formed. and evaporation Solid, e.g. ice Liquid, e.g. water Gas, e.g. steam Heat is supplied Heat is given out 5Fig Substances change state when heated or cooled. When a liquid is heated to its boiling point, the particles gain enough energy to fully break away from each other and form a gas. The temperature at which this occurs in water is 100 C and in ethanol it happens at 78 C. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas throughout the liquid. Liquids do not have to be heated to their boiling points in order to turn into gases. For example, rain puddles on Evaporation The changing of a liquid to a gas. the road will disappear quickly when the sun comes out. This is due to evaporation. The water molecules at the surface of the puddle gain enough energy to escape as gases. Evaporation is a much slower process than boiling, but the overall result is the same. The opposite of evaporation or boiling is condensation, i.e. the changing of a gas back into its liquid state. Activity 17.2 To demonstrate diffusion in a liquid Equipment Beaker, forceps/spatula Chemicals Water, potassium manganate (vii) crystals 1 Using a forceps gently place a few potassium manganate crystals at the bottom of a beaker of water. 2 Observe what happens for a few minutes. 3 Leave your beaker until your next science class. Explain what has happened to the purple particles. Demonstration Diffusion through a gas Ammonia gas White cloud of ammonium chloride Purple colour starts spreading through the water Potassium manganate (vii) crystals 5Fig Diffusion in a liquid The purple colour of the potassium manganate slowly spreads throughout the water until the solution is evenly coloured. Particles move from regions of high concentration to regions of lower concentration. Hydrogen chloride gas Diffusion Imagine the smell of a stink bomb! When the bomb is opened (broken) the smell particles move from where there are lots of them, to where there are less of them. This is how the smell spreads. This is called diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. Diffusion occurs mainly in liquids and gases. Cotton wool soaked in ammonia solution (concentrated) 5Fig Diffusion through a gas. Which gas diffuses faster, ammonia or hydrogen chloride? Cotton wool soaked in hydrochloric acid (concentrated) Key Points Smell Air Smell diffused in the air 5Fig Particles in a gas spread evenly by diffusing 5Fig Tea diffusing into hot water l Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. l The three states of matter are: solids, liquids and gases. l The particles in a solid are packed close together, giving them a fixed volume and shape and making them difficult to compress

4 Key Points l In a liquid the particles are close to each other but can slide past each other. As a result, liquids have a fixed volume but can flow and take up the shape of the container in which they are placed. l Gas particles are able to move in all directions. Gases have no fixed shape or volume but can be compressed (squashed). l Substances can be changed from one state into another by either heating or cooling them. l Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Particles vibrate about fixed positions 5Fig Solid Liquid Gas Particles slide over each other Particles move around at high speed 6 Examine this cooling curve for X as it changes from a gaseous state to a liquid state, to a solid state. (a) What is the freezing point of X? (b) What is the melting point of X? (c) What is the boiling point of X? 7 Explain the following statements in terms of particles: (a) A balloon will deflate slightly over time. (b) You can smell the dinner cooking in the kitchen from upstairs. (c) On a cold, wet day the windows of a car get steamed up. 8 Place a 3 or x in each column to indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false. Temp. ( C) Fig Time Statement Solids Liquids Gases It has a definite volume It expands when heated It will change its shape to that of the container in which it is placed Its particles will spread out to fill the container in which it is placed 1 Write out and complete the following: (a) Matter is anything that occupies and has. There are three states of matter. (b) In a solid the particles are packed together. Therefore solids have a shape. In a gas, particles move around very and there are large between them. In a, the particles can slide past each other. As a result, they have no. 2 From the following list select the correct term: Solid Liquid = Liquid Gas = Gas Liquid = Liquid Solid = 3 The temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid is called its point. 4 The temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas is called its point. Examination 9 In each case choose one state of matter from the list on the right, which matches the characteristics in the table. Characteristics State of matter Has definite shape Has definite volume It is not easily compressed Has no definite shape Has no definite volume Is easily compressed Solid Liquid Gas 5 What is condensation? Give an example. (JC, OL, Sample Paper)

5 Examination 10 The three states of matter are: solid, liquid and gas. Figure17.20 shows the arrangement of particles in the three states of matter. (a) In the table write the letter X beside the arrangement of particles in a solid. (b) Write the letter G beside the arrangement of particles in a gas. (JC, OL, 2007) 11 Study Figure carefully. It shows the ways that particles of gases and solids occupy space. 5Fig The particles of gas have lots of space and move randomly at high speeds in three dimensions and collide with each other and with their container. The arrows represent the velocities of the gas particles. The particles of a solid are packed closely together and cannot move around, but they can vibrate. Give one property of a gas and one property of a solid, that you have observed, and is consistent with (matches) this micro-view of these states of matter. (JC, HL, 2006) Particles of a gas 5Fig Particles of a solid 12 There are three states of matter: solid, liquid and gas. (a) Give one property that liquids and gases have in common. (b) Give one property in which liquids and gases differ. (JC, HL, 2009) 154

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