Chemical Nomenclature

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1 Elements Chemical Nomenclature Elements are said with just their name Mg = magnesium Ca = calcium How to write and say chemical formulas Compounds Most elements are not found separately but combined in a compound with something else The reason for this is the octet rule Noble gases are what all elements aspire to be like electronically These elements have 8 electrons in highest energy level Octet Rule We want 8 eight is great! Ionic Bond Atoms will either give up or take electrons to get to have eight in their highest energy level Hey, can you help me out and gimme an electron? 1

2 Why certainly, I have one I don t want anyway. Give up/take away electrons Charges Sodium now has a +1 charge since it has lost an electron Chlorine a minus charge since it gained an electron Ionic Bond Opposites attract, so a bond is formed between the two of them. (or until water breaks us apart) Perhaps one one of of you you gentlemen would mind mind telling me me just just what what is is outside the the window that that you you find find so so attractive..? Ionic Compound The combination of Na + and Cl - form the compound NaCl An ionic compound will always consist of: A metal ion (also called a cation, the + one) A non-metal ion (also called an anion, the - one) CATION ALWAYS COMES BEFORE THE ANION; both in the name and the formula Image courtesy NearingZero.net 2

3 Naming Ionic Compounds Practice Problem #1 When naming ionic compounds Just say the name of the metal For the non-metal, drop the ending and add -ide to it. NaCl = sodium chloride Name the following ionic compounds 1. ZnO 2. LiBr 3. Mg 3 N 2 4. BaS 5. K 3 P Zinc oxide Lithium bromide Magnesium nitride Barium sulfide Potassium phosphide Determining metal and non-metal charge Where are the metals on the periodic table? Metals always have what charge? Where are the nonmetals? Nonmetals always have what charge? We ll see the charges of the different families on the following slide. Using the periodic Table to find an ion s charge We re going to forget all about the middle of the table for now Writing Ionic Formulas When combining a metal and a non-metal, the overall charge of the compound must be zero. Combining metals and nonmetals Take for instance calcium nitride. What is the charge of the calcium ion? What is the charge of the nitride ion? You must balance out the overall charge! 3

4 Combining metals and nonmetals Ca +2 means each calcium ion has 2 more electrons than it wants N -3 means each nitride ion needs 3 more electrons. Hey buddy, can you spare 3 electrons? Sorry, I only have two. Maybe I can help! HEY, What about me? YEAH! 4

5 Hang loose, man. I ll get one of my buddies. YO, YO, YO. Your hero has arrived. YEAH! I still need two more. I need to get rid of two more. 5

6 The ions found they were still attracted to one another due to their opposing charges. And they all lived happily ever after. Practice Problem #2 Give the formulas for the following compounds 1. Beryllium iodide 2. Potassium sulfide 3. Magnesium oxide 4. Strontium fluoride BeI 2 K 2 S MgO SrF 2 Now is the time to learn SWITCHY SWITCHY and reduce! The middle block of elements All cations Most can take on multiple charges Some Exceptions Zn = +2 Ag = +1 Transition Metals Transition metal compounds In order to tell what charge a transition metal has, put its charge in parenthesis in the name only For instance Copper (II) Oxide means the copper ion here has a +2 charge For instance Copper (I) Oxide means the copper ion here has a +1 charge What are the formulas of these two ionic compounds? Practice Problem #3 Give the formula of the following compounds: 1. Tungsten (IV) Chloride WCl 4 2. Gold (III) phosphide 3. Tin (II) fluoride 4. Zinc sulfide AuP SnF 2 ZnS Polyatomic Ions Sometimes, atoms get together but can t quite get to an overall zero charge. With This is where they become a polyatomic ions polyatomic ion we don t have to change the They re still a charged particle ending (mostly anions) so they can combine with an opposing charged ion to produce a compound Naming is easy, we just say the name of the polyatomic ion 6

7 Ionic Compounds involving a polyatomic ion Ionic Compounds involving a polyatomic ion Ionic Compounds involving a polyatomic ion Practice Problem #4 Name the following compounds 1. (NH 4 ) 2 S 2. CaSO 4 3. Ba(NO 3 ) 2 4. K 2 CO 3 5. Mg 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Ammonium sulfide Calcium sulfate Barium nitrate Potassium carbonate Magnesium phosphate Practice Problem #5 Write formulas for the following compounds Aluminum nitrate Al(NO 3 ) 3 Beryllium sulfate BeSO 4 Calcium phosphite Ca 3 (PO 3 ) 2 Ammonium sulfite (NH 4 ) 2 SO 3 Strontium nitrite Sr(NO 2 ) 2 7

8 Covalent Bonds Compounds formed by two non-metals More of a sharing of electrons rather than a give-take relationship Can you spare an electron? JINX! Why don t you share an electron? You know sharing is caring! Co=together Valent=valence electrons therefore, covalent is sharing electrons! Naming Covalent Bonds Prefixes on back of periodic table If there is only one of the first element, no prefix. Otherwise attach prefix Second always gets prefix and -ide ending (just like ionic anion) Name these NO 2 N 2 O 8

9 The Diatomic Molecules These would still be said by their elemental name but would be written with a subscript of 2 N 2 O 2 F 2 Cl 2 Practice Problem #7 Name the following covalent compounds 1. CO 2 2. PCl 5 3. CO 4. P 3 F 6 Carbon dioxide Phosphorous pentachloride Carbon monoxide Triphosphorous hexaflouride Br 2 I 2 H 2 Practice Problem #8 Give the formula for the following compounds Sodium acetate NaC 2 H 3 O 2 Nickel (II) chloride NiCl 2 Carbon dioxide CO 2 Sulfur trioxide SO 3 Triphosphorous tetrachloride P 3 Cl 4 One more thing If the ionic compound begins with a hydrogen ion, it s an acid We name binary acids by adding hydro as a prefix to the root of the anion and add ic, then add the word acid Name these: HCl HI HF HBr Acids involving polyatomic anions Practice Problem #6 These are even easier, They ll always involve oxygen If an -ate ion, use root of polyatomic and add -ic If an -ite ion, use root of polyatomic and add -ous Then just add the word acid If I ATE it I would say IC! Write the formulas for these acids 1. Sulfuric acid 2. Sulfurous acid 3. Carbonic acid 4. Nitric acid 5. Nitrous acid 6. Phosphoric acid 7. Phosphorous acid H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 3 H 2 CO 3 HNO 3 HNO 2 H 3 PO 4 H 3 PO 3 9

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