ACID, BASE, AND ph STUDYGUIDE

Transcription

1 ACID, BASE, AND ph STUDYGUIDE Naming Acids: (back of PT) Binary acid (Only 2 elements): Hydro- ic acid Oxyacid (More than 2 elements): Name of anion with new ending If anion ends with ate If anion ends with ite Name the following acids: H2S H3C6H5O7 HNO3 acid ends with ic acid acid ends with ous acid Write the formula for the following acids: (cancel charges!) Sulfuric acid Carbonic acid HCl HC2H3O2 HNO2 Hydronitric Acid Phosphoric Acid Scientific Notation Review: (p. 16) Change the following numbers into scientific notation: 110, Change the following numbers from scientific notation: 1.73 x x x x 10 3 /5 p. 1-2 Due Tues 5/17 /5 p. 3 Due Wed 5/18 /5 p. 5 Due Thurs 5/19 /5 p. 6 Due Fri 5/20 /5 p. 7 Due Mon 5/23 /25 TOTAL Properties of Acids: (p. 124) Write the dissociation equation for water: An acid is a compound that dissolves in water to make a solution that contains MORE ions than in pure water. 1. Acids have a taste. 2. React with active metals to release gas. A base is a compound that dissolves in water to make a solution with MORE ions than there are in pure water. Properties of Bases: 1. Bases have a taste. 2. Bases feel. 3. React can acids. 1

2 p When acids and bases are combined in aqueous solution, they react to form + 2. Define salt: 3. Describe the ph scale: p In neutral water, the concentrations of ions and ions are equal 2. Describe what equilibrium is for water. 3. An acid contains more ions than ions 4. An acid has a ph less than 5. Write the dissociation reaction for HCl. 6. A base contains more ions than ions 7. A base has a ph greater than p Why is the H + ion so powerful? 9. What is the hydronium ion? 10. How is the hydronium ion formed? 11. Explain how Bronsted-Lowry defines an acid and base: p A strong acid/base is one that completely List 3 strong acids: List 3 strong bases: 13. A weak acid/base only partially in solution List 3 weak acids: List 3 weak bases: p What is a neutralization reaction? 15. A neutralization reaction produces which 2 substances? (see top diagram p.430) + *Which of the 5 types of reaction is neutralization? 16. Define salt: 2

3 Neutralization of Carbonates: The products of the reaction of an acid with any carbonate are: CO2 + H2O + a salt DONE WITH BOOK: For the following questions, write and balance the equations: 17. HNO3 + KOH 18. Ca(OH)2 + HNO3 These 2 have 3 products! (see above) 19. MgCO3 + HNO3 20. Na2CO3 + H2SO4 Bringing it all together: (Stoichiometry, gases, solutions, acids, and bases) WOW! You know a lot about chemistry! (Not in book) 21. Zinc reacts with ml of 6.00 M sulfuric acid through single displacement. a. Write and balance the reaction below. b. How many moles of sulfuric acid will react? (0.60 mol) c. How many moles of hydrogen gas are produced? (0.60 mol) d. How many grams of zinc sulfate are produced? (96.6 g) e. How many liters of hydrogen gas would be released at STP? (STP =273 K, 1 atm) (R=0.082 L atm/mol Kelvin) PV = nrt (13.4L) 3

4 Hydronium and Hydroxide Ion Notes: H3O + is the ion. Acids produce in solution. OH - is the ion. Bases produce in solution. [H3O + ] symbolizes [OH - ] symbolizes In a neutral solution the [H3O + ] and [OH - ] are In an acidic solution, the [H3O + ] is than the [OH - ] In a basic solution, the [H3O + ] is than the [OH - ]. Strong acids and bases completely break apart (dissociate) when in solution. So the concentration (Molarity) of the starting solution will be the concentration of each ion. Base: (produces OH - ) NaOH water Na + + OH M.001 M Acid: (produces H + / H3O + ) HCl water H3O + + Cl -.001M.001 M The ph Scale: (p. 485) Runs from to The ph of a solution measures the concentration of the ion in a solution. A ph less than 7 means the solution is an. A ph of 7 means the solution is. A ph greater than 7 means the solution is a. 4

5 ph and poh Calculations: ph + poh = 14 ph = -log[h3o + ] poh = -log[oh - ] [H3O + ] = 10 -ph [OH - ] = 10 -poh ph [H3O + ] poh [OH-] Acid or Base? x 10 4 M x 10 6 M x M 2.31 x M 2.31 x M 7.49 x 10 6 M x 10 8 M 5

6 ph and Molarity Problems 1. What is the molarity of a solution that has 450 grams of sodium chloride in 800 ml of water? (9.6 M) 2. What is the molarity of a solution that contains 100 grams of iron (II) nitrate in 2.4 liters of water? (0.23 M) 3. What is the ph of a solution that contains 2.4 x 10-5 moles of hydrobromic acid in 0.5 L of water? (4.3) 4. What is the ph of a solution that contains 25 moles of nitric acid dissolved in 5000 liters of water? (2.3) 5. What is the ph of a solution that contains grams of hydrochloric acid in 100 ml of water? (2.6) 6. You dissolve 3.5 g of aluminum hydroxide into 150 ml of water. What is the ph of your solution? (13.5) 7. What is the M of the hydroxide ion in a solution with a ph of 4.381?(2.4 x M) 6

7 ACID BASE REVIEW: 1. What is the ph of a solution with a [H3O + ] = 5.0 x 10-5? (4.3) 2. What is the ph of a solution with a [OH - ] = 5.0 x 10-5? (9.7) 3. What is the poh of a solution with a [OH - ] = 2.5 x 10-5? (4.6) 4. What is the ph of a M KOH solution? (12.4) 5. What is the ph of a solution made by dissolving 5.0 g of HCl into 1.0 L of water? (0.86) 6. The salt formed when HCl and LiOH neutralize is. 7. The name of H2CO3 is 8. If an acid starts with hydro-, how many elements does it contain? 9. Which ph is the most acidic, 2, 7, or 10? 10. Which has the greatest [H3O + ], a ph of 2, 7, or 10? 11. Which acid is produced in the stomach? 12. When an ionic compound breaks apart in H2O, it 13. Write the dissociation equation for aluminum hydroxide. 14. Write and balance the neutralization reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate. (3 products because it is a carbonate! See top of p. 3) 15. How many grams of calcium hydroxide are required to neutralize 51 ml of a 2.1 M hydrochloric acid solution? (3.97 g) 7

8 PAGE 8 IS OPTIONAL: WORTH 1 STICKER For each of the problems below, assume 100% dissociation. 1. A. Write the equation for the dissociation of hydrochloric acid. B. Find the ph of a 4.76 x 10-3 M hydrochloric acid solution. (2.32) 2. A. Write the equation for the dissociation of nitric acid. B. Find the ph of a solution that contains 3.25 g of HNO3 dissolved in 2.75 liters of solution. (1.72) 3. A. Write the equation for the dissociation of sodium hydroxide. B. Find the ph of a 8.41 x 10-4 M solution of NaOH. (go through poh) (10.92) 4. A. Write the equation for the dissociation of aluminum hydroxide. B. What is the ph of 2.25 g of aluminum hydroxide in 75 ml of H2O? (13.5) 5. A. Write the equation for the dissociation of calcium hydroxide. B. If the molarity of the [OH-] is and you have 2.55 L of solution, how many grams of calcium hydroxide are in the solution? What is the ph? (0.66 g, ph) 8