FORM A. Answer d. b. ideal gas versus non-ideal (or real) gas: (5)

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1 Chem 130 Name Exam 1, Ch 5-6 October 1, Points Please follow the instructions for each section of the exam. Show your work on all mathematical problems. Provide answers with the correct units and significant figures. Be concise in your answers to discussion questions. Point vales are in parentheses by each problem. Part 0: Warmup. 4 points each 1. Choose the INCORRECT statement: a. Most molecular compounds are either non-electrolytes or weak electrolytes. b. Most ionic compounds are strong electrolytes. c. Net ionic equations include only the actual participants in the reaction. d. An acid produces hydride ions in solution. Answer d. If someone were to light a cigar at one end of a closed room, persons on the other end of the room might soon perceive an odor due to gaseous emissions from the cigar. Such a phenomenon is an example of: a. ideality c. dissolution b. diffusion d. effusion Answer b Part I: Complete all of problems Compare the following using a maximum of three sentences for each pair of terms. a. strong electrolyte versus weak electrolyte. (5) Strong electrolytes are ionic compounds that dissociate completely into their component ions in solution. In a solution of a weak electrolyte, not all of the electrolyte compound dissociates. b. ideal gas versus non-ideal (or real) gas: (5) Ideal gases do not interact with one another, are small in volume compared to the total volume the gas occupies, and undergo elastic collisions. Real gases do undergo interactions, inelastic collisions, and have finite volume. 4. It is possible to use precipitation reactions to separate ions in solution by removing target ions as insoluble salts. Propose an approach to separate Fe + from Ba + using precipitation reactions. Include balanced reactions (indicating states of products and reactants). (10) One possibility is to take advantage of the fact that barium forms an insoluble salt with sulfate, but iron does not. Therefore, if a solution containing sulfate ion is added to a solution containing Fe + and Ba +, we would expect the formation of insoluble barium sulfate, as shown below: Fe + (aq) + Ba + (aq) + SO 4 (aq) Fe + (aq) + BaSO 4 (s) or Ba + (aq) + SO 4 (aq) BaSO 4 (s) 1

2 5. Answer the following based on the reaction: SO 3 + MnO - 4 SO 4 + Mn + a. What is the oxidation state of manganese in the permanganate ion? +7 () b. What is the oxidation state of sulfur in the sulfite ion? +4 () c. Balance the reaction in acidic aqueous solution. (8) First balance the half reactions: Oxidation: 5(SO 3 + H O SO 4 + H + + e - ) Reduction: (MnO H + + 5e - Mn + + 4H O) Now add half reactions together, ensuring that electrons will cancel. 5SO 3 + 5H O + MnO H e - 5SO H e - + Mn + + 8H O Finally, cancel redundant terms to get the final balanced reaction. 5SO 3 + MnO H + 5SO 4 + Mn + + 3H O 6. A 1.7 g sample of an oxide of nitrogen, believed to be either NO or N O, occupies a volume of 1.07 L at 5 o C and 737 mm Hg. Which oxide is it? (10) If we can determine the molar mass, we can identify the oxide. How many moles is 1.7g? Use the ideal gas law: n = PV/RT So, And, P = 737 mm Hg x 1 atm = atm 760 mm Hg n = atm x 1.07 L = moles L atm/mol K x 98 K molar mass = 1.7 g = g mol moles Looking at our two oxides, NO has a molar mass of g mol -1 and N O has a molar mass of g mol -1. Therefore, the oxide must be NO.

3 7. A gram sample of solid magnesium hydroxide is added to 15 ml of a M solution of nitric acid. Will the resulting solution be acidic, basic, or neutral? Justify your answer. (10) The neutralization reaction below will occur: Mg(OH) + HNO 3 Mg(NO 3 ) + H O One approach is to calculate how much nitric acid will be required to neutralize all of the magnesium hydroxide g Mg(OH) x 1 mol Mg(OH) x mol HNO 3 x 1 L HNO 3 = L g 1 mol Mg(OH) mol HNO 3 So, we would need 58.3 ml nitric acid to consume all of the magnesium hydroxide. Since we have 15 ml, there is an excess of nitric acid, meaning there will be nitric acid left after the reaction is complete, causing the resulting solution to be acidic. 8. How does the kinetic-molecular theory of gases help explain why a helium-filled balloon shrinks if it is taken outside on a cold winter day? (10) As the temperature decreases, the velocity of gas particles decreases as well. This leased to a decrease in both the frequency and intensity of collisions of gas particles with the walls of the balloon. Since it is these collisions that result in pressure, this leads to a decrease in pressure as well. As the pressure decreases, so does the volume of the balloon. 3

4 Part II. Answer two () of problems 9-1. Clearly mark the problems you do not want graded. 15 points each. 9. Write balanced overall reactions and net ionic equations for each of the following: Indicate the state (s, l, g, aq) of each of the reactants and products. a. Aqueous sulfuric acid is mixed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate Balanced Reaction: (5) Net Ionic Equation: () H SO 4 (aq) + NaHCO 3 (aq) Na SO 4 (aq) + H O(l) + CO (g) H + (aq) + HCO 3 - (aq) H O(l) + CO (g) b. Aqueous lead (II) nitrate is mixed with aqueous lithium hydroxide Balanced Reaction: (5) Net Ionic Equation: () Pb(NO 3 ) (aq) + LiOH(aq) LiNO 3 (aq) + Pb(OH) (s) Pb + (aq) + OH - (aq) Pb(OH) (s) 10. Sodium dithionite, Na S O 4, is an important reducing agent. One interesting use is in the purification of wastewater by the reduction of chromate ion with S O 4 in basic solution to form insoluble chromium (III) hydroxide, with sulfite ion produced as another product. a. Write the balanced reaction for the process occurring in basic solution. (10) Unbalanced Reaction: CrO 4 + S O 4 Cr(OH) 3 + SO 3 Half Reactions: (CrO 4 + 5H + + 3e - Cr(OH) 3 + H O) 3(S O 4 + H O SO 3 + 4H + + e - ) Overall reaction in acid: CrO H + + 6e - + 3S O 4 + 6H O Cr(OH) 3 + H O + 6SO 3 + 1H + + 6e - CrO 4 + 3S O 4 + 4H O Cr(OH) 3 + 6SO 3 + H + Overall reaction in base: OH - + CrO 4 + 3S O 4 + 4H O Cr(OH) 3 + 6SO 3 + H + + OH - CrO 4 + 3S O 4 + H O + OH - Cr(OH) 3 + 6SO 3 b. What mass of Na S O 4 is consumed in a reaction with L of wastewater having [CrO 4 ] = M? (5) L x mol CrO 4 x 3 mol S O 4 1L mol CrO 4 x 1 mol Na S O 4 =. mol Na S O 4 1 mol S O 4. mol Na S O 4 x g Na S O 4 = g = 387 g Na S O 4 mol Na S O 4 4

5 11. Birmabright is a metal alloy consisting of aluminum, magnesium, and manganese. A 0.73 g sample of Birmabright is dissolved in an excess of hydrochloric acid, producing hydrogen gas as shown in the balanced reaction below. If 355 ml of hydrogen is collected over water at a temperature of 5 o C and pressure of 755 mm Hg, what is the mass percent of aluminum in Birmabright? Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq) AlCl 3 (aq) + 3 H (g) Since the gas was collected over water, P total = P H + P HO. The vapor pressure of water at 5 o C is 3.75 mm Hg. Therefore, P H = ( )mm Hg = 731 mm Hg. Now we can find the number of moles of H produced (n = PV/RT) P = 731 mm Hg x 1 atm = atm 760 mm Hg So, n = atm x L = moles H L atm/mol K x 98 K So, the mass of aluminum consumed must have been: moles H x mol Al x g Al = g Al 3 mol H 1 mol Al And the percent aluminum must be: g Al x 100% = 9.0% Aluminum 0.73 g sample 1. Nitroglycerine (C 3 H 5 N 3 O 9, molar mass = g/mol) is a contact explosive that rapidly decomposes via the reaction below and releases a large quantity of heat and gas. Assume 10.0 grams of nitroglycerine decomposes in a.0 L soda bottle and instantaneously generates a temperature of 530K. 4 C 3 H 5 N 3 O 9 ( ) 1 CO (g) + 10 H O(g) + 6 N (g) + O (g) a. What will the pressure be inside the bottle once the reaction is complete? (5) First find the total number of moles of gas produced: 10.0g C 3 H 5 N 3 O 9 x 1 mol C 3 H 5 N 3 O 9 x 9 mol gas = mol gas g 4 mol C 3 H 5 N 3 O 9 Now find the pressure P = nrt = ( mol)( L atm/mol K)(530K) = atm = 69 atm V.0L b. What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide when the reaction is complete? (5) P CO = n CO (P total ) = 1 mol CO x 69 atm = atm = 9 atm n total 9 mol total c. What volume would the gas mixture produced occupy at STP? (5) Use the combined gas law to find: V = P 1 V 1 T = (69 atm)(.0 L)(73 K) = 7. L P T 1 (1 atm)(530 K) 5

6 R = L atm mol -1 K -1 FORM A Possibly Useful Information STP = 1 atm, 0 o C K = o C n a V 1 atmosphere = 760 Torr = 760 mm Hg V bn nrt P total =n total RT/V P P A = X A P total P N a = x 10 3 mol -1 1V1 P V T1 T Molar Masses Compound Molar Mass (g/mol) aluminum chloride carbon dioxide chromium (III) hydroxide hydrochloric acid hydrogen gas.016 magnesium hydroxide nitric acid nitrogen gas nitrogen monoxide nitroglycerine oxygen gas sodium carbonate sodium dithionite sodium nitrite water

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