Draft for Review June 2017
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1 CHEMISTRY 12 Big Ideas Reactin Kinetics Reactants must cllide t react, and the reactin rate is dependent n the surrunding cnditins. Elabratins Sample pprtunities t supprt inquiry with students: What factrs influence the way reactant mlecules, atms, and ins cllide? Sme chemical reactins are reversible and prceed t equilibrium. Sample pprtunities t supprt inquiry with students: What are the cnditins that can affect equilibrium? Dynamic equilibrium can be shifted by changes t the surrunding cnditins. Slubility Equilibrium Saturated slutins are systems in equilibrium. Sample pprtunities t supprt inquiry with students: Hw is the slubility cnstant useful in studying chemical prcesses? Acid-Base Equilibrium The strength f an acid r base depends n the degree f dissciatin f its ins. Sample pprtunities t supprt inquiry with students: Hw are the cncepts f acid/base strength (i.e., strng versus weak) and acid/base cncentratin (i.e., cncentrated versus dilute) different? Draft fr Review June 2017 Oxidatin-Reductin Reductin and xidatin are cmplementary prcesses that invlve the gain r lss f electrns. Curricular Cmpetencies Students are expected t be able t d the fllwing: Questining and predicting Demnstrate a sustained intellectual curisity abut a scientific tpic r prblem f persnal, lcal, r glbal interest Make bservatins aimed at identifying their wn questins, including increasingly abstract nes, abut the natural wrld Frmulate multiple hyptheses and predict multiple utcmes Planning and cnducting Hw can acid/base dissciatin be measured? Hw is the degree f dissciatin useful in studying chemical prcesses? Hw are acids and bases systems in equilibrium? Hw is the envirnment affected by changes in ph? Sample pprtunities t supprt inquiry with students: Hw can electrchemical and electrlytic cells be used in practical situatins? What are sme applicatins f redx reactins? Elabratins Sample pprtunities t supprt inquiry with students: Questining and predicting Make bservatins aimed at identifying their wn questins: Slubility Equilibrium Predict qualitative changes in the slubility equilibrium n the additin f a cmmn in r the remval f an in. Reactin Kinetics Chse a prperty that can be mnitred t determine a reactin rate. Cntent Students are expected t knw the fllwing: Reactin Kinetics factrs that affect reactin rate cllisin thery: the relatinship between PE, KE, and enthalpy (ΔH) and catalysis during a reactin reactin mechanism applicatins f catalysts dynamic nature f chemical equilibrium Le Châtelier s principle and equilibrium shift Elabratins Reactin Kinetics reactin rate: a quantity prduced r cnsumed ver time (negative and psitive rates) hetergeneus and hmgeneus reactins applicatins/situatins when rate must be cntrlled cllisin thery: cllisin gemetry kinetic energy relatinship between successful cllisins and reactin rate
2 Cllabratively and individually plan, select, and use apprpriate investigatin methds, including field wrk and lab experiments, t cllect reliable data (qualitative and quantitative) Assess risks and address ethical, cultural, and/r envirnmental issues assciated with their prpsed methds Use apprpriate SI units and apprpriate equipment, including digital technlgies, t systematically and accurately cllect and recrd data Apply the cncepts f accuracy and precisin t experimental prcedures and data: dynamic nature f chemical equilibrium: significant figures Slubility Equilibrium reversible nature f reactins uncertainty Draft fr Review Use a slubility chart t predict whether ins can relatinship t PE diagram scientific ntatin be separated frm slutin thrugh Le Châtelier s principle and equilibrium shift: precipitatin, and utline an experimental cncentratins f reactants and Prcessing and analyzing data and infrmatin prcedure that includes cmpund added, prducts Experience and interpret the lcal envirnment precipitate frmed, and methd f separatin. enthalpy and entrpy Apply First Peples perspectives and knwledge, Identify an unknwn in thrugh titratin as the methd t find an equivalence presence f a catalyst ther ways f knwing, and lcal knwledge as experimentatin invlving a qualitative analysis applicatins: e.g. Haber prcess, hemglbin surces f infrmatin scheme. and xygen in the bld, etc. Seek and analyze patterns, trends, and cnnectins in data, including describing relatinships between variables, perfrming calculatins, and identifying incnsistencies Cnstruct, analyze, and interpret graphs, mdels, and/r diagrams Use knwledge f scientific cncepts t draw cnclusins that are cnsistent with evidence Analyze cause-and-effect relatinships Evaluating Evaluate their methds and experimental cnditins, including identifying surces f errr r uncertainty, cnfunding variables, and pssible alternative explanatins and cnclusins Observe catalyzed reactins, such as: decmpsitin f hydrgen perxide (MnO2, etc) decmpsitin f bleach (CCl2) autcatalysis f xalate and KMnO4 (Mn 2+ ) Planning and cnducting plan, select, and use apprpriate investigatin methds: Gather and interpret data n the cncentratin f reactants and prducts f a system at equilibrium. Acids and Bases Identify acids and bases thrugh experimentatin. Design, perfrm, and analyze a titratin experiment invlving: primary standards standardized slutins including applicatins equilibrium cnstant (Keq) and slving quantitative Keq prblems Slubility Equilibrium saturated slutins as equilibrium systems and Ksp as a specialized Keq expressin slving quantitative Ksp prblems using the relatinship between the slubility prduct, Ksp, fr a cmpund and its slubility Acid-Base Equilibrium Acid-base mdels and examples relative strength f acids and bases in slutin water as an equilibrium system and slving quantitative prblems using the relatinships between Kw, [H3O + ] r [OH-] and ph and poh weak acids and weak bases as equilibrium systems and slving quantitative Ka and Kb prblems pint slving quantitative titratin prblems using the June relatinship 2017 between cncentratin, vlume, Devise a prcedure by which ins (e.g., calcium and ph r magnesium) can be remved frm hard indicatrs in titratins water. slving quantitative prblems using the Devise a methd fr determining the relatinship between ph in a slutin and Ka fr cncentratin f a specific in by titratin r an indicatr gravimetric methds (e.g., cncentratin f applicatins f acid-base reactins chlride in using a precipitatin reactin with hydrlysis f ins in salt slutins silver in). nn-metal and metal xides in water and assciated envirnmental impacts buffers as equilibrium systems Oxidatin-Reductin the xidatin-reductin prcess relative strength f xidizing and reducing agents slving quantitative prblems using the relatinship f activated cmplex, reactin intermediates, and activatin energy t PE diagrams reactin mechanism: relatinship f the verall reactin t a series f steps (cllisins) rate-determining step applicatins f catalysts: e.g. platinum in autmbile catalytic cnverters, catalysis in the bdy, cntributin f chlrine frm CFCs t zne depletin, etc. equilibrium cnstant: hmgeneus and hetergeneus systems pure slids and liquids effect f changes in temperature, pressure, cncentratin, surface area, and a catalyst Keq prblems: using the relatinship between: evaluatin f changes in the value f Keq and in cncentratins f substances determinatin f whether a system is at equilibrium and resultant shifts Keq and the equilibrium cncentratin f all species Keq, the initial cncentratins f all species, and ne equilibrium cncentratin Keq, the equilibrium cncentratins f
3 Describe specific ways t imprve their investigatin methds and the quality f the data Evaluate the validity and limitatins f a mdel r analgy in relatin t the phenmenn mdelled Demnstrate an awareness f assumptins, questin infrmatin given, and identify bias in their wn wrk and in primary and secndary surces Cnsider the changes in knwledge ver time as tls and technlgies have develped Cnnect scientific explratins t careers in science Cntribute t finding slutins t prblems at a lcal and/r glbal level thrugh inquiry Implement multiple strategies t slve prblems in real-life, applied, and cnceptual situatins Cnsider the rle f scientists in innvatin titratin curves apprpriate indicatrs prper technique Match an indicatr s clur in a slutin with an apprximate ph, using a table f indicatrs. Prepare a buffer system. Oxidatin-Reductin Frm data fr a series f simple redx reactins, create a simple table f reductin half-reactins. Determine the cncentratin f a species by perfrming a redx titratin: Demnstrate familiarity with at least Exercise a healthy, infrmed skepticism and use tw cmmn reagents used in redx scientific knwledge and findings t frm Draft their titratins (e.g., permanganate, fr Review Acid-Base Equilibrium wn investigatins t evaluate claims in primary dichrmate, hydrgen perxide). Acid-base mdels and examples: and secndary surces Select a suitable reagent t be used in a Arrhenius acids and bases redx titratin, in rder t determine Cnsider scial, ethical, and envirnmental Brönsted-Lwry acids and bases the cncentratin f a species. amphiprtic species implicatins f the findings frm their wn and Identify reactants and prducts varius redx thers investigatins relative strength: reactins perfrmed in a labratry, and write electrical cnductivity Critically analyze the validity f infrmatin in balanced equatins. table f relative acid strength primary and secndary surces and evaluate the Cnstruct June an electrchemical cell, determine the 2017 equatins f strng and weak acids and appraches used t slve prblems half-reactins that take place at each electrde bases in water Assess risks in the cntext f persnal safety and f an electrchemical cell, and use these t Ka and Kb prblems: using the relatinship scial respnsibility make predictins abut the verall reactin with between: regard t mvement f ins in the cells and in Ka, Kb, and initial cncentratin t find: Applying and innvating the circuit, and the resulting mass f the [H3O+], [OH-], ph, poh. electrdes. Ka and Kb fr cnjugate acid-base pairs Cntribute t care fr self, thers, cmmunity, and wrld thrugh individual r cllabrative Design and label the parts f an electrlytic cell: t find cnjugate s Ka r Kb the ph and initial cncentratin t find appraches used fr the electrlysis f a mlten Ka r Kb. C-peratively design prjects with lcal and/r binary salt such as NaCl(l) the apprpriate Ka, Kb, ph, r poh glbal cnnectins and applicatins capable f electrlyzing an aqueus salt values, t find the initial cncentratin such as KI(aq) (use f verptential f an acid r base. effect nt required) electrplating an bject Reactin Kinetics Determine the rate f a reactin thrugh relatinships between cncentratin f species in a redx titratin (e.g., grams, mles, mlarity) electrchemical cells and applicatins electrlytic cells and applicatins all species, and the initial cncentratins Slubility Equilibrium Ksp prblems: predicting the frmatin f a precipitate by cmparing the trial in prduct t the Ksp value using specific data the maximum allwable cncentratin f ne in given the Ksp and the cncentratin f the ther in just befre precipitatin ccurs equivalence pint: strng acid strng base titratin weak acid strng base strng acid weak base indicatrs:
4 Cmmunicating Frmulate physical r mental theretical mdels t describe a phenmenn Cmmunicate scientific ideas, infrmatin, and perhaps a suggested curse f actin, fr a specific purpse and audience, cnstructing evidence-based arguments and using apprpriate scientific language, cnventins, and representatins Express and reflect n a variety f experiences, perspectives, and wrldviews thrugh place experiment. Prcessing and analyzing data and infrmatin First Peples perspectives: Research the types f materials that are present in clay depsits traditinally used t treat skin cnditins. describing relatinships between variables: Predict, with reference t entrpy and enthalpy, whether reacting systems will reach equilibrium when: bth favur prducts values) Draft bth favur reactants fr Review slve fr the ph f a salt slutin frm entrpy and enthalpy ppse each relevant data, assuming that the ther predminant hydrlysis reactin is the Relate the equilibrium psitin t the value f nly reactin determining the ph Keq. buffers as equilibrium systems: The buffer equilibrium shifts as small Reactin Kinetics quantities f acid r base are added t Cmpare and cntrast factrs affecting the rates the buffer. f bth June hmgeneus and hetergeneus 2017 a cmmn buffer system (e.g. the bld reactins. buffer system, etc.) Relate the magnitude f the activatin energy t limits t buffer systems the rate f the reactin. Oxidatin-Reductin the xidatin-reductin prcess: perfrming calculatins: xidatin (lss f electrns) reductin (gain f electrns) quantitative prblem slving invlving Keq xidatin number balancing redx reactins Slubility Equilibrium calculatins invlving cncentratin f ins calculatins invlving slubility equilibrium cncepts Acids and Bases quantitative calculatins invlving: ph, poh, [H3O+], and [OH-] indicatrs chsen s endpint cincides with the equivalence pint f a titratin reactin a mixture f a weak acid and its cnjugate base, each with distinguishing clurs transitin pint equilibrium shift as acid r base is added during a titratin hydrlysis f ins in salt slutins: A salt slutin can be acidic, basic, r neutral (cmpare Ka and Kb values). An amphiprtic in can act as a base r an acid in slutin (cmpare Ka and Kb relative strength: The Standard Reductin Ptentials f Half-Cells table can be used t predict whether a spntaneus redx reactin will ccur between any tw species. electrchemical cells: half-reactins cell vltage (E 0 ) e.g., lead-acid strage batteries, alkali
5 the inizatin cnstant f water (Kw) the acid-base equilibrium cnstants (Ka and Kb) titratin indicatr hydrlysis Oxidatin-Reductin quantitative calculatins invlving a redx titratin Calculate the vltage (E 0 ) f an electrchemical cell. cells, hydrgen-xygen fuel cells, etc. electrlytic cells: half-reactins minimum vltage t perate metal refining (e.g. zinc, aluminum, etc.) preventing metal crrsin (i.e. cathdic prtectin) Reactin Kinetics Calculate the rate f a reactin using Draft fr Review experimental data. Cnstruct, analyze, and interpret graphs, mdels, and/r diagrams: Illustrate hw the reversible nature f mst chemical reactins can be represented n a PE diagram. June 2017 Acids and Bases Interpret titratin curves pltted frm experimental data. Reactin Kinetics Draw and label PE diagrams fr bth exthermic and endthermic reactins, including ΔH, activatin energy, and the energy f the activated cmplex. Use a KE distributin curve t explain hw changing the temperature r adding a catalyst changes the rate f a reactin. Analyze PE diagrams fr exthermic and endthermic reactins, catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactins.
6 Draft fr Review June 2017
BIG IDEAS. Reaction Kinetics Reactants must collide to react. Conditions surrounding a reaction determine its rate.
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