Chapter 1 X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS)
|
|
- Rodney Henderson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 1 Chapter 1 X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) 1.1 What is EXAFS? X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS, XAFS) is an oscillatory modulation in the X-ray absorption coefficient on the high-energy side of an absorption edge (Lee et al., 1981) Analysis of EXAFS can yield the numbers and types of atoms in the immediate environment of the absorbing atom, and accurate absorber-neighbour distances. Figure 1.1 shows the K X-ray absorption edge of CuO which arises from the absorption of a photon of energy above 9000 ev, promoting a 1s core electron to the continuum µ t (cm-1) Energy (ev) Figure 1.1 The K X-ray absorption edge of CuO. This data was recorded by Dr. G. A. Williams (Australian Radiation Laboratory) and is used in all the illustrations in this chapter. The EXAFS is defined: χ= µ µ µ 0 0 (1.1) where µ 0 is the hypothetical smooth background absorption coefficient due to the transition of interest; and µ is the observed absorbance.
2 2 Figure 1.2 shows the EXAFS from CuO χ Energy (ev) Figure 1.2 K-edge EXAFS from CuO. 1.2 The origin of the EXAFS oscillations The EXAFS arises from the interaction of the absorbing atom with photoelectron waves backscattered by neighbouring atoms. If the binding energy of the core electron is E 0, absorption of an X-ray photon of energy E > E 0 generates a photoelectron of energy E - E 0. According to the de Broglie relation this photoelectron has wavelength: λ e = h / p e (1.2) where h is Planck's constant and p e is the momentum of the photoelectron. The energy of the photoelectron is related to the momentum by the kinetic energy equation: E = p 2 / 2m (1.3) e e e where m e is the mass of the electron.
3 3 Combining equations (1.2) and (1.3), the wavelength of the photoelectron is: λ e e e e = h/ 2m E = h/ 2m ( E E0 ) (1.4) Figure 1.3 shows an absorbing atom emitting a photoelectron wave of wavelength λ e. This wave is scattered from another atom at a distance R as and returns to the absorber. Emitted wave Scattered wave Absorber A S Scatterer e R as Figure 1.3 A photoelectron wave emitted from the absorbing atom (A) is back-scattered by a scattering atom (S). The back-scattered wave modifies the final-state wavefunction at the absorber. If the emitted and back-scattered waves are in phase, the wavefunction is increased. If the emitted and back-scattered waves are out of phase, the wavefunction is decreased. To complete the round trip, the photoelectron wave travels a distance 2R as. This corresponds to 2R as / λ e wavelengths or a change in phase of: phase = 2π( 2Ras / λe ) (1.5) In EXAFS analysis, the quantity 2π / λ e is called the photoelectron wave vector, k: 1 k = 2π/ λ = h 2m ( E E ) (1.6) e e 0 where h is h /2π.
4 4 The phase difference at the absorbing atom between the emitted and scattered waves is 2kR as. As the phase of the wave is also changed in traversing the potentials of the absorbing and scattering atoms, a correction α as (k) must be added: phase = kr + α ( k) (1.7) 2 as as The absorbance is increased when the waves are in phase and decreased when the waves are out of phase. The dipole-coupled absorption cross-section is: * σ = ê ψ i rˆ ψ f dτ 2 (1.8) where ê is the electric-field polarisation vector of the X-ray photon, ψ i is the initial-state wavefunction, which has significant magnitude only near the absorbing atom, and ψ f is the final-state wavefunction. The absorbance varies with the magnitude of ψ f in the vicinity of the absorber. This is increased by constructive interference when the waves are in phase, and decreased by destructive interference when the waves are out of phase. 1.3 Multiple-scattering The preceding discussion assumed that the photoelectron wave is scattered from only one other atom before returning to the absorber. This is known as single-scattering. In practice, the wave may be scattered successively from a number of atoms. This is known as multiple-scattering. In this case, R as is half the total distance travelled by the wave. For a more detailed description of the calculation of EXAFS, see chapter 2.
5 5 1.4 Data collection Generating monochromatic X-rays The vast majority of X-ray absorption spectroscopic (XAS) measurements rely on the continuous spectrum of X-rays produced by synchrotrons (Gurman, 1995). This radiation is emitted when electrons or positrons, circulating in a ring at near the speed of light, are accelerated by a magnetic field. The X-rays are emitted in the direction of the electron or positron beam and are polarised in the plane of the ring (figure 1.4). ê monochromator ê e- or e+ beam magnet monochromatic X-ray beam θ "white" X-ray beam Figure 1.4 Generation of the monochromatic X-ray beam. The "white" X-ray beam is generated from a synchrotron and passed through a monochromator consisting of 2 crystals, usually of silicon. Radiation satisfying the Bragg condition nλ=2d sinθ is reflected, where d is the lattice spacing of the crystal plane. The desired X-ray energy is selected by varying θ. The X-rays are polarised in the plane of the ring. ê is the electric-field polarisation vector. Only 1 magnet of the many placed around the ring is shown. The desired energy is selected from the continuous spectrum using a monochromator. An X-ray monochromator is typically constructed of two crystals. The crystals are cut parallel to a lattice plane and arranged as shown in figure 1.4. Only the X-rays satisfying the Bragg condition: nλ =2d sinθ (n = 1, 2,...) (1.9) where d is the lattice spacing, are reflected. Although the monochromator will transmit undesired higher harmonics (n > 1), these can be removed in a number of ways. Two common methods are to use a mirror or to detune the monochromator. The first method uses a mirror reflecting X-rays only below a
6 6 certain energy (Lee et al., 1981). The second method rejects the harmonics by rotating the second monochromator crystal slightly out of parallel to the first. This takes advantage of the fact that the rocking curves for the higher harmonics are much narrower and are displaced with respect to the fundamental (Hasnain, 1987) Transmission XAS measurements The simplest type of XAS measurement is transmission XAS. In a transmission experiment, the intensity of the X-ray beam is measured before and after a sample and the absorbance (µ t ) calculated using the expression: µ x = ln t ( I I ) 1 / 0 (1.10) where x is the thickness of the sample. x is usually ignored as it is eliminated when the EXAFS is extracted. The intensity of the X-ray beam is typically measured using ionisation detectors. These detectors consist of a chamber filled with a gas or gas mixture. The X-ray beam passes through windows at each end of the chamber between two oppositely-charged plates. The (photoion) current passing between the plates is proportional to the X-ray intensity (Lee et al., 1981). Figure 1.5 represents the detection apparatus for a transmission EXAFS experiment. As shown in this figure, a third detector is often added to allow the concurrent measurement of the XAS from a standard. This standard spectrum is used to calibrate the energy scale using the position of features (transitions and inflection points) with known energy. I 2 I 1 I 0 standard sample beam Figure 1.5 Typical apparatus for a transmission XAS experiment. I 0, I 1 and I 2 are ionisation detectors. A minimal experiment requires only I 0 and I 1. The addition of I 2 permits the XAS of a standard such as a metal foil to be measured. This standard XAS is used for accurate energy calibration.
7 Fluorescence XAS measurements Fluorescence experiments are much more sensitive than transmission and are typically used with samples in which the absorbing atom is dilute (Lee et al., 1981). In a fluorescence experiment, the absorbance of the sample is measured by monitoring the intensity of the X-ray fluorescence produced when higher-shell electrons relax into the hole left by the photoelectron. If F is the intensity of the fluorescence X-rays, the absorption coefficient is: µ x = CF ( / I0 ) (1.11) where C is approximately constant. C is normally neglected as it is eliminated when the EXAFS is extracted. Figure 1.6 represents the detection apparatus for a fluorescence EXAFS experiment. The sample is commonly oriented at 45 to the beam and the fluorescence detector placed at 90. Because the X-rays do not have to pass through the fluorescence detector, a solidstate detector or an ionisation detector filled with a gas of high X-ray cross-section to maximise detection is normally used. fluorescence detector I 2 I 1 I 0 standard sample beam Figure 1.6 Typical apparatus for a fluorescence XAS experiment. The fluorescence detector is usually an ionisation detector or a solid-state detector. A minimal experiment requires only I 0 and the fluorescence detector.
8 Polarised XAS measurements The XAS collected from solutions and powders is unpolarised. Polarised XAS can be collected from anisotropic samples such as crystals. To collect polarised XAS, the sample is placed in a known orientation with respect to the (horizontal) electric-field polarisation vector of the X-ray beam. In the present work, this was accomplished by identifying the crystal axes using X-ray precession photographs and placing the crystal in the desired orientation using the arcs on a goniometer head and a crystal orienter (figure 1.7). laser fluorescence detector beam I 2 standard I 1 I 0 φ ê crystal orienter χ crystal inside capillary (magnified) Figure 1.7 Typical apparatus used in collecting polarised XAS data from oriented single crystals. The laser can be swapped with the standard and I 2 and is used to centre the crystal in the beam path. The crystal is placed in the desired orientation with respect to the (horizontal) polarisation vector (ê) using the φ and χ arcs of the crystal orienter Low-temperature XAS measurements Any of the experiments discussed above may be conducted at low temperatures. For this purpose, the sample is enclosed in a liquid-n 2 or liquid-he cryostat. Windows in the cryostat sample chamber permit the passage of X-rays.
9 9 1.5 Data reduction (extracting the EXAFS) Data reduction refers to the extraction of the EXAFS curve from the raw absorption data. To extract the EXAFS, two contributions to the total absorbance must be removed: 1. The underlying background absorbance (the absorbance that would be observed in the absence of an edge). 2. The featureless background edge absorbance. The following discussion refers to the method used in the current work and implemented in the program SPLINE (Ellis, 1995a) Removing the underlying background absorbance The background or "pre-edge" absorbance is estimated by fitting a polynomial function to the absorbance curve prior to the edge using a least-squares procedure and extrapolating to the end of the data. In the example of figure 1.8, the pre-edge curve was obtained by fitting a quadratic polynomial to the CuO absorbance between the energies 8479 ev and 8928 ev µ (cm-1) Fitted region Energy (ev) Figure 1.8 The K X-ray absorption edge of CuO and the background absorbance estimated by fitting a quadratic curve to the absorbance between 8479 ev and 8928 ev.
10 Normalisation After subtraction of the pre-edge background, the absorbance is scaled to an edge step of 1.0 so that the final EXAFS is relative to the edge (µ 0 ) as required by equation (1.1) Removing the smooth edge background The hypothetical smooth background absorbance above the edge is estimated by fitting a polynomial spline function to the normalised absorbance. The polynomial spline curve consists of one or more polynomial segments. Adjacent segments are constrained to meet and to have the same first derivative, ensuring that the junctions are smooth. A leastsquares procedure is used to fit the spline curve to the normalised absorbance. The weight given to the data points is increased with increasing energy as the fit has to be better at high energy due to the decreasing magnitude of the EXAFS oscillations. The curve in figure 1.9 was obtained by fitting a 3-segment polynomial spline to the normalised CuO absorbance. The polynomial coefficients were calculated to minimise Σ [k 3 (µ normalised (E)-µ spline (E))] 2 for all points above E 0, set arbitrarily to 9000 ev µ (cm-1) Order 2 Order 3 Order Energy (ev) Figure 1.9 Normalised K X-ray absorption edge of CuO and the featureless background edge absorbance estimated using a polynomial spline curve. The spline curve consisted of a segment of order 2 from 9025 ev to 9240 ev, and segments of order 3 from 9240 ev to 9630 ev and 9630 ev to ev.
11 Compensating for decreasing µ 0 After subtraction of the spline curve, the curve in figure 1.10 was obtained µ µ spline (cm-1) Energy (ev) Figure 1.10 Difference between the normalised K-edge absorption from CuO and the featureless background edge absorbance estimated using a polynomial spline curve. To obtain the EXAFS, the difference between the normalised absorbance and the spline curve is divided by the normalised background absorbance due to the edge (µ 0,normalised ). µ 0,normalised is estimated using the expression: µ 4 ( C C ) ( D D ) 3 0, normalised = λ a b λ a b (1.12) where λ is the X-ray wavelength and C b and D b and C a and D a are the Victoreen coefficients before and after the edge as tabulated in the International Tables for X-ray Crystallography (Macgillavry & Rieck, 1962). The estimated normalised edge absorbance is compared to the normalised K-edge absorbance of CuO in figure 1.11.
12 µ (cm-1) Energy (ev) Figure 1.11 Normalised absorbance calculated using expression (1.13) compared to the normalised K-edge absorbance of CuO. The final EXAFS, plotted as a function of k and multiplied by k 3 to compensate for the rapid attenuation with increasing energy, is shown in figure k 3 χ k (Å ) Figure 1.12 K-edge EXAFS from CuO. The EXAFS has been graphed as a function of k and multiplied by k 3 to compensate for the rapid attenuation with increasing energy. k was calculated using E 0 = 9000 ev.
An Introduction to Diffraction and Scattering. School of Chemistry The University of Sydney
An Introduction to Diffraction and Scattering Brendan J. Kennedy School of Chemistry The University of Sydney 1) Strong forces 2) Weak forces Types of Forces 3) Electromagnetic forces 4) Gravity Types
More informationX-ray Spectroscopy. Interaction of X-rays with matter XANES and EXAFS XANES analysis Pre-edge analysis EXAFS analysis
X-ray Spectroscopy Interaction of X-rays with matter XANES and EXAFS XANES analysis Pre-edge analysis EXAFS analysis Element specific Sensitive to low concentrations (0.01-0.1 %) Why XAS? Applicable under
More informationEXAFS. Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure
AOFSRR Cheiron School 2010, SPring-8 EXAFS Oct. 14th, 2010 Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Iwao Watanabe Ritsumeikan University EXAFS Theory Quantum Mechanics Models Approximations Experiment
More informationAn Introduction to XAFS
An Introduction to XAFS Matthew Newville Center for Advanced Radiation Sources The University of Chicago 21-July-2018 Slides for this talk: https://tinyurl.com/larch2018 https://millenia.cars.aps.anl.gov/gsecars/data/larch/2018workshop
More informationIntroduction to XAFS. Grant Bunker Associate Professor, Physics Illinois Institute of Technology. Revised 4/11/97
Introduction to XAFS Grant Bunker Associate Professor, Physics Illinois Institute of Technology Revised 4/11/97 2 tutorial.nb Outline Overview of Tutorial 1: Overview of XAFS 2: Basic Experimental design
More informationNEW CORRECTION PROCEDURE FOR X-RAY SPECTROSCOPIC FLUORESCENCE DATA: SIMULATIONS AND EXPERIMENT
Copyright JCPDS - International Centre for Diffraction Data 2005, Advances in X-ray Analysis, Volume 48. 266 NEW CORRECTION PROCEDURE FOR X-RAY SPECTROSCOPIC FLUORESCENCE DATA: SIMULATIONS AND EXPERIMENT
More informationSurface Sensitivity & Surface Specificity
Surface Sensitivity & Surface Specificity The problems of sensitivity and detection limits are common to all forms of spectroscopy. In its simplest form, the question of sensitivity boils down to whether
More informationX-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Kishan K. Sinha Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Nebraska-Lincoln
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Kishan K. Sinha Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Nebraska-Lincoln Interaction of X-rays with matter Incident X-ray beam Fluorescent X-rays (XRF) Scattered
More informationIn a particular investigation the atomic spacing of the crystal is m and the electrons are accelerated through 3000 V.
1 Crystal structure can be investigated using the diffraction of an electron beam. A typical diffraction pattern is shown. In a particular investigation the atomic spacing of the crystal is 2.3 10 11 m
More informationChemistry 311: Instrumentation Analysis Topic 2: Atomic Spectroscopy. Chemistry 311: Instrumentation Analysis Topic 2: Atomic Spectroscopy
Topic 2b: X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Text: Chapter 12 Rouessac (1 week) 4.0 X-ray Fluorescence Download, read and understand EPA method 6010C ICP-OES Winter 2009 Page 1 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry Fundamental
More informationPart 1: What is XAFS? What does it tell us? The EXAFS equation. Part 2: Basic steps in the analysis Quick overview of typical analysis
Introduction to XAFS Part 1: What is XAFS? What does it tell us? The EXAFS equation Part 2: Basic steps in the analysis Quick overview of typical analysis Tomorrow Measurement methods and examples The
More informationHow Does It All Work? A Summary of the IDEAS Beamline at the Canadian Light Source
How Does It All Work? A Summary of the IDEAS Beamline at the Canadian Light Source What Makes Up The Canadian Light Source? 4. Storage Ring 5. Synchrotron Light 6. Beamline 1. Electron Gun 2. Linear Accelerator
More informationQuantitative determination of the effect of the harmonic component in. monochromatised synchrotron X-ray beam experiments
Frascati Physics Series Vol. XXX (1997), pp. 000-000 Conference Title - Conference Town, Oct 3rd, 1996 Quantitative determination of the effect of the harmonic component in monochromatised synchrotron
More informationPart II. Fundamentals of X-ray Absorption Fine Structure: data analysis
Part II Fundamentals of X-ray Absorption Fine Structure: data analysis Sakura Pascarelli European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France Page 1 S. Pascarelli HERCULES 2016 Data Analysis: EXAFS
More informationX-ray diffraction is a non-invasive method for determining many types of
Chapter X-ray Diffraction.1 Introduction X-ray diffraction is a non-invasive method for determining many types of structural features in both crystalline and amorphous materials. In the case of single
More informationChap. 3. Elementary Quantum Physics
Chap. 3. Elementary Quantum Physics 3.1 Photons - Light: e.m "waves" - interference, diffraction, refraction, reflection with y E y Velocity = c Direction of Propagation z B z Fig. 3.1: The classical view
More informationVibrational Spectroscopies. C-874 University of Delaware
Vibrational Spectroscopies C-874 University of Delaware Vibrational Spectroscopies..everything that living things do can be understood in terms of the jigglings and wigglings of atoms.. R. P. Feymann Vibrational
More informationprint first name print last name print student id grade
print first name print last name print student id grade Experiment 2 X-ray fluorescence X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) may be used to determine the constituent elements and the crystalline
More informationAnatomy of an XAFS Measurement
Anatomy of an XAFS Measurement Matt Newville Consortium for Advanced Radiation Sources University of Chicago Experiment Design Transmission v. Fluorescence modes X-ray detectors Data Collection Strategies
More informationX-ray Spectroscopy. Danny Bennett and Maeve Madigan. October 12, 2015
X-ray Spectroscopy Danny Bennett and Maeve Madigan October 12, 2015 Abstract Various X-ray spectra were obtained, and their properties were investigated. The characteristic peaks were identified for a
More informationBasics of EXAFS data analysis. Shelly Kelly Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL
Basics of EXAFS data analysis Shelly Kelly Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL X-ray-Absorption Fine Structure APS monochromator slits Sample I 0 I t Ion Chambers I f Attenuation of x-rays I t = I
More informationSolid State Spectroscopy Problem Set 7
Solid State Spectroscopy Problem Set 7 Due date: June 29th, 2015 Problem 5.1 EXAFS Study of Mn/Fe substitution in Y(Mn 1-x Fe x ) 2 O 5 From article «EXAFS, XANES, and DFT study of the mixed-valence compound
More informationX-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Matthew Newville Center for Advanced Radiation Sources University of Chicago 12-Sept-2014 SES VI SES VI 12-Sept-2014 SES VI What Is XAFS? X-ray Absorption Fine-Structure (XAFS)
More informationλ = h = h p mv λ = h mv FXA 2008 Candidates should be able to :
1 Candidates should be able to : Explain electron diffraction as evidence for the wave nature of particles like electrons. Explain that electrons travelling through polycrystalline graphite will be diffracted
More informationX-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Nikki Truss November 26, 2012 Abstract In these experiments, some aspects of x-ray absorption spectroscopy were investigated. The x-ray spectrum of molybdenum was recorded
More informationQuantum Mechanics Tutorial
Quantum Mechanics Tutorial The Wave Nature of Matter Wave-particle duality and de Broglie s hypothesis. de Broglie matter waves The Davisson-Germer experiment Matter wave packets Heisenberg uncertainty
More informationX-ray absorption spectroscopy
X-ray absorption spectroscopy Prof. Hugh H. Harris Department of Chemistry The University of Adelaide hugh.harris@adelaide.edu.au AOFSRR - synchrotron school May 30, 2017 1 Outline X-ray absorption spectroscopy
More informationElectron Spectroscopy
Electron Spectroscopy Photoelectron spectroscopy is based upon a single photon in/electron out process. The energy of a photon is given by the Einstein relation : E = h ν where h - Planck constant ( 6.62
More informationAn Introduction to X- ray Absorption Spectroscopy
An Introduction to X- ray Absorption Spectroscopy Paul Fons National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology paul-fons@aist.go.jp to Share -- to copy, distribute, and transmit the work to
More information1 Photoelectric effect - Classical treatment. 2 Photoelectric effect - Quantum treatment
1 OF 5 NOTE: This problem set is to be handed in to my mail slot (SMITH) located in the Clarendon Laboratory by 5:00 PM Tuesday, 10 May. 1 Photoelectric effect - Classical treatment A laser beam with an
More information4. Other diffraction techniques
4. Other diffraction techniques 4.1 Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED) Setup: - Grazing-incidence high energy electron beam (3-5 kev: MEED,
More informationChemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 19 Chapter 12. Chem 4631
Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 19 Chapter 12 There are three major techniques used for elemental analysis: Optical spectrometry Mass spectrometry X-ray spectrometry X-ray Techniques include:
More information1) Introduction 2) Photo electric effect 3) Dual nature of matter 4) Bohr s atom model 5) LASERS
1) Introduction 2) Photo electric effect 3) Dual nature of matter 4) Bohr s atom model 5) LASERS 1. Introduction Types of electron emission, Dunnington s method, different types of spectra, Fraunhoffer
More informationName the region of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the laser. ...
1. An argon-laser emits electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 5.1 10 7 m. The radiation is directed onto the surface of a caesium plate. The work function energy for caesium is 1.9 ev. (i) Name the region
More informationPARTICLES AND WAVES CHAPTER 29 CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 29 PARTICLES AND WAVES CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS 1. REASONING AND SOLUTION A monochromatic light source emits photons of a single frequency. According to Equation 29.2, the energy, E, of a single photon
More informationRadiation interaction with matter and energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence analysis (EDXRF)
Radiation interaction with matter and energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence analysis (EDXRF) Giancarlo Pepponi Fondazione Bruno Kessler MNF Micro Nano Facility pepponi@fbk.eu MAUD school 2017 Caen, France
More informationCharacterisation of vibrational modes of adsorbed species
17.7.5 Characterisation of vibrational modes of adsorbed species Infrared spectroscopy (IR) See Ch.10. Infrared vibrational spectra originate in transitions between discrete vibrational energy levels of
More informationSemiconductor Physics and Devices
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics In order to understand the current-voltage characteristics, we need some knowledge of electron behavior in semiconductor when the electron is subjected to various potential
More informationNuclear Physics. (PHY-231) Dr C. M. Cormack. Nuclear Physics This Lecture
Nuclear Physics (PHY-31) Dr C. M. Cormack 11 Nuclear Physics This Lecture This Lecture We will discuss an important effect in nuclear spectroscopy The Mössbauer Effect and its applications in technology
More informationEEE4106Z Radiation Interactions & Detection
EEE4106Z Radiation Interactions & Detection 2. Radiation Detection Dr. Steve Peterson 5.14 RW James Department of Physics University of Cape Town steve.peterson@uct.ac.za May 06, 2015 EEE4106Z :: Radiation
More informationElectron Diffraction
Exp-3-Electron Diffraction.doc (TJR) Physics Department, University of Windsor Introduction 64-311 Laboratory Experiment 3 Electron Diffraction In 1924 de Broglie predicted that the wavelength of matter
More informationToday s Outline - April 07, C. Segre (IIT) PHYS Spring 2015 April 07, / 30
Today s Outline - April 07, 2015 C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Spring 2015 April 07, 2015 1 / 30 Today s Outline - April 07, 2015 PHYS 570 days at 10-ID C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Spring 2015 April 07, 2015
More informationBasics of EXAFS data analysis. Shelly Kelly Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL
Basics of EXAFS data analysis Shelly Kelly Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL X-ray-Absorption Fine Structure NSLS monochromator slits Sample I 0 I t Ion Chambers I f Attenuation of x-rays I t =
More informationChapter 37 Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atom. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 37 Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atom Planck s Quantum Hypothesis; Blackbody Radiation Photon Theory of Light and the Photoelectric Effect Energy, Mass, and Momentum of a Photon Compton
More informationRDCH 702 Lecture 8: Accelerators and Isotope Production
RDCH 702 Lecture 8: Accelerators and Isotope Production Particle generation Accelerator Direct Voltage Linear Cyclotrons Synchrotrons Photons * XAFS * Photonuclear Heavy Ions Neutrons sources Fission products
More informationRadionuclide Imaging MII Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Radionuclide Imaging MII 3073 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron (β + ) emission Positron is an electron with positive charge. Positron-emitting radionuclides are most commonly produced in cyclotron
More informationand another with a peak frequency ω 2
Physics Qualifying Examination Part I 7-Minute Questions September 13, 2014 1. A sealed container is divided into two volumes by a moveable piston. There are N A molecules on one side and N B molecules
More informationPage 2. Q1.Electrons and protons in two beams are travelling at the same speed. The beams are diffracted by objects of the same size.
Q1.Electrons and protons in two beams are travelling at the same speed. The beams are diffracted by objects of the same size. Which correctly compares the de Broglie wavelength λ e of the electrons with
More informationRED. BLUE Light. Light-Matter
1 Light-Matter This experiment demonstrated that light behaves as a wave. Essentially Thomas Young passed a light of a single frequency ( colour) through a pair of closely spaced narrow slits and on the
More informationSAXS and SANS facilities and experimental practice. Clement Blanchet
SAXS and SANS facilities and experimental practice Clement Blanchet SAS experiment Detector X-ray or neutron Beam Sample 2 s Buffer X-rays Roengten, 1895 Electromagnetic wave The electromagnetic spectrum
More informationSoft X-ray Physics DELNOR-WIGGINS PASS STATE PARK
Soft X-ray Physics Overview of research in Prof. Tonner s group Introduction to synchrotron radiation physics Photoemission spectroscopy: band-mapping and photoelectron diffraction Magnetic spectroscopy
More informationBiophysics Collaborative Access Team Basic Techniques for EXAFS Revision date 6/25/94 G.Bunker. Optimizing X-ray Filters
Biophysics Collaborative Access Team Basic Techniques for EXAFS Revision date 6/25/94 G.Bunker Optimizing X-ray Filters X-ray filters are an essential, but often neglected, part of the apparatus for fluorescence
More informationX-ray Absorption at the Near-edge and Its Applications
X-ray Absorption at the Near-edge and Its Applications Faisal M Alamgir faisal@msegatechedu School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Cartoon of XAS ln(i 0 /I t ) or
More informationMichelson Interferometer
Michelson Interferometer Objective Determination of the wave length of the light of the helium-neon laser by means of Michelson interferometer subsectionprinciple and Task Light is made to produce interference
More informationChapter 2 EXAFS structure analysis using the program XFIT
13 Chapter EXAFS structure analysis using the program XFIT This chapter is based on a paper published in J. Synchrotron Rad. (Ellis & Freeman, 1995)..1 Introduction The analysis of EXAFS can yield the
More informationPHYSICS (SPECIFICATION A) PA10
Surname Centre Number Other Names Candidate Number Leave blank Candidate Signature General Certificate of Education June 2004 Advanced Level Examination PHYSICS (SPECIFICATION A) Unit 10 The Synoptic Unit
More informationInteraction of particles with matter - 2. Silvia Masciocchi, GSI and University of Heidelberg SS2017, Heidelberg May 3, 2017
Interaction of particles with matter - 2 Silvia Masciocchi, GSI and University of Heidelberg SS2017, Heidelberg May 3, 2017 Energy loss by ionization (by heavy particles) Interaction of electrons with
More informationPhysics Assessment Unit AS 2
Centre Number 71 Candidate Number ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY General Certificate of Education January 2011 Physics Assessment Unit AS 2 assessing Module 2: Waves, Photons and Medical Physics AY121 [AY121] MONDAY
More informationCrystal Structure and Electron Diffraction
Crystal Structure and Electron Diffraction References: Kittel C.: Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8 th ed. Wiley 005 University of Michigan, PHY441-44 (Advanced Physics Laboratory Experiments, Electron
More informationPhotoelectron spectroscopy Instrumentation. Nanomaterials characterization 2
Photoelectron spectroscopy Instrumentation Nanomaterials characterization 2 RNDr. Věra V Vodičkov ková,, PhD. Photoelectron Spectroscopy general scheme Impact of X-ray emitted from source to the sample
More informationLecture 22 Ion Beam Techniques
Lecture 22 Ion Beam Techniques Schroder: Chapter 11.3 1/44 Announcements Homework 6/6: Will be online on later today. Due Wednesday June 6th at 10:00am. I will return it at the final exam (14 th June).
More informationPOLARISATION. We have not really discussed the direction of the Electric field other that that it is perpendicular to the direction of motion.
POLARISATION Light is a transverse electromagnetic wave. We have not really discussed the direction of the Electric field other that that it is perpendicular to the direction of motion. If the E field
More informationis the minimum stopping potential for which the current between the plates reduces to zero.
Module 1 :Quantum Mechanics Chapter 2 : Introduction to Quantum ideas Introduction to Quantum ideas We will now consider some experiments and their implications, which introduce us to quantum ideas. The
More informationDevelopment of 2-Dimentional Imaging XAFS System at BL-4
Development of 2-Dimentional Imaging XAFS System at BL-4 Koichi Sumiwaka 1, Misaki Katayama 2, Yasuhiro Inada 2 1) Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan, University,
More informationRb, which had been compressed to a density of 1013
Modern Physics Study Questions for the Spring 2018 Departmental Exam December 3, 2017 1. An electron is initially at rest in a uniform electric field E in the negative y direction and a uniform magnetic
More informationX-Ray Emission and Absorption
X-Ray Emission and Absorption Author: Mike Nill Alex Bryant February 6, 20 Abstract X-rays were produced by two bench-top diffractometers using a copper target. Various nickel filters were placed in front
More informationobject objective lens eyepiece lens
Advancing Physics G495 June 2015 SET #1 ANSWERS Field and Particle Pictures Seeing with electrons The compound optical microscope Q1. Before attempting this question it may be helpful to review ray diagram
More informationU n 3 n Ba Kr (D) Br (C) Kr (B) Rb (E) 94 37
1984 36. The critical angle for a transparent material in air is 30. The index of refraction of the material is most nearly (A) 0.33 (B) 0.50 (C) 1.0 (D) 1.5 (E) 2.0 37. An object is placed as shown in
More informationH2 Physics Set A Paper 3 H2 PHYSICS. Exam papers with worked solutions. (Selected from Top JC) SET A PAPER 3.
H2 PHYSICS Exam papers with worked solutions (Selected from Top JC) SET A PAPER 3 Compiled by THE PHYSICS CAFE 1 P a g e Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. READ
More informationName : Roll No. :.. Invigilator s Signature :.. CS/B.Tech/SEM-2/PH-201/2010 2010 ENGINEERING PHYSICS Time Allotted : 3 Hours Full Marks : 70 The figures in the margin indicate full marks. Candidates are
More informationName: (a) What core levels are responsible for the three photoelectron peaks in Fig. 1?
Physics 243A--Surface Physics of Materials: Spectroscopy Final Examination December 16, 2014 (3 problems, 100 points total, open book, open notes and handouts) Name: [1] (50 points), including Figures
More informationX-RAY SPECTRA. Theory:
12 Oct 18 X-ray.1 X-RAY SPECTRA In this experiment, a number of measurements involving x-rays will be made. The spectrum of x-rays emitted from a molybdenum target will be measured, and the experimental
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Anisotropic phase segregation and migration of Pt in nanocrystals en route to nanoframe catalysts Zhiqiang Niu 1, Nigel Becknell 1, Yi Yu 1,2, Dohyung Kim 3, Chen Chen 1,4, Nikolay Kornienko 1, Gabor A.
More information1 Electrons are emitted from a metal surface when it is illuminated with suitable electromagnetic radiation. ...[1]
1 Electrons are emitted from a metal surface when it is illuminated with suitable electromagnetic radiation. 1 (a) (b) Name the effect described above....[1] The variation with frequency f of the maximum
More informationDUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER I K GOGIA KV JHARODA KALAN DELHI.
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER AIM: The aim of present self- learning module is to train the minds of the learners in building the concepts by learning on their own. The module is designed to Achieve
More informationElectron Diffraction
Electron iffraction o moving electrons display wave nature? To answer this question you will direct a beam of electrons through a thin layer of carbon and analyze the resulting pattern. Theory Louis de
More informationNeutron Diffraction: a general overview
RUG1 Neutron Diffraction: a general overview Graeme Blake Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Outline Elastic scattering of neutrons from matter Comparison of neutron and X-ray
More informationIntroduction to X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy, Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure
Mini-school X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Introduction to X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy, Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Martin C. Feiters, IMM, HG 03.021, Radboud University Heijendaalsweg 153,
More informationChapter 1 Introduction to X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Chapter 1 Introduction to X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Claudia S. Schnohr and Mark C. Ridgway X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) is a well-established analytical technique used extensively for the characterization
More informationBuilding Blocks for Quantum Computing Part IV. Design and Construction of the Trapped Ion Quantum Computer (TIQC)
Building Blocks for Quantum Computing Part IV Design and Construction of the Trapped Ion Quantum Computer (TIQC) CSC801 Seminar on Quantum Computing Spring 2018 1 Goal Is To Understand The Principles And
More informationLecture 23 X-Ray & UV Techniques
Lecture 23 X-Ray & UV Techniques Schroder: Chapter 11.3 1/50 Announcements Homework 6/6: Will be online on later today. Due Wednesday June 6th at 10:00am. I will return it at the final exam (14 th June).
More informationtip conducting surface
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 1. The diagram shows the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) above a conducting surface. The tip is at a potential of 1.0 V relative to the surface. If the tip is sufficiently
More informationChapter 4 NON-LINEAR RESPONSE OF THE TOTAL ELECTRON-YIELD SIGNAL TO THE X-RAY ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT
Chapter 4 NON-LINEAR RESPONSE OF THE TOTAL ELECTRON-YIELD SIGNAL TO THE X-RAY ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT 4.1. Is Near-Surface Disorder the Origin of Reduced X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Amplitudes Detected
More informationRevision Guide. Chapter 7 Quantum Behaviour
Revision Guide Chapter 7 Quantum Behaviour Contents CONTENTS... 2 REVISION CHECKLIST... 3 REVISION NOTES... 4 QUANTUM BEHAVIOUR... 4 Random arrival of photons... 4 Photoelectric effect... 5 PHASE AN PHASORS...
More informationLaboratory Manual 1.0.6
Laboratory Manual 1.0.6 Background What is X-ray Diffraction? X-rays scatter off of electrons, in a process of absorption and re-admission. Diffraction is the accumulative result of the x-ray scattering
More informationIII. Energy Deposition in the Detector and Spectrum Formation
1 III. Energy Deposition in the Detector and Spectrum Formation a) charged particles Bethe-Bloch formula de 4πq 4 z2 e 2m v = NZ ( ) dx m v ln ln 1 0 2 β β I 0 2 2 2 z, v: atomic number and velocity of
More informationPHYS 5012 Radiation Physics and Dosimetry
PHYS 5012 Radiation Physics and Dosimetry Tuesday 12 March 2013 What are the dominant photon interactions? (cont.) Compton scattering, photoelectric absorption and pair production are the three main energy
More informationWhich of the following can be used to calculate the resistive force acting on the brick? D (Total for Question = 1 mark)
1 A brick of mass 5.0 kg falls through water with an acceleration of 0.90 m s 2. Which of the following can be used to calculate the resistive force acting on the brick? A 5.0 (0.90 9.81) B 5.0 (0.90 +
More informationX-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Eric Peterson 9/2/2010
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Eric Peterson 9/2/2010 Outline Generation/Absorption of X-rays History Synchrotron Light Sources Data reduction/analysis Examples Crystallite size from Coordination Number
More informationUNIVERSITY OF SURREY DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS. Level 1: Experiment 2F THE ABSORPTION, DIFFRACTION AND EMISSION OF X- RAY RADIATION
UNIVERSITY OF SURREY DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS Level 1: Experiment 2F THE ABSORPTION, DIFFRACTION AND EMISSION OF X- RAY RADIATION 1 AIMS 1.1 Physics These experiments are intended to give some experience
More informationWhy is the sky blue?
Why is the sky blue? Volcanic: June 12, 1991: Mt Pinatubo ejected 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide. Aerosols spread globally Haze lowered a drop of global temperature by 1F Size parameter: Rayleigh
More informationInteraction X-rays - Matter
Interaction X-rays - Matter Pair production hν > M ev Photoelectric absorption hν MATTER hν Transmission X-rays hν' < hν Scattering hν Decay processes hν f Compton Thomson Fluorescence Auger electrons
More informationSECTION A Quantum Physics and Atom Models
AP Physics Multiple Choice Practice Modern Physics SECTION A Quantum Physics and Atom Models 1. Light of a single frequency falls on a photoelectric material but no electrons are emitted. Electrons may
More informationTransmission Electron Microscopy
L. Reimer H. Kohl Transmission Electron Microscopy Physics of Image Formation Fifth Edition el Springer Contents 1 Introduction... 1 1.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy... 1 1.1.1 Conventional Transmission
More informationShell Atomic Model and Energy Levels
Shell Atomic Model and Energy Levels (higher energy, deeper excitation) - Radio waves: Not absorbed and pass through tissue un-attenuated - Microwaves : Energies of Photos enough to cause molecular rotation
More informationInteraction of Ionizing Radiation with Matter
Type of radiation charged particles photonen neutronen Uncharged particles Charged particles electrons (β - ) He 2+ (α), H + (p) D + (d) Recoil nuclides Fission fragments Interaction of ionizing radiation
More informationA beam of coherent monochromatic light from a distant galaxy is used in an optics experiment on Earth.
Waves_P2 [152 marks] A beam of coherent monochromatic light from a distant galaxy is used in an optics experiment on Earth. The beam is incident normally on a double slit. The distance between the slits
More informationPHYSICS Written examination 2 Wednesday 12 November 2008
Victorian Certificate of Education 2008 SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HERE Figures Words STUDENT NUMBER PHYSICS Written examination 2 Wednesday 12 November 2008 Reading time: 11.45 am to 12.00
More informationHigh-Resolution. Transmission. Electron Microscopy
Part 4 High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy 186 Significance high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM): resolve object details smaller than 1nm (10 9 m) image the interior of
More informationChapter Two. Energy Bands and Effective Mass
Chapter Two Energy Bands and Effective Mass Energy Bands Formation At Low Temperature At Room Temperature Valence Band Insulators Metals Effective Mass Energy-Momentum Diagrams Direct and Indirect Semiconduction
More information