Chapter 16. Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. Reactivity of Benzene
|
|
- Sabina Osborne
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 hapter 16 hemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactivity of Benzene - stabilization due to aromaticity makes benzene significantly less reactive than isolated alkenes 2 no reaction KMn 4 no reaction 3, 2 2 /Pt no reaction no reaction - however: 2, Fe 3 benzene bromobenzene (80%) - substitution, not addition product. Why? 1
2 Answer: Addition product would not be aromatic 2, Fe 3 addition or substitution? addition product NT formed substitution product r Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Mechanism - goes by way of mechanism that permits product to retain aromaticity δ- δ Fe 3 δ- δ 3 Fe weak electrophile strong electrophile - interaction with Fe 3 makes 2 more electrophilic - polarized 2 is then attacked by the π electron system of the nucleophilic benzene ring (rate-limiting step) to yield a nonaromatic carbocation intermediate that is stabilized by resonance carbocation intermediates 2
3 - carbocation intermediate then loses from the bromine-bearing carbon to give a substitution product Fe step is similar to the second step of an E1 reaction - net effect is substitution of with ; aromaticity is retained E E Reaction Progress Usefulness of Reaction S 3 N 2 sulphonation R nitration X alkylation R halogenation acylation Applications: 1) pharmaceuticals 2) dyes 3) precursors for further reactions 3
4 Substitutions Aromatic alogenation - works for and I, F is too reactive with poor yields - electrophile is generated by way of a mechanism similar to bromination 2 Fe 3 catalyst I 2 2u 2 2I 2u I I 2 u 2 I Base I Aromatic Nitration - electrophile is nitronium ion which is generated in a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids N 2 S 4 N 2 N - nitro-substituted product can be reduced to yield an arylamine, useful precursors in dye production N 2 N 2 1) Sn2, 3 2) - Aromatic Sulphonation - reaction is effected in fuming sulfuric acid ( 2 S 4 and S 3 ) - electrophile is either S 3 or neutral S 3 S 2 S 4 S S sulphonation is reversible such that it may go forward or backward depending on reaction conditions - useful reaction for production of sulpha drugs for treatment of meningitis and urinary-tract infections 2N S N2 sulfanilamide (antibiotic) 4
5 Problem: ow many products may be formed on chlorination of o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene? Alkylation of Aromatic Rings: The Friedel-rafts Reaction - alkylation, attachment of an alkyl group (e.g. ethyl) to the benzene ring Al electrophile is a carbocation, and results in the direct formation of a carbon-carbon bond - carbocation is generated using aluminum chloride which acts as a catalyst, similar to Fe 3 in the previous halogenation 3 3 Al Al 4-5
6 Mechanism Limitations of the Friedel-rafts Reaction 1) nly alkyl halides can be used; aryl and vinylic halides are unreactive aryl halide vinylic halide 2) If strongly electron-withdrawing groups or amino groups are present on the benzene ring, then poor yields are encountered R X = nitro, amino, carbonyl - limitations hinder usefulness and scope of reaction 3) It is often difficult to stop the reaction once a single substitution has occurred, which leads to multiple substitutions or polyalkylations Al ( 3 ) 3 3 polyalkylation ( 3) 3 ( 3 ) 3 ( 3) 3 major product minor product 6
7 4) arbocation rearrangements (e.g. hydride shift) occur and lead to mixtures of products Al 3,, 0 o sec-butylbenzene (65%) butylbenzene (35%) Acylation - acyl group (-R) is introduced onto a benzene ring by way of a reaction with a carboxylic acid chloride 3 Al 3 80 o 3 - mechanism is similar to that of alkylation; carbocation is stabilized by resonance involving an oxygen atom 3 Al 3 R R - acylations never occur more than once since the product is less reactive than the nonacylated starting material 7
8 Substituent Effects in Substituted Aromatic Rings - what happens if we carry out a reaction on an aromatic ring that already has a substituent? X X X X Result: single product? mixture? no reaction? Two Important Effects 1) Reactivity A substituent affects the reactivity of the aromatic ring Substituents may either activate or deactivate the benzene ring relative to benzene 2) rientation The three possible disubstituted products (i.e. ortho, meta, para) are usually not formed in equal amounts The nature of the substituent already present on the benzene ring determines the position of the second substituent assification of Substituents Three Types of Substituents: 1) ortho- and para- directing activators 2) ortho- and para- directing deactivators 3) meta- directing deactivators 8
9 ontrol of Reactivity and rientation - interplay of inductive effects and resonance effects - inductive effect: - withdrawal or donation of electrons through a σ bond due to electronegativity and the polarity of bonds in functional groups - withdrawal of electrons: δ- δ- δ δ X δ δ- N N - donation of electrons: 3 - resonance effect: - withdrawal or donation of electrons through a π bond due to overlap of a p orbital on the substituent with a p orbital on the aromatic ring - withdrawal of electrons: - effect is greatest at the ortho and para positions, creating a build-up of positive charge Z N N - general structure -=Z, where Z is more electronegative atom (e.g. -R, -N, -N 2 ) 9
10 - donation of electrons: - effect is greatest at the ortho and para positions, creating a build-up of negative charge X R N 2 - general structure -, where Z atom has a lone pair of electrons available for donation (e.g. -, -R, -N 2 ) Problem: What are the major products of the following reactions? a) mononitration of bromobenzene b) monobromination of aniline Explanation of Substituent Effects - must consider stability of the carbocation intermediate that forms upon ortho-, meta-, and para- substitution > > E E E E E E - activating groups donate electrons to the ring, thereby stabilizing the carbocation intermediate and causing it to form faster - deactiviting groups withdraw electrons from the ring, thereby destabilizing the carbocation intermediate and causing it to form more slowly 10
11 Nitration of Toluene Mechanism Nitration of Phenol Nitration of hlorobenzene 11
12 hlorination of Benzaldehyde Trisubstituted Benzenes - further electrophilic substitution of a disubstituted benzene is governed by the same resonance and inductive effects X X X ortho- meta- para- - must consider additive effects of the two groups on the ring Three rules to follow: 1) Directing effects can reinforce each other methyl group 3 3 N 3 N 2 2 S 4 N 2 N 2 nitro group p-nitrotoluene 2,4-dinitrotoluene 12
13 2) If the directing effects oppose each other, the more powerful activating group has the dominant influence Note: mixtures of products often result - 3) Substitution between two groups in a meta-disubstituted compound rarely occurs because the site is too hindered Fe 3 m-chlorotoluene 2,5-dichlorotoluene 2,3-dichlorotoluene 3,4-dichlorotoluene NT formed - must find alternative way to synthesize such compounds N 2 3 N 2 N S 4 N 2 2N 3 N 2 o-nitrotoluene 2,6-dinitrotoluene 2,4-dinitrotoluene Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (NAS) - aryl halides with an electron-withdrawing substitutent can undergo nucleophilic aromatic substitution 2N N N N N2 N2 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (100%) 13
14 Mechanism of Reaction? - how does reaction occur? Neither S N 1 nor S N 2 - does not occur - instead, proceeds by addition/elimination mechanism Mechanism 14
15 Differences Between EAS and NAS Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution - favored by electron-donating substituents which stabilize the carbocation intermediate - electron-withdrawing groups deactivate - electron-withdrawing groups are meta directors Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution - favored by electron-withdrawing subsitutents which stabilize the carbanion intermediate - electron-withdrawing groups activate - electron-withdrawing groups are ortho- and para- directors Benzyne - at high temperature and pressure, chlorobenzene can be forced to react to form phenol 1. Na, 2, 340 o, 2500 psi phenol synthesis takes place by way of an elimination/addition mechanism rather than addition/elimination - proceeds through a reactive benzyne intermediate Benzyne Intermediate elimination addition sp 2 hybridized sp 2 hybridized 15
16 Evidence for Benzyne Intermediate - radioactive 14 labeling experiments: * N2 bromobenzene * N - * 2 N 3 (-) benzyne (symmetrical) 50% N 3 * 50% N 2 aniline - reactivity experiments involving benzyne: KN 2 benzyne (dienophile) furan (diene) Diels-Alder product rbital Picture of Benzyne 16
17 xidation of Aromatic ompounds - benzene ring itself is inert to strong oxidizing agents (e.g. KMn 4, Na 2 r 2 7 ), which cleave alkene - bonds KMn 4 no reaction Na 2 r 2 7 no reaction xidation of Alkyl-Groups - alkyl-group side chains are readily attacked by oxidizing agents, being converted to carboxyl groups (-) 3 2 KMn 4 2, 95 o N 2 N 2 p-nitrotoluene p-nitrobenzoic acid (88%) KMn 4 2 butylbenzene benzoic acid - mechanism requires - bond at the position next to the aromatic ring to produce benzylic radicals Importance of Benzylic Radical 3 KMn no reaction 17
18 omination of Alkylbenzene Side hains - treatment of an alkylbenzene with N-bromosuccinimide results in side-chain bromination at the benzylic position N N (Ph 2 ) 2, 4 - mechanism is similar to allylic bromination of alkenes - involves a benzylic radical stabilized by resonance 18
19 Reduction of Aromatic ompounds - benzene rings are also inert to oxidation under most conditions - inert to catalytic hydrogenation under conditions that reduce typical alkenes - it is therefore possible to selectively reduce double bonds in the presence of an aromatic ring 2, Pd Ethanol 4-phenyl-3-buten-2-one 4-phenyl-3-butanone (100%) ydrogenation of Benzene - to hydrogenate benzene, harsh reaction conditions are necessary Examples - platinum catalyst under several hundred atmospheres of pressure 3 3 2, Pt; ethanol 2000 psi, 25 o rhodium catalyst on carbon 3 2, Rh/; ethanol 3 1 atm, 25 o Reduction of Aryl Alkyl Ketones - aromatic ring activates a neighboring carbonyl group toward reduction Example /Pd Al 3 propiophenone (95%) propylbenzene (100%) Al mixture of two products * avoids carbocation rearrangements * 19
20 - dialkyl ketones are not hydrogenated under these conditions 3 3 2, Pd/ Ethanol NT formed - -N 2 groups are reduced to an amino group under these conditions 2N 3 2, Pd/ Ethanol 2N 2 3 Synthesis of Trisubstituted Benzenes - a successful multistep synthesis of a complex molecule requires a working knowledge of many organic reactions - you need to know which reactions are available and when to use them - such a working knowledge may be developed in the synthesis of trisubstituted benzenes since the introduction of new substituents is strongly affected by directing effects of other substituents N 2 N 2 p-chloronitrobenzene m-chloropropylbenzene o-nitropropylbenzene N 3 2 S 4 N2 223 N 2 4-chloro-1-nitro-2-propylbenzene chloro-1-nitro-2-propylbenzene 20
21 2, Pd/ Ethanol 2 Fe Al 3 Total Synthesis Al 3 Fe 3 2, Pd/ Ethanol N 3 N 2 2 S 4 21
Ch.16 Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Ch.16 Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Electrophilic aromatic substitution: E + E + + Some electrophilic aromatic substitution: X N 2 S 3 R C R alogenation Nitration Sulfonation
More informationChapter 5. Aromatic Compounds
Chapter 5. Aromatic Compounds 5.1 Structure of Benzene: The Kekule Proposal Mid-1800s, benzene was known to have the molecular formula C 6 6. Benzene reacts with 2 in the presence of iron to give substitution
More information11/30/ Substituent Effects in Electrophilic Substitutions. Substituent Effects in Electrophilic Substitutions
Chapter 9 Problems: 9.1-29, 32-34, 36-37, 39-45, 48-56, 58-59, 61-69, 71-72. 9.8 Substituent effects in the electrophilic substitution of an aromatic ring Substituents affect the reactivity of the aromatic
More information16. Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. Based on McMurry s Organic Chemistry, 7 th edition
16. Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Based on McMurry s Organic Chemistry, 7 th edition Substitution Reactions of Benzene and Its Derivatives Benzene is aromatic: a cyclic conjugated
More informationChapter 16 Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
John E. McMurry www.cengage.com/chemistry/mcmurry Chapter 16 Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Paul D. Adams University of Arkansas Substitution Reactions of Benzene and Its Derivatives
More informationChemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Why this Chapter? Continuation of coverage of aromatic compounds in preceding chapter focus shift to understanding reactions Examine relationship
More informationOrganic Chemistry. M. R. Naimi-Jamal. Faculty of Chemistry Iran University of Science & Technology
Organic Chemistry M. R. Naimi-Jamal Faculty of Chemistry Iran University of Science & Technology Chapter 5-2. Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Based on McMurry s Organic Chemistry,
More informationChapter 17 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Chapter 17 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Electrophile substitutes for a hydrogen on the benzene ring. Chapter 17: Aromatics 2-Reactions Slide 17-2 1 Mechanism Step
More informationCHAPTER 16 - CHEMISTRY OF BENZENE: ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION
CAPTR 16 - CMISTRY F BNZN: LCTRPILIC ARMATIC SUBSTITUTIN As stated in the previous chapter, benzene and other aromatic rings do not undergo electrophilic addition reactions of the simple alkenes but rather
More information16. Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution جانشینی الکتروندوستی آروماتیک شیمی آلی 2
16. Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution جانشینی الکتروندوستی آروماتیک شیمی آلی 2 Dr M. Mehrdad University of Guilan, Department of Chemistry, Rasht, Iran m-mehrdad@guilan.ac.ir Based
More information16. Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution جانشینی الکتروندوستی آروماتیک شیمی آلی 2
16. Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution جانشینی الکتروندوستی آروماتیک شیمی آلی 2 Dr M. Mehrdad University of Guilan, Department of Chemistry, Rasht, Iran m-mehrdad@guilan.ac.ir Based
More information08. Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. Based on McMurry s Organic Chemistry, 6 th edition, Chapter 16
08. Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Based on McMurry s Organic Chemistry, 6 th edition, Chapter 16 Benzene is a nucleophile p electrons make benzene nucleophile, like alkenes.
More informationCh 16 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Ch 16 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Mechanism - Aromatic rings typically undergo substitution, where an H is replaced with an electrophile (E+). - The rings do not typically undergo addition across
More information12/27/2010. Chapter 15 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
Chapter 15 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Arene (Ar-H) is the generic term for an aromatic hydrocarbon The aryl group (Ar) is derived by removal of a hydrogen atom
More informationChapter 15. Reactions of Aromatic Compounds. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution on Arenes. The first step is the slow, rate-determining step
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution on Arenes Chapter 15 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds The characteristic reaction of aromatic rings is substitution initiated by an electrophile halogenation nitration
More informationChapter 15 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
Chapter 15 1 Chapter 15 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Arene (Ar-H) is the generic term for an aromatic hydrocarbon The aryl group (Ar) is derived by removal of a hydrogen
More informationChapter 13 Reactions of Arenes Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
. 13 hapter 13 eactions of Arenes lectrophilic Aromatic ubstitution lectrophiles add to aromatic rings in a fashion somewhat similar to the addition of electrophiles to alkenes. ecall: 3 4 Y 1 4 2 1 δ
More informationLecture Topics: I. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS)
Reactions of Aromatic Compounds Reading: Wade chapter 17, sections 17-1- 17-15 Study Problems: 17-44, 17-46, 17-47, 17-48, 17-51, 17-52, 17-53, 17-59, 17-61 Key Concepts and Skills: Predict and propose
More informationOrganic Chemistry, 7 L. G. Wade, Jr. Chapter , Prentice Hall
Organic Chemistry, 7 th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Chapter 17 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds 2010, Prentice Hall Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Although h benzene s pi electrons are in a stable aromatic
More informationChapter 17. Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
Chapter 17 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Although benzene s pi electrons are in a stable aromatic system, they are available to attack a strong electrophile to give
More informationTreatment of cyclooctatetrene with potassium gives you a dianion. Classify the starting material and product as aromatic, antiaromatic or
Treatment of cyclooctatetrene with potassium gives you a dianion. Classify the starting material and product as aromatic, antiaromatic or nonaromatic? 1 2 Classify cyclononatetrene and it s various ions
More informationBENZENE AND AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
BENZENE AND AROMATIC COMPOUNDS The discovery of benzene: 1825 - Michael Faraday, empirical formula of C 1834 - Eilhard Mitscherlich synthesized benzin from gum benzoin, empirical formula C Aromatic The
More informationChapter 17 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
rganic Chemistry, 6 th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Chapter 17 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds Jo Blackburn Richland College, Dallas, TX Dallas County Community College District 2006, Prentice all Electrophilic
More informationChapter 17 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
Chapter 17 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution o General reaction - an electrophile replaces a hydrogen Electrons of pi system attack strong electrophile, generating resonancestabilized
More informationAromatic Compounds II
2302272 Org Chem II Part I Lecture 2 Aromatic Compounds II Instructor: Dr. Tanatorn Khotavivattana E-mail: tanatorn.k@chula.ac.th Recommended Textbook: Chapter 17 in Organic Chemistry, 8 th Edition, L.
More informationChapter 15. Reactions of Aromatic Compounds. 1. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions
hapter 15 eactions of Aromatic ompounds 1. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution eactions v verall reaction reated by Professor William Tam & Dr. Phillis hang opyright S 3 2 S 4 S 3 2. A General Mechanism
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Second Edition. Chapter 19 Aromatic Substitution Reactions. David Klein. Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
Organic Chemistry Second Edition David Klein Chapter 19 Aromatic Substitution Reactions Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e 19.1 Introduction to Electrophilic
More informationH 2 SO 4 Ar-NO 2 + H2O
Phenyl group: Shorthand for phenyl: Ph, C 6 5,. An aryl group is an aromatic group: phenyl, substituted phenyl, or other aromatic group. Shorthand: Ar Generalized electrophilic aromatic substitution: E
More informationBenzenes & Aromatic Compounds
Benzenes & Aromatic Compounds 1 Structure of Benzene H H C C C H C 6 H 6 H C C C H H A cyclic conjugate molecule Benzene is a colourless odourless liquid, boiling at 80 o C and melting at 5 o C. It is
More information11/26/ Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds
9.5 Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds The general concept of aromaticity can be extended to include polycyclic aromatic compounds Benzo[a]pyrene is one of the cancer-causing substances found in tobacco smoke
More informationElectrophilic Aromatic Substitution. Dr. Mishu Singh Department of chemistry Maharana Pratap Govt.P.G.College Hardoi
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Dr. Mishu Singh Department of chemistry Maharana Pratap Govt.P.G.College Hardoi 1 Recall the electophilic addition of HBr (or Br2) to alkenes H + nu cleophile H Br H
More informationReactions of Aromatic Compounds. Aromatic compounds do not react like other alkenes. With an appropriate catalyst, however, benzene will react
Reactions of Aromatic Compounds Aromatic compounds do not react like other alkenes 2 Fe 3 2 Does not form A major part of the problem for this reaction is the product has lost all aromatic stabilization,
More informationChapter 16- Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Chapter 16- Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Ashley Piekarski, Ph.D. Substitution Reactions of Benzene and Its Derivatives Benzene is aroma%c What does aromatic mean? Reac9ons
More informationWilliam H. Brown & Christopher S. Foote
William. Brown & Christopher S. Foote Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to:permissions Department, arcourt Brace & Company, 6277 Sea arbor Drive, Orlando,
More informationI5 ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTIONS OF
Section I Aromatic chemistry I5 ELECTPILIC SUBSTITUTINS F MN-SUBSTITUTED AMATIC INGS Key Notes ortho, meta and para substitution Substituent effect eaction profile Activating groups inductive o/p Deactivating
More informationORGANIC - BROWN 8E CH. 22- REACTIONS OF BENZENE AND ITS DERIVATIVES
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION GENERAL MECHANISM Benzene reacts with very few reagents. It DOES NOT undergo typical addition reactions. Why? If we can get benzene to
More informationExamples of Substituted Benzenes
Organic Chemistry 5 th Edition Paula Yurkanis Bruice Examples of Substituted Benzenes Chapter 15 Reactions of Substituted Benzenes Irene Lee Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH 2007, Prentice
More informationChapter 17: Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
1 Chapter 17: Reactions of Aromatic Compounds I. Introduction to Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS) A. General Mechanism II. Reactions of Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution A. Halogenation (E =
More informationChapter 19: Benzene and Aromatic Substitution Reactions [Sections: 18.2, 18.6; ]
Chapter 19: Benzene and Aromatic Substitution eactions [Sections: 18.2, 18.6; 19.1-19.12] omenclature of Substituted Benzenes i. Monosubstituted Benzenes C 2 C 3 ii. Disubstituted Benzenes X X X Y Y Y
More informationCHEM Chapter 16. Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (homework) W
CHEM 2425. Chapter 16. Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (homework) W Short Answer Exhibit 16-1 MATCH a structure or term from the following list with each description below. Place
More informationChapter 12. Reactions of Arenes: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. Class Notes. A. The method by which substituted benzenes are synthesized
Chapter 12 Reactions of Arenes: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Chapter 12 suggested problems: 22, 23, 26, 27, 32, 33 Class Notes I. Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions A. The method by which
More information432 CHAPTER 19. Solutions H H H. Base H O H S O H - SO 3 O S O O O
432 CAPTER 19 Solutions 19.1. Base 19.2. S S - S 3 S S S CAPTER 19 433 19.3. D S D S 3 D D D D D 19.4. S - 2 nitronium ion 2 2 2 2 19.5. c) + 434 CAPTER 19 19.6. Al 3 Al 3 Al 3 Al 3 Al 3 Al 3 CAPTER 19
More informationChemistry 204: Benzene and Aromaticity
Chemistry 204: Benzene and Aromaticity Structure of and Bonding in Benzene benzene, C 6 H 6, was first isolated in 1825 (Michael Faraday), but it was not until more than 100 years later that an adequate
More informationAryl Halides. Structure
Aryl Halides Structure Aryl halides are compounds containing halogen attached directly to an aromatic ring. They have the general formula ArX, where Ar is phenyl, substituted phenyl. X= F,Cl,Br,I An aryl
More informationBenzene and Aromatic Compounds
1 Background Benzene and Aromatic Compounds Benzene (C 6 H 6 ) is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon (or arene). Benzene has four degrees of unsaturation, making it a highly unsaturated hydrocarbon. Whereas
More informationFundamentals of Organic Chemistry
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry CHEM 109 For Students of Health Colleges Credit hrs.: (2+1) King Saud University College of Science, Chemistry Department CHEM 109 CHAPTER 3. AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS Aromatic
More informationReactions. Reactions. Elimination. 2. Elimination Often competes with nucleophilic substitution. 2. Elimination Alkyl halide is treated with a base
eactions 1 eactions 2 2. limination Alkyl halide is treated with a base B: 2. limination ften competes with nucleophilic substitution LIMINATIN Nu: SUBSTITUTIN Nu Bimolecular B: limination B * * 3 Kinetics
More informationBenzene and Aromatic Compounds. Chapter 15 Organic Chemistry, 8 th Edition John McMurry
Benzene and Aromatic Compounds Chapter 15 Organic Chemistry, 8 th Edition John McMurry 1 Background Benzene (C 6 H 6 ) is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon (or arene). Four degrees of unsaturation. It
More informationThe now-banned diet drug fen-phen is a mixture of two synthetic substituted benzene: fenfluramine and phentermine.
The now-banned diet drug fen-phen is a mixture of two synthetic substituted benzene: fenfluramine and phentermine. Chemists have synthesized compounds with structures similar to adrenaline, producing amphetamine.
More information1. Which of the following reactions would have the smallest energy of activation?.
Name: Date: 1. Which of the following reactions would have the smallest energy of activation?. A) +. +. B) + +. C) +.. + D) +.. + E) +.. + 2. Which of the following reactions would have the smallest energy
More informationLearning Guide for Chapter 18 - Aromatic Compounds II
Learning Guide for Chapter 18 Aromatic Compounds. lectrophilic aromatic substitution ntroduction Mechanism Reagents and Products lectrophiles ffects of stituents FriedelCrafts alkylation and acylation
More informationElimination. S N 2 in synthesis. S N 2 and E2. Kinetics. Mechanism bimolecular
bimolecular B: limination B * 1 Kinetics 2 ate determining step involves both reactants rate = k [base] [-] Second order kinetics 2 B + 2 = limination, 2 nd order 2 3 2 4 Zaitsev s ule In some cases a
More informationChem 263 Oct. 4, 2016
Chem 263 ct. 4, 2016 ow to determine position and reactivity: Examples The strongest donating group wins: 2 3 2 S 4 + 3 2 2 S 4 2 2 + 2 2 3 2 S 4 2 2 2 2,4,6-trinitrophenol picric acid This reactivity
More informationNitration of (Trifluoromethyl( Trifluoromethyl)benzene CF 3 HNO 3 + +
Effect on Rate Rate and Regioselectivity in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution A substituent already present on the ring affects both the rate and regioselectivity of electrophilic aromatic substitution.
More informationC h a p t e r N i n e t e e n Aromatics II: Reactions of Benzene & Its Derivatives
C h a p t e r N i n e t e e n Aromatics II: Reactions of Benzene & Its Derivatives Arenium ion from addition of tert-butyl cation to benzene (blue is δ+and red δ-) Note: Problems with italicized numbers
More informationSynthesis Using Aromatic Materials
Chapter 10 Synthesis Using Aromatic Materials ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION AND DIRECTED ORTHO METALATION Copyright 2018 by Nelson Education Limited 1 10.2 p Bonds Acting as Nucleophiles Copyright
More informationChapter 17 Aromati ti S u stit tit t u i tion Reactions
Chapter 17 Aromatic Substitution Reactions 1 17.1 Mechanism for Electricphilic Aromatic Substitution Arenium ion resonance stabilization 2 Example 1. Example 2. 3 Example 2. Mechanism of the nitration
More informationChapter 23 Phenols CH. 23. Nomenclature. The OH group takes precedence as the parent phenol.
CH. 23 Chapter 23 Phenols Nomenclature The OH group takes precedence as the parent phenol. Carboxyl and acyl groups take precedence over the OH group. The OH group is a strong electron-donating group through
More informationMarch 08 Dr. Abdullah Saleh
March 08 Dr. Abdullah Saleh 1 Effects of Substituents on Reactivity and Orientation The nature of groups already on an aromatic ring affect both the reactivity and orientation of future substitution Activating
More informationElectrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Lecture 12 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution E E February 22, 2018 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Electrophilic aromatic substitution: a reaction in which a hydrogen atom on an aromatic ring is
More informationChem 263 Oct. 10, The strongest donating group determines where new substituents are introduced.
Chem 263 ct. 10, 2013 The strongest donating group determines where new substituents are introduced. N 2 N 3 2 S 4 + N 3 N 2 2 S 4 N 2 N 2 + 2 N N 2 N 3 2 S 4 N 2 2 N N 2 2,4,6-trinitrophenol picric acid
More informationQ.1 Draw out suitable structures which fit the molecular formula C 6 H 6
Aromatic compounds 2814 1 BENZENE Structure Primary analysis revealed benzene had an... empirical formula of and a molecular formula of 6 6 Q.1 Draw out suitable structures which fit the molecular formula
More information4. AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
BOOKS 1) Organic Chemistry Structure and Function, K. Peter C. Vollhardt, Neil Schore, 6th Edition 2) Organic Chemistry, T. W. Graham Solomons, Craig B. Fryhle 3) Organic Chemistry: A Short Course, H.
More information2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Isolated and Conjugated Dienes
2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Isolated and Conjugated Dienes 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Reactions of Isolated Dienes 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Mechanism Double Bonds can have Different Reactivities
More informationChapter 4: Aromatic Compounds. Bitter almonds are the source of the aromatic compound benzaldehyde
Chapter 4: Aromatic Compounds Bitter almonds are the source of the aromatic compound benzaldehyde Sources of Benzene Benzene, C 6 H 6, is the parent hydrocarbon of the especially stable compounds known
More informationElectrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Chem 263 ct. 8, 2013 lectrophilic Aromatic Substitution Benzene appears to be a remarkably stable and unreactive compared to alkenes, such as cyclohexene or ethylene, or even alkanes, such as cyclohexane
More informationPAPER No. 5: REACTION MECHANISM MODULE No. 2: Types of Organic Reaction Mechanisms
Subject Chemistry Paper No and Title Module No and Title Module Tag Paper No. 5:Organic Chemistry-II Module No. 2: Overview of different types of Organic Reaction Mechanisms CHE_P5_M2 TABLE OF CONTENTS
More informationREASONING QUESTIONS FROM ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (CH. 1 & 2)
REASONING QUESTIONS FROM ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (CH. 1 & 2) 1.) Why do haloalkenes under go nucleophillic substitution whereas haloarenes under go electophillic substitution. Ans. Due to more electro negative
More informationSURVEY ON ARYL COMPOUNDS
Journal of Plastic and Polymer Technology (JPPT) Vol. 1, Issue 1, Jun 2015, 111-132 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd SURVEY ON ARYL COMPOUNDS NAGHAM MAHMOOD ALJAMALI Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of
More informationChapter 09 Benzene and Its Derivatives
Chapter 09 Benzene and Its Derivatives Benzene First isolated in 1825 from whale oil by Michael Faraday Unsaturated hydrocarbon but did not have the typical reactivity of alkenes or alkynes. CM 240: Fall
More informationElectrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Chem 263 Sept 29, 2016 lectrophilic Aromatic Substitution Benzene appears to be a remarkably stable (36 kcal/mole more) and unreactive compared to alkenes, such as cyclohexene or ethylene, or even alkanes,
More informationCHEM 242 REACTIONS OF ARENES: CHAP 12 ASSIGN ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION A B C D E
CHEM 242 REACTIONS OF ARENES: CHAP 12 ASSIGN ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION 1. Consider carefully the mechanism of the following electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction and indicate which of
More informationChapter 19: Aromatic Substitution Reactions
Chem A225 Notes Page 52 Chapter 19: Aromatic Substitution Reactions Topic One: lectrophilic Aromatic Substitution I. Introduction to lectrophilic Aromatic Substitution (AS) A. eneral Reaction Pattern B.
More informationAromatic Hydrocarbons / Arenes
Aromatic ydrocarbons / Arenes There are two major classes of organic chemicals aliphatic : straight or branched chain organic substances aromatic or arene: includes one or more ring of six carbon atoms
More informationElectrophilic Aromatic Substitution (Aromatic compounds) Ar-H = aromatic compound 1. Nitration Ar-H + HNO 3, H 2 SO 4 Ar-NO 2 + H 2 O 2.
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (Aromatic compounds) Ar- = aromatic compound 1. Nitration Ar- + NO 3, 2 SO 4 Ar- + 2 O 2. Sulfonation Ar- + 2 SO 4, SO 3 Ar-SO 3 + 2 O 3. alogenation Ar- + X 2, Fe Ar-X
More informationReactions of Aromatic Compounds
2-1 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds 15.1 2-2 lectrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions Aromatic hydrocarbons (= arenes) undergo a substitution reaction with electrophiles: + catalyst + xample: omination
More informationChapter Monobromination of toluene gives a mixture of three bromotoluene products. Draw and name them. Solution:
hapter 16 16.1 Monobromination of toluene gives a mixture of three bromotoluene products. Draw and name them. o-bromotuloene m-bromotuloene p-bromotuloene 16.2 ow many products might be formed on chlorination
More information15.10 Effect of Substituents on Reactivity and Orientation
15.10 ffect of Substituents on Reactivity and Orientation Z NO 3 2 SO 4 Z Z Z + + o- p- m- Z O Me CN o(%) 40 59 30 6 17 p(%) 60 37 69
More informationHour Examination # 1
CEM 347 rganic Chemistry II Spring 2015 Exam # 1 Solutions Key Page 1 of 11 CEM 347 rganic Chemistry II Spring 2015 Instructor: Paul Bracher our Examination # 1 Wednesday, February 11 th, 2015 6:00 8:00
More informationNuggets of Knowledge for Chapter 17 Dienes and Aromaticity Chem 2320
Nuggets of Knowledge for Chapter 17 Dienes and Aromaticity Chem 2320 I. Isolated, cumulated, and conjugated dienes A diene is any compound with two or C=C's is a diene. Compounds containing more than two
More informationNBS, CCl 4 heat A B C D
1. What is(are) the expected product(s) of the following reaction? 2 C=CC( ) 2 NBS, CCl 4 heat A B C D 1) only B 2) only C 3) A and C 4) B and D 2. Which of the following is the 1,4-addition product in
More informationSeminar_3. 1. Substituded derivatives of benzene and their nomenclature
1. Substituded derivatives of benzene and their nomenclature 2. Reactions of arenes. Electrophilic aromatic substitutions 3. Activating substituents. Orientation in the aromatic ring Seminar_3 TEST - Aromatic
More information75. A This is a Markovnikov addition reaction. In these reactions, the pielectrons in the alkene act as a nucleophile. The strongest electrophile will
71. B SN2 stands for substitution nucleophilic bimolecular. This means that there is a bimolecular rate-determining step. Therefore, the reaction will follow second-order kinetics based on the collision
More informationand Stereochemistry) PAPER 1: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY- I (Nature of Bonding and Stereochemistry) MODULE 4: Applications of Electronic Effects
Subject Chemistry Paper No and Title Module No and Title Module Tag Paper 1: ORGANIC - I (Nature of Bonding Module 4: Applications of Electronic Effects CHE_P1_M4 PAPER 1: ORGANIC - I (Nature of Bonding
More informationBENZENE & AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
BENZENE & AROMATIC COMPOUNDS Dr. Zainab M Almarhoon 2 Learning Objectives By the end of chapter four the students will: Understand the resonance description of structure of benzene Understand the hybridization
More informationCHEMISTRY. Module No and Title Module-, Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: The ortho/para ipso attack, orientation in other ring systems.
Subject Chemistry Paper No and Title Paper-5, Organic Chemistry-II Module No and Title Module-, Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: The ortho/para Module Tag CHE_P5_M29 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Learning Outcomes
More informationB. (3 pts) The following values are independent of the operating frequency of the NMR: a. Coupling constant; c. Chemical shift; b. Gyromagnetic ratio;
CEMISTRY 314-01 MIDTERM # 1 answer key September 29, 2009 Statistics: Average: 70 pts (70%); ighest: 96 pts (96%); Lowest: 37 pts (37%) Number of students performing at or above average: 16 (57%) Number
More informationChem 263 Oct. 6, Single bonds, σ. e - donating Activate Activate ortho and para directing ortho and para directing
Chem 263 ct. 6, 2009 lectrophilic Substitution of Substituted Benzenes Resonance ffect Inductive ffect C=C, π system Single bonds, σ Strong Weak e - donating Activate Activate ortho and para directing
More informationCHAPTER PRACTICE PROBLEMS CHEMISTRY
APTER PRACTICE PRBLEMS EMISTRY Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Name : Batch : Date : rientation influence of groups 1. Predict the characteristics of -NH + as a substituent. activating, o/p directing
More information240 Chem. Aromatic Compounds. Chapter 6
240 Chem Aromatic Compounds Chapter 6 1 The expressing aromatic compounds came to mean benzene and derivatives of benzene. Structure of Benzene: Resonance Description C 6 H 6 1.It contains a six-membered
More informationCHE1502. Tutorial letter 203/1/2016. General Chemistry 1B. Semester 1. Department of Chemistry
E1502/203/1/2016 Tutorial letter 203/1/2016 General hemistry 1B E1502 Semester 1 Department of hemistry This tutorial letter contains the answers to the questions in assignment 3. FIRST SEMESTER: KEY T
More information235 Organic II. Final Exam Review REACTIONS OF CONJUGATED DIENES 1,2 VS 1,4 ADDITION REACTIONS OF CONJUGATED DIENES
b. the ompound 7 i 1 Spectral Data: singlet, 196.5 ppm singlet, 14.1 ppm singlet, 14.4 ppm doublet, 19.1 ppm doublet, 18.5 ppm 1 MR Mass Spectrum Absorbance Intensity Infrared Spectrum 65 91 9. Structure:
More informationTheoretically because there are 3 double bonds one might expect the amount of energy to be 3 times as much.
18. Arenes There are two major classes of organic chemicals aliphatic : straight or branched chain organic substances aromatic or arene: includes one or more ring of six carbon ams with delocalised bonding.
More information6.1.1 Aromatic Compounds
6.1.1 Aromatic ompounds There are two major classes of organic chemicals aliphatic : straight or branched chain organic substances aromatic or arene: includes one or more ring of six carbon ams with delocalised
More information23.5 Nucleophilic Substitution in Nitro-Substituted Aryl Halides
23.5 Nucleophilic Substitution in Nitro-Substituted Aryl alides nitro-substituted aryl halides do undergo nucleophilic aromatic substitution readily Cl OC 3 + NaOC 3 C 3 O 85 C + NaCl NO 2 NO 2 (92%) Effect
More informationCHAPTER 12. Substituted Benzene
CHAPTER 12 Substituted Benzene 12.1 Alkylbenzenes (Ar-R) Bezylic carbons: CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 CH(CH 3 ) 2 1 Reactions of Alkylbenzens 1. Free Radical Halogenation CH 2 CH 3 Br 2 hv Br CHCH 3 2 2- xidation R
More informationChapter 16: Aromatic Compounds
Chamras Chemistry 106 Lecture otes xamination 2 Materials Chapter 16: Aromatic Compounds Benzene, the Most Commonly Known Aromatic Compound: The aromatic nature of benzene stabilizes it 36 kcal.mol 1.
More informationAmines. Amines are organic compounds containing a nitrogen functionality. primary secondary tertiary quaternary
Amines Amines are organic compounds containing a nitrogen functionality Depending upon the number of alkyl, or aryl, groups attached to nitrogen determines its classification, or order 2 primary secondary
More information24.4: Acidity of Phenols. Phenols are more acidic than aliphatic alcohols. + Electron-withdrawing groups make an O
Chapter 24: Phenols. Alcohols contain an group bonded to an sp 3 -hybridized carbon. Phenols contain an group bonded to an sp 2 -hybridized carbon of a benzene ring 24.1: Nomenclature (please read) 24.2:
More informationChapter 4 Part I. Aromatic Hydrocarbons Nomenclature, Structure, Properties, and an Introduction to Synthesis
Chapter 4 Part I Aromatic Hydrocarbons Nomenclature, Structure, Properties, and an Introduction to Synthesis The discovery of benzene In 1825, Michael Faraday isolated a pure compound of boiling point
More information