- HCl. + HCl. OH Low ph, Blue

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1 Name Final Exam hem 112 Spring 2000 Page 1 R S E S A R E R E D A N D V I L E T S A R E B L U E (14 points) The pigment in hydrangea blossoms belongs to the class of molecules called anthocyanins, or, m o re part i c u l a r l y, it is a cyanidin. yanidins are responsible for the red color of roses, strawberries, raspb e rries, apple skins, rhubarb, and cherries and for the purple color of blueberries. What is more, the color of cyanidins depends on the p. Red cabbage juice is only red in acid; it is purple in a more neutral solution. yanidin chloride in acidic solution l l yanidin in basic solution Low p, Blue + l igh p, Red The reason for this shift in color with p is that the pigment is an acid and can donate an + ion. As the p increases, the conjugate base is formed, and this is accompanied by a significant color change. This means that the color is a reflection of the p of the solution. If the p could be controlled, then the color could be controlled. (See 1. The ideal range of p for blue flowers is a p of 5.5. This means that [ 3 + ] = 2. The ideal range of acidity to produce pink flowers is [ 3 + ] = 4.0 x 10-7 M. This means the p must be about 3. If you wanted to buffer a solution near a p of 5.5, which system below would you choose? a ) A mixture of l and Nal b ) A mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate c ) A mixture of ammonia and ammonium chloride 4. The cyanidins pictured above are soluble in water. Based on the stru c t u re of the molecule, explain briefly but completely why this should be so.

2 Name Final Exam hem 112 Spring 2000 Page 2 5. The blue form of cyanidin is illustrated below. Answer the questions re g a rding formal charge, atom hybridization, and geometry. Note that lone pairs on the atoms are not shown. Atom formal charge = + atom hybridization = Bond angle = Bond angle = atom hybridization = 6. The blue form is stabilized by adding aluminum salts to the soil. If you add All 3 to water, and its dissolves to produce Al 3 + (aq) and l - (aq) ions, is the solution acidic, basic, or neutral? _ REDX EMISTRY AND MLEULAR STRUTURE (6 points) Reaction of nicotinamide, an very important biochemical. a ) Is the reaction below an oxidation or re d u c t i o n? c ) Fill in the blanks on the figure. b ) Describe what happens to the geometry and hybridization of the indicated atom. hange in geometry? Bond angle = N (aq) + 2 e - N N N atom hybridization = N atom hybridization = N atom hybridization =

Name Final Exam hem 112 Spring 2000 Page 3 ELETREMISTRY 1. (6 points) onsider the electrochemical cell below. wire Al salt bridge (Nal) u Al 3+ (aq) u 2+ (aq) a ) Using Table 21.

3 Name Final Exam hem 112 Spring 2000 Page 3 ELETREMISTRY 1. (6 points) onsider the electrochemical cell below. wire Al salt bridge (Nal) u Al 3+ (aq) u 2+ (aq) a ) Using Table 21.1 (page 970), decide which is the better reducing agent, Al or u? b ) Which reaction occurs in this electrochemical cell? i ) 2 Al(s) + 3 u 2 + (aq) 2 Al 3 + ( a q ) + 3 u(s) i i ) 2 Al 3 + ( a q ) + 3 u(s) 2 Al(s) + 3 u 2 + ( a q ) c ) Which is the anode in the cell, Al or u? d ) What is the standard cell potential? E = e ) E l e c t rons flow in the external wire i ) f rom Al to u i i f rom u to Al f ) N a + ions in the salt bridge f l o w i ) f rom the Al 3 + solution to the u 2 + s o l u- t i o n i i ) f rom the u 2 + solution to the Al 3 + s o l u- t i o n

4 Name Final Exam hem 112 Spring 2000 Page 4 2. (8 points) onsider the following reduction half-reactions: a l f - R e a c t i o n E ( V ) e 4 + (aq) + e - e 3 + (aq) A g + (aq) + e - A g ( s ) g (aq) + 2 e - 2 g(l) S n 2 + (aq) + 2 e - S n ( s ) N i 2 +(aq) + 2 e - N i ( s ) A l 3 + (aq) + 3 e - A l ( s ) ( a ) Which is the weakest oxidizing agent in the list? ( b ) Which is the strongest oxidizing agent? ( c ) Which is the strongest reducing agent? ( d ) Which is the weakest reducing agent? ( e ) Will Sn(s) reduce Ag + (aq) to Ag(s)? ( f ) Will g(l) reduce Sn 2 + (aq) to Sn(s)? ( g ) Name the ions that can be reduced by Sn(s). ( h ) What metals can be oxidized by Sn 2 + ( a q )? Good luck! and thanks for a good year!

5 Name Final Exam hem 112 Spring 2000 Page 5 Intermolecular Forces 900 Vapor Pressure (mm g) arbon disulfide Ethanol eptane Temperature (degress ) (13 points) Use the vapor pre s s u re curves above to answer the following questions: 1. What is the vapor pre s s u re of heptane at 70? 2. What is the normal boiling point of ethanol? 3. What type of intermolecular force exists a ) between two S 2 m o l e c u l e s? _ b ) between two heptane molecules? c ) between two ethanol molecules? _ 4. Suppose the pre s s u re is 600 mm g and the temperature is 50. Decide if each substance is a liquid or vapor under those conditions. a ) arbon disulfide _ b ) E t h a n o l _ c ) eptane 5. Which one or ones of these molecules is expected to dissolve in water? _ 6. Explain briefly why the normal boiling point of ethanol is higher than that of S Why is the normal boiling point of heptane higher than that of S 2?

Name Final Exam hem 112 Spring 2000 Page 6 S L I D S 1.

re. ( a ) ow many silver ions are there in each unit cell?

_ ( c ) What is the solubility of silver iodide in water?

) 1.5 x 10-1 6 m o l / L 1.2 x 10-8 m o l / L i i i ) 2.

(4 points) Magnesium oxide, Mg, has a Nal-like cry s t a l s t

( a ) In which type of unit cell are the Mg 2 + ions arranged

( b ) ow many magnesium ions are there per unit cell?

(8 points) Two views of the stru c t u re of rutile are shown

6 Name Final Exam hem 112 Spring 2000 Page 6 S L I D S 1. (7 points) Silver iodide crystallizes in the unit cell shown h e re. ( a ) ow many silver ions are there in each unit cell? ( b ) ow many iodide ions are there in each unit cell? _ ( c ) What is the solubility of silver iodide in water? AgI(s) A g + ( a q ) + I - ( a q ) Iodide ion Silver ion i ) i i ) 1.5 x m o l / L 1.2 x 10-8 m o l / L i i i ) 2.4 x 10-8 m o l / L i v ) mol/l 2- Mg (4 points) Magnesium oxide, Mg, has a Nal-like cry s t a l s t ru c t u re. ( a ) In which type of unit cell are the Mg 2 + ions arranged (sc, bcc, fcc)? ( b ) ow many magnesium ions are there per unit cell? Magnesium oxide 3. (8 points) Two views of the stru c t u re of rutile are shown here. ( a ) ow many titanium ions a re inside the unit cell? ( b ) ow many oxide ions are inside the unit cell? _ ( c ) What is the formula of ru t i l e? _ Titanium ion xide ion in unit cell face xide ion inside unit cell ( d ) What is the charge on the titanium ion in ru t i l e?

7 Name Final Exam hem 112 Spring 2000 Page 7 GASES Teflon, a polymer composed of carbon and fluorine is widely used. Its manufacture re q u i res very simple molecules such as F and l 3. These produce lf 2 with hydrogen chloride as a byproduct. 2 F(g) + l 3 (g) l F 2 (g) + 2 l(g) 2 lf 2 (g) 2 F 4 ( g ) + 2 l(g) 1. (3 points) You have a 15.5 L tank containing 162 g of l gas at 25. What is the pre s s u re in the t a n k? a ) 0.36 atm b ) 0.59 atm c ) 7.0 atm d ) 260 atm 2. (13 points) Draw electron dot stru c t u res for the molecules below. a ) l F 2 Number of valence electrons = The electron pair geometry of the molecule is and its molecular geometry is. The atom hybridization is The molecule is ( p o l a r ) ( n o n p o l a r ). b ) 2 F 4 Number of valence electrons = F F Fill electrons into the framework at the left where there are 4 -F bonds and a carboncarbon bond. You decide if the bonds are single, double, triple. F F The electron pair geometry around each atom is. The atom hybridization is The molecule is ( p o l a r ) ( n o n p o l a r ). 3. (3 points) You have a tank containing all four gases: F, l, l 3, and lf 2. Place them in o rder of increasing average velocity at room temperature. slowest gas fastest gas

8 Name Final Exam hem 112 Spring 2000 Page 8 4. (3 points) S t o i c h i o m e t ry. The reaction of F and chloro f o rm proceeds according to the equation 2 F(g) + l 3 (g) l F 2 (g) + 2 l(g) If you mix F and l 3 in the correct stoichiometric ratio, and the l 3 has a partial pre s s u re of 56 mm g (at 25 in a flask of given volume), the partial pre s s u re of F (also at 25 in the same flask) must be a ) 56 mm g b ) 28 mm g c ) 112 mm g ( d ) 168 mm g 5. (3 points) alculating molar mass. You have a flask containing an unknown chloro f l u o rocarbon. To d e t e rmine its molar mass, and there f o re identify the compound, you find that g has a pre s s u re of 79.3 mm g in a 232 ml flask at The compound is most likely a ) l 2 F 2 b ) l F 3 c ) l 2 F d ) l F 2 6. (3 points) Bond energ i e s. Using bond energies (Table 9.9, page 403), calculate the enthalpy change for the synthesis of lf 2. 2 F + a ) -13 kj b ) -26 kj c ) kj d ) +26 kj e ) +904 kj l l l l F F + 2 l f ) kj g ) None of the above?

9 Name Final Exam hem 112 Spring 2000 Page 9 K I N E T I S A N D M E A N I S M S 1. (4 points) (SQ 15-53) Iodide ion is oxidized in acid solution by hydrogen pero x i d e. 2 2 (aq) (aq) + 2 I - (aq) I 2 (aq) (l) A proposed mechanism is Step 1 s l o w 2 2 (aq) + I - (aq) 2 (l) + I - ( a q ) Step 2 f a s t + (aq) + I - (aq) I ( a q ) Step 3 f a s t I(aq) + + (aq) + I - (aq) I 2 (aq) + 2 (l) ( a ) What is the molecularity of the first step? ( b ) Write the rate law for the rate determining step. ( c ) Identify any intermediates in the elementary steps in this reaction. 2. (7 points) Radioactive radon-222 ( Rn) from natural sources can seep into the basement of a home. The half-life of Rn is 3.8 days. What is the rate constant for the decay of R n? a ) day - 1 b ) day - 1 c ) 3.80 day - 1 d ) 5.50 day - 1 If your basement has 4 x atoms of Rn per liter, and the radon gas is trapped in your basement, how many atoms of Rn will remain after 7.6 days? ow much will remain after one month (31.0 days)? a ) 1.2 x a t o m s b ) 1.4 x a t o m s c ) 1.3 x a t o m s d ) 1.0 x a t o m s e ) None of the above!

10 Name Final Exam hem 112 Spring 2000 Page 1 0 EMIAL EQUILIBRIA 1. (10 points) ( S Q 16-27) The equilibrium involving, l 2, and phosgene has been thoroughly studied. (Although quite poisonous, phosgene is a very important industrial intermediate in chemical manufacture. ) (g) + l 2 (g) l 2 ( g ) ( a ) Write the equilibrium constant expression for this re a c t i o n. K c = [ ] [ l 2 ] [ l 2 ] Initial concentration (M) hange in concentration (M) Equilibrium concentration (M) ( b ) A mixture of and l 2 is placed in a flask. The initial concentrations are given in the table. After equilibrium has been achieved at 600 K, [l 2 ] now has a value of M. omplete the table above by entering a numerical value in each cell. ( c ) Using the data in your table, calculate the value of K c. 2. (4 points) An important reaction in the environment and in industry is the e n d o t h e rmic d e c o m p o s i t i o n of calcium carbonate. a 3 (s) a ( s ) + 2 ( g ) P redict the effect of the following changes on the position of equilibrium; that is, state which way the equilibrium will shift (left, right, or no change) when each of the following changes is made: a ) Adding more a 3 b ) Lowering the temperature c ) Adding more 2 _ d ) I n c reasing the size of the container for the re a c t i o n. _

11 Name Final Exam hem 112 Spring 2000 Page 1 1 AIDS, BASES, & SLUBILITY 1. (3 points) Use the acid-base chart to decide on the relative strengths of the following acids: ( a ) acetic acid, 3 2 ( b ) N 3 ( c ) ammonium ion ( d ) 2 S w e a k e s t s t ro n g e s t 2. (7 points) onjugate acids and bases. a ) onsider the reaction of hydrazine with the hydrogen sulfate ion. N 2 4 ( a q ) + S - 4 (aq) N ( a q ) + S 2-4 ( a q ) n the left side of the equation, the Brønsted acid is and the Brønsted base is b ) omplete and balance the following acid-base re a c t i o n : N + 4 ( a q ) (aq) Does the equilibrium in this reaction lie to the right or to the l e f t? 3. (5 points) P redict the relative p for each of the following salts. That is, state whether each solution has a p greater than 7 (>7); less than 7 (<7); or equal to 7 (=7). ( a ) N a 2 S 4 ( b ) L i N 3 ( c ) u l 2 ( d ) K 2 3 ( e ) N a B ( ) 4 4. (3 points) alculate the p of a 0.10 M solution of ammonium chloride? ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) ( d ) ( e )

12 Name Final Exam hem 112 Spring 2000 Page (2 points) Acid-Base Reactions a ) After you mix 5 ml of 0.20 M 3 2 with 5 ml of 0.20 K, does the resulting solution have a p =7, p < 7, or p >7? b ) Does the p increase, decrease, or stay the same when you add water to a solution of 0.2 M 3 2 and 0.1 M N a 3 2? 6. (3 points) What is the p of a buffer solution made by adding 24.0 g of Na 2 P 4 (molar mass = 120 g/mol) and 14.2 g of Na 2 P 4 (molar mass = 142 g/mol) to 500 ml of water? ( a ) 4. 1 ( b ) 6. 9 ( c ) 7. 2 ( d ) (2 points) alcium carbonate, a 3, is considered very poorly soluble in water. Its solubility can be estimated using its K s p value. The calculation assumes that the ions produced, a 2 + and d o not react further in solution. What would happen to the solubility of a 3 if some of the carbonate ion reacted with water? Would the solubility increase, decrease, or stay the same? E x p l a i n b r i e f l y! (aq) + 2 (aq) 3 - (aq) + - ( a q ) 8. (2 points) Name or give correct formulas for two insoluble salts of the hydroxide ion. a) b) 9. (3 points) In each case below, decide if a precipitate will form when mixing the indicated reagents (answer yes or no): NaF(aq) + Ba(N 3 ) 2 (aq) Kl(aq) + Mg(N 3 ) 2 (aq) Na 2 S 4 (aq) + AgN 3 (aq) BNUS QUESTIN (1 point) What are you going to do this summer? Whatever you do, have a good time!

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Name Final Exam Spring 2002 Page (16 points) Acetylsalicylic acid, the molecule pictured here, is better known as aspirin.

Name Final Exam Spring 2002 Page 1 1. (16 points) Acetylsalicylic acid, the molecule pictured here, is better known as aspirin. 1 A D 2 B 3 4 Describing the bonding in aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid. (a)