CRHS Academic Chemistry UNIT 5 - Periodic Table and Trends NOTES
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1 Name Perid CRHS Academic Chemistry UNIT 5 - Peridic Table and Trends NOTES Quiz Date Lab Dates Exam Date Ntes, Hmewrk, Exam Reviews and Their KEYS lcated n CRHS Academic Chemistry Website:
2 Page 2 f 12 Unit 5 Ntes 5.1 ORGANIZATION OF THE PERIODIC TABLE AND ELEMENT CLASSIFICATION In the 1860 s rganized the first peridic table by MASS. He recgnized that when elements were arranged in rder f increasing mass, certain similarities in their chemical prperties appeared at regular intervals. Such a repeating pattern is referred t as periidic. In abut 1916, rganized elements by ATOMIC NUMBER because he recgnized that peridic patterns were better fit fr all knwn elements when rganized by increasing number f nuclear charge, i.e. the number f prtns. The mdern peridic table rders elements by ATOMIC NUMBER. Peridic Law The physical and chemical prperties f the elements are peridic functins f their atmic number. Grups (Families) VERTICAL clumns Designated by numbers The Grup number ONE s place represents the # f electrns an atm pssesses. This applies t grups 1, 2, and nly. Example: all elements in grup 16 have 6 valence e Valence electrns are electrns in the OUTERMOST ENERGY LEVEL f an atm. They are respnsible fr. As yu g DOWN each level in a grup, an ENERGY LEVEL is added t the atm. Elements in a grup have similar and prperties Perids Designated by numbers - HORIZONTAL rws Perid number represents in general the number f ENERGY LEVELS Energy Level the space arund an atm s nucleus where electrns are fund based n the amunt f energy they pssess.
3 Unit 5 Ntes Page 12 Frm LEFT t RIGHT in a perid, each element gains prtn and electrn. change frm left t right Zig-Zag Line Separates (n the left) frm (n the right) Metals tend t LOSE electrns (e ) t frm CATIONS (+ charge) Catin atm that has ne r mre electrn(s) Nnmetals tend t GAIN electrns (e ) t frm ANIONS (- charge) Anin atm that has ne r mre electrn(s) Metallids have prperties f metals and nnmetals. fund alng and t either side f the zig-zag line (except ) mstly brittle Metallids are semicnductrs which means they cnduct electricity, but nt heat. Uses: cmputer chips (silicn) and eyewash (brn). Metallids REPRESENTATIVE Elements (Grups 1, 2, 13 18) ALKALI METALS (Grup )
4 Page 4 f 12 Unit 5 Ntes valence electrn. Alkalai Metals will lse 1 e t frm the catin The xidatin state is therefre Very REACTIVE, never fund (uncmbined) in nature Chemical prperty mst reactive metal, reacts with Physical prperty, silvery metal Uses batteries, nuclear reactrs, table salt, medicines. ALKALINE EARTH METALS (Grup ) valence electrns. will give up 2 e t frm catin Alkalai Earth Metals The xidatin state is there Reactive, never fund in nature Uses: Mg crrsin prtectin, Sr firewrks HALOGENS (Grup ) valence electrns gains 1 e t frm anin Halgens The xidatin state is therefre Mst f all nnmetals Uses: Cl - pl purificatin, I - idized salt, F - dental health NOBLE GASES (Grup ) valence e (except ) Full utermst energy level Nble Gases reactive Uses: He - ballns, Ne signs
5 Unit 5 Ntes Page 12 Grups Named fr the FIRST element in each grup, fr example, grup 13 is called the grup. Prperties vary depending n grup. Grup TRANSITION Metals (Grups ) Transitin Metals The cmmnly knwn metallic elements Multiple states, which means they can lse a number f electrns. Many are clred Uses: Fe - steel, Au/Ag jewelry INNER TRANSITION Metals Lanthanide and Actinide series Lanthanides (Ce t Lu) are, high-melting pint, very valuable metals. Uses: lanthanides glass industry, cell phnes Actinides (Th t Lr) are, Uses: nuclear fuel, nuclear medicine, research Inner Transitin Metals
6 Page 6 f 12 Unit 5 Ntes 5.2 PERIODIC TRENDS A. Atmic Radius The atmic radius f a chemical element is a measure f the size f its atms and is the frm the nucleus t the bundary f the surrunding clud f electrns. PERIOD TREND (acrss - left t right): As atmic # INCREASES, AR Fr each element acrss a perid, ne prtn and ne electrn are added t the utermst energy level. As NUCLEAR CHARGE increases (nucleus is mre ++), electrns are pulled (ppsites attract) Practice: K / Kr has the larger atmic radius GROUP TREND (dwn - tp t bttm) As atmic # INCREASES dwn a grup, AR Fr each element dwn a grup, an ENERGY LEVEL is added t the atm. Nuclear charge increases, but als increases. SHIELDING as energy levels are added, electrns are less affected by psitively charged nucleus because electrns repel each ther. Practice: Ba / Mg has the larger atmic radius
7 B. Inizatin Energy Unit 5 Ntes Page 12 Inizatin Energy is the energy required t remve the electrn frm an atm (in kiljules) PERIOD TREND (acrss - left t right): As atmic # INCREASES, IE Nuclear charge increases; are held mre t the nucleus Perid Trend Als, uter energy level is clser t being an Practice: Ca / Br has a higher IE Grup Trend GROUP TREND (dwn - tp t bttm) As atmic # INCREASES, IE Outer electrns are in energy levels Farther frm nucleus, mre remved Practice: Na / Cs has a higher IE Challenge: Which element (frm the entire peridic table) has the highest IE?
8 Page 8 f 12 C. Electrnegativity Unit 5 Ntes Electrnegativity is a measure f an atm s ability t anther atm s electrns (n units). Electrnegativity is abbreviated EN. PERIOD TREND (acrss - left t right): As atmic # INCREASES EN. Metals tend t electrns Nnmetals tend t electrns (t fulfill the Rule) Practice: Be / O has a higher EN Figure: Electrnegativity GROUP TREND (dwn - tp t bttm) As atmic # INCREASES, EN Elements at f grup have e clsely held by nucleus because they are clsest t nucleus. Elements at bttm f grup have mre between nucleus and uter e Practice: N / Sb has a higher EN Challenge: Why are nble gases nt EN?
9 D. Reactivity Unit 5 Ntes Page 12 Reactivity refers t hw an atm is t react with ther substances. Reactivity depends n Hw easily electrns can be remved ( ) 2. Hw easily atms grab electrns ( ) Reactivity f Metals lw inizatin energy PERIOD TREND (acrss - left t right):- As atmic # INCREASES, reactivity GROUP TREND (dwn - tp t bttm) - As atmic # INCREASES, reactivity WHY? If IE is lw, an atm is mre likely t lse an electrn, which results in a chemical reactin with anther atm Reactivity f Nnmetals high electrnegativity PERIOD TREND (acrss - left t right): - As atmic # INCREASES, reactivity GROUP TREND (dwn - tp t bttm): - As atmic # INCREASES, reactivity WHY? IF EN is high, the atm takes electrns frm ther atms mre easily, which results in a chemical reactin. NONMETALS higher EN Arrws indicate increasing reactivity. Nble gases are nt reactive.
10 Page 10 f 12 Unit 5 Ntes Trend Diagrams Fill in arrws t shw trends ATOMIC RADIUS ELECTRONEGATIVITY IONIZATION ENERGY REACTIVITY
11 Unit 5 Ntes Page 12 Extra Credit - Element Peridicity Turnament 32 elements are in a turnament. There can be nly ne winner. In rder t pass t the next rund an element must meet the requirement better than its ppnent. If it des, then it mves n t the next rund. Write in the symbl f the winner in the next rund f the bracket and cntinue dwn the bracket. After yu have cmpleted rund ne, mve n t rund tw. Each rund has different criteria fr cmpletin. Write the turnament winner in the champin bx. Requirements 1st Rund The representative elements advance 2nd Rund The element with the mst valence electrns advances 3 rd Rund The mst electrnegative element advances. Semi-Finals The element with the smallest atmic radius advances. Finals The element with the larger inizatin energy WIN Rubidium Scandium Manganese Strntium Tin Cpper Technetium Inidium Ruthenium Tellurium Idine Iridium Platinum Antimny Xenn Uranium Lithium Titanium Irn Beryllium Nitrgen Zinc Flurine Mlybdenum Nen Rhdium Gld Brn Plutnium Oxygen Carbn Mercury 2 nd Rund 3 rd Rund Semifinals FINALS WINNER
12 Page 12 f 32 Unit 7 Ntes 1 st Rund
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