Heat Effects of Chemical Reactions
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1 eat Effects f hemical Reactins
2 Enthalpy change fr reactins invlving cmpunds Enthalpy f frmatin f a cmpund at standard cnditins is btained frm the literature as standard enthalpy f frmatin Δ (O (g = J/mle at K a + bo K, atm co Elements are assigned 0 enthalpy f frmatin Enthalpy f a reactin invlving cmpunds is calculated using ess law: Rxn = prducts reactants he enthalpy changes are calculated frm standard enthalpies f frmatin if the reactin ccurs at standard cnditins prducts = (prducts reactants = (reactants
3 nsider the chemical reactin: + O K, atm O + O Rxn = = ( O + O ( + O O = O + + O Similarly, O = O O = S Rxn = = O + O = (prducts (reactants
4 Mlecular interpretatin f enthalpy change Enthalpy change f systems invlving gaseus cmpunds may be explained using bnd enthalpies nsider the reactin Bnd cnfiguratin fr abve reactin: ( g O ( g O ( g O( g + (O==O O====O + ( O Each bnd has certain * O==O - kj, ==O -98 kj, O -7 kj, -6 kj Δ = Δ*(bnds made Δ*(bnds brken Δ = *(-98+(-7-(--(-6 = -686 kj
5 ess Law and its applicatins Enthalpy change accmpanying a chemical reactin is the same whether it takes place in ne r several stages since enthalpy is a state functin A Δ B X Y Z Δ = Δ (+Δ (+Δ (+Δ ( Reactin AX XY YZ ZB AB Enthalpy change Δ ( Δ ( Δ ( Δ ( Δ ess law is useful fr calculating the unknwn enthalpy change f a reactin using knwn reactins
6 ess Law and its applicatins Example alculate the standard enthalpy f frmatin f slid Fe O frm the fllwing enthalpy data Δ = J Fe/ O FeO Δ = J FeO/ O Fe O Δ = J Fe O Main Reactin / O Fe O Fe O Fe O Δ =? Add the reactins in the fllwing rder t btain the net reactin 6FeO 6FeO / O Fe O 6FeO Fe O Fe O / O Net reactin: 6Fe O Fe O Fe O Fe O Δ= 6 Δ + Δ - Δ Δ/= -70 J/mle
7 Example alculate Δ fr the reactin (g + (g = 6 (g, frm the fllwing data (g + O (g O (g + O (l = -. kj/mle 6 (g + 7/ O (g O (g + O (l = kj/mle (g + / O (g O (l = kj/mle
8 Example alculate Δ fr the reactin N (g + 5 O (g = NO (g + 6 O (g, frm the fllwing data N (g + O (g = NO (g Δ = kj N (g + (g = N (g Δ = -9.8 kj (g + O (g = O (g Δ = -8.6 kj
9 Isthermal enthalpy change fr reactins nt ccuring at K nsider a general reactin with cmpnents at the same temperature different than K: D aa( bb( c( dd( Δ are tabulated fr cmpnents Δ= cδ + dδ D - aδ A - bδ B d d c d d d d d D a d d A b d d B D c d D a A b B prd. D ( react.
10 Isthermal enthalpy change fr reactins nt ccuring at K Δ values fr chemical reactins can be determined frm Δ values: d D d D d Kirchff equatin Δ can als be calculated frm the enthalpy increment equatins: ( prd. ( react.
11 Example Find the net heat available r required when the fllwing reactin takes place at 800 K Substance Δ (kj/mle (J/mle K ao(s *0 - *-6.95*0 5 * - O (g *0 - *-8.5*0 5 * - ao (s *0 - *-5.9*0 5 * - D ao( s O ( g ao ( s ( ao ( ao ( O = = kj D ao ao O = *0 - *-0.5*0 5 * - J/K ( *0 0.5* d J
12 Alternatively Δ can be calculated frm ess law ao(800 O ( ao (800 ao( O ( ao ao d 800 D d O D D d ao ( D
13 Isthermal enthalpy change invlving phase change nsider a general reactin with cmpnents at the same temperature different than K where liquid B and phases are slid at K: D aa( s( bb( l( c( l( dd( s( Kirschff equatin can be used t calculate Δ : D D D d Δ Δ B Δ mpnent transfrms t liquid at mpnent B transfrms t liquid at B Δ seperated int ranges
14 Isthermal enthalpy change invlving phase change D aa( s( bb( l( c( l( dd( s( Δ Δ B Δ D D D I II III c c c ( ( l ( l d d d D( D( D( a a a A( A( A( b b b B( B( B( l herefre D I d c B D II d b B B D III d Since - enthalpy increment equatins incrprate phase changes, prd. ( ( react.
15 Isthermal enthalpy change invlving phase change - cδ bδ B Σ( - prd. Σ( - react. Δ Δ B
16 Anther alternative methd that can be used in enthalpy cmputatins fr chemical reactins that invlve phase transfrmatins is the applicatin f ess law D aa( s( bb( l( c( l( dd( s( 5 aa( s( bb( s( c( s( dd( s( 5 a b c d B A( B( l ( D( d d d d B B 5 B( B( l d d
17 Nn-isthermal chemical prcesses D aa( s( bb( l( c( l( dd( s( 5 aa( s( bb( s( c( s( dd( s( 5 a d b c B A( B( l ( D( d d a( d ( prd. d d( B ( react. 5 B A( s D( s B( ( l d d b( c( B( l ( l
18 Example A furnace that is designed t melt silver/cpper scrap is t be fired with prpane and air. he prpane vapr mixes with dry air at K. Flue gases are expected t exit the furnace at 505 K under steady state cnditins. w lng will a 5.5 kg cntainer f prpane maintain the furnace temperature if heat is cnducted thrugh the brickwrk at the rate f 0000 kj/hur? 8 O ( g 5O ( g ( g 8.8N O( g 8.8N ( g O ( g ( g 505 O( g 8.8N Substance - (J/mle Δ (kj/mle 8 (g (J/mle K O (g *+0.00* +8.6* *0 - *-8.5*0 5 * - O(l O(g * * -0.* *0 - *+0.*0 5 * - N (g *+0.00* *0 - * Δ v ( O = 0897 J/mle ( g Air: % O + 79% N
19 Flame temperature he maximum temperature the gaseus prducts can reach upn prceeding f an exthermic reactin is called the flame temperature he furnace is cnsidered as adiabatic fr n heat lss t the surrundings and maximum flame temperature D aa( s( bb( g( c( g( dd( g( 5 aa( s( bb( g( c( l( dd( g( c ( l d 5 v( a flame ( g d c( flame ( g 5 d flame D( g d d( flame D( g
Heat Effects of Chemical Reactions
* eat Effect f hemical Reactin Enthalpy change fr reactin invlving cmpund Enthalpy f frmatin f a cmpund at tandard cnditin i btained frm the literature a tandard enthalpy f frmatin Δ O g = -9690 J/mle
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