APS Science Curriculum Unit Planner
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1 APS Science Curriculum Unit Planner Grade Level/Subject Chemistry Stage 1: Desired Results Enduring Understanding Topic 4: The Mole and Stoichiometry: Atoms and moles are too small to count by usual means. A mole is a way of counting any type of particle (atoms, molecules and formula units). Stoichiometry involves quantitative relationships. Stoichiometry is based on mole quantities in a balanced equation.) Correlations Unifying Understanding VA SOL Molar relationships are a method of relating and converting measurable quantities. CH.4 The student will investigate and understand that chemical quantities are based on molar relationships. Key Concepts include: a) Avogardro s principle and molar volume: b) stoichiometric relationships: CH. 5 The student will investigate and understand that the phases of matter are explained by kinetic theory and forces of attraction between particles. Key concepts include b) partial pressure and gas laws; e) molar heats of fusion and vaporization; f) specific heat capacity; and g) colligative properties. NSES (grade level) AAAS Atlas Essential Questions What is dimensional analysis? How is it useful in chemistry? How are units used to communicate concepts? What measurements are useful in understanding chemical quantities? What is a mole? Why is a molar useful in working with chemical quantities? Why are moles used in balanced chemical equations? How are moles useful in working with quantities of solids, liquids and gases to understand gas laws, thermodynamics and colligative properties? 1
2 Knowledge and Skills Students should know: Avogadro s number = particles per mole. Molar mass of a substance is its average atomic mass in grams from the Periodic Table. Molar volume = 22.4 dm3/mole and/or 22.4 L/mole for any gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP). Stoichiometry involves quantitative relationships. Stoichiometric relationships are based on mole quantities in a balanced equation. Total grams of reactant(s) = total grams of product(s). Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain an equal number of particles. Pressure Units include atm, kpa, and mm of Hg. An Ideal Ggas does not exist, but this concept is used to model gas behavior. A Rreal Ggas exists, has intermolecular forces and particle volume, and can change states. The Ideal Gas Law states that PV = nrt. The pressure and volume of a sample of a gas at constant temperature are inversely proportional to each other (Boyle s Law: P1V1 = P2V2). At constant pressure, the volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (Charles Law: V1/T1 = V2/T2). The Combined Gas Law (P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2) relates pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas. The sum of the partial pressures of all the components in a gas mixture is equal to the total pressure of a gas mixture (Dalton s law of partial pressures). Molar heat of fusion is a property that describes the amount of energy needed to convert one mole of a substance between its solid and liquid states. Molar heat of vaporization is a property that describes the amount of energy needed to convert one mole of a substance between its liquid and gas states. Specific heat capacity is a property of a substance that tells the amount of energy needed to raise one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius. The values of these properties are related to the strength of their intermolecular forces. Polar substances dissolve ionic or polar substances; nonpolar substances dissolve nonpolar substances. The number of solute particles changes the freezing point and boiling point of a pure substance and is proportional to the concentration of the particles. An empirical formula is the lowest whole number ratio of the molecular formula The percent by mass of an element in a molecular formula is calculated using a ratio of the molar mass of the element divided by the molar mass of the compound. 2
3 Students should be able to: Convert between different metric units Perform conversions between mass, volume, particles, and moles of a substance. Perform stoichiometric calculations involving the following relationships: a. mole-mole; b. mass-mass; c. mole-mass; d. mass-volume; e. mole-volume; and f. volume-volume; g. particle-particle; h. mole-particle; i. mass-particle; and j. volume-particle. Identify the limiting reactant (reagent) in a reaction. Calculate percent yield of a reaction. Calculate energy changes, using molar heat of fusion and molar heat of vaporization. Calculate energy changes, using specific heat capacity. Calculate percent by mass of the element Use the empirical formulas to find the compound s molecular formula Stage 2: Assessment Evidence Prior Knowledge and Skills Metric units for length, mass, and volume Simple algebra and how to find a variable The prefixes for the metric system Rules for Significant Figures Formative Assessment Summative Assessment Student participation Laboratory Reports Homework (readings, questions, and problems) Tests and Quizzes Laboratory assessment understanding models Stage 3: Learning Plan References to Adopted Materials Prentice Hall Chemistry: Text: Chapter 10 : Chemical Quantities Chapter 12: Stoichiometry Chapter 14: The Behavior of Gases Chapter 16: Solutions Sections 16.3 and 16.4: Colligative Properties Guided Reading and Study Workbook Chapter 10 pp
4 Chapter 12 pp Chapter 14: pp Chapter 16: pp Holt Chemistry: Text: Chapter 3: Atoms and Moles Chapter 7: The Mole and Chemical Composition Chapter 9: Stoichiometry Chapter 12: Gases Study Guide Chapter 3 pp Chapter 7 pp Chapter 9 pp Chapter12 pp Suggested Investigations Popcorn Mole Counting Lab - Students use popcorn and beans as a method of counting a "mole" Synthesis of Copper Oxide Lab - Students calculate theoretical yield of copper oxide and then after performing the experiment determine actual yield and calculate percent error. Baking Soda Stoichiometry Lab: Predict the amount of Sodium Carbonate left when a measured sample of Sodium Bicarbonate is decomposed into sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide gas using stoichiometry Stoichiometry of a Single Replacement Reaction Lab: Predict the amount of silver generated from a known amount of silver nitrate in solution when reacted with copper wire. Molar Volume of a Gas at STP: Collect Hydrogen gas in a gas buret from the reaction of magnesium with hydrochloric acid. Use stoichiometry and the combined gas law to experimentally determine the volume of a gas at STP. Prentice Hall Activities p. 286 Inquiry Activity: Counting by Measuring Mass Teacher Demo p.294 TE Moles and Mass (Examples of amolar Masses of Elements and Compounds) p.304 Small Scale Lab: Counting by Measuring Mass p. 308 Small Scale Lab: Percent Composition of a Hydrate Teacher Demo p. 369 TE Limiting Reactant (Using bottles and caps) p. 428 Quick Lab: Carbon Dioxide From Antacid Tablets LM p.85 Laboratory 13 : Empirical Formula Determination LM p.121 Laboratory 19: Quantitative Analysis Holt Activities p.225 Quick Lab: Exploring the Mole Teacher Demo p312 TE Limiting Reactants (with S mores) Outdoor Education Applications None currently noted 4
5 Resources Web Sites Explorelearning.com Stoichiometry Limiting Reactants - Fun, interactive, research-based simulations of physical phenomena from the PhET project at the University of Colorado. Reactants, Products and Leftovers Gas Laws Videos Prentice Hall Chemistry Alive! Field Trips Balancing Soil Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Discovery Education ( Standard Deviants School Chemistry: Elements and Equations -Covers the ins and outs of stoichiometry, like the law of conservation of mass; how to balance your chemical equations; atoms and molecules; how elements are organized on the periodic table; and the differences between various elements.(9 segments 24.52) Standard Deviants School Chemistry: Gases - Start off with the ideal gas equation and float along from there to Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, intermolecular force (the force of attraction between molecules), and why gases condense into liquids, and vice versa. Includes a segment on colligative properties. (12 segments 26:40) Field Trips None currently noted Other Holt Chapter Resources on CD- ROM pg Concept Review: Avogrado's Number and Molar Conversions Holt Chaper Resources on CD- ROM pg Concept Review: Formulas and Percentage Composition Holt Chapter Resources on CD- ROM pg Concept Review: Calculating Quantities in Reactions Holt Chapter Resources on CD- ROM pg Concept Review: Stoichiometry and Cars Holt Chapter Resources on CD- ROM pg Concept Review: Concentration and Molarity 5
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