7.1 Organization of the Periodic Table How are the elements arranged?
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1 7.1 Organization of the Periodic Table How are the elements arranged? The periodic table contains information about the structures and characteristics of the elements. Elements are arranged in the periodic table in order of their atomic number.
2 7.1 Organization of the Periodic Table
3 Periods 7.1 Organization of the Periodic Table A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table is called a period. The atomic numbers increase by one from left to right across a period.
4 7.1 Organization of the Periodic Table Periods (cont.) Elements are organized into horizontal periods and vertical groups.
5 Groups 7.1 Organization of the Periodic Table A vertical column of elements in the periodic table is called a group. Groups are number 1 18 across the top of the periodic table. Elements in the same group have similar properties. How is an atom s structure related to its position on the periodic table?
6 The Lanthanide and Actinide Series 7.1 Organization of the Periodic Table The two rows of elements at the bottom of the table are the Lanthanide Series and the Actinide Series.
7 Metals 7.1 Organization of the Periodic Table Elements that are on the left side and in the middle of the periodic table are metals.
8 7.1 Organization of the Periodic Table Metals (cont.) Metallic refers to the properties of common metals. Luster, or shine, is one property of metals. Metals are also ductile and malleable. Conductivity is the ability of a material to transfer electricity or thermal energy metals are good conductors.
9 Nonmetals 7.1 Organization of the Periodic Table Elements on the right side of the periodic table are nonmetals.
10 Nonmetals (cont.) 7.1 Organization of the Periodic Table Nonmetals exhibit properties that are the opposite of metals. They are poor conductors of heat and electricity, are brittle, and do not have luster. Nonmetals make up most of the matter in the living world. The most reactive nonmetals are the halogens in Group 17.
11 Semimetals 7.1 Organization of the Periodic Table A few elements are semimetals, or metalloids.
12 Semimetals (cont.) 7.1 Organization of the Periodic Table Semimetals have the properties of both metals and nonmetals. Semimetals conduct electricity but not as well as metals.
13 Noble Gases 7.1 Organization of the Periodic Table Group 18 elements are the noble gases. Noble gases are extremely stable by themselves and occur in nature as single atoms.
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15 7.3 Physical Properties and Changes physical property melting point boiling point thermal conductivity electrical conductivity physical change
16 What is a physical property? 7.3 Physical Properties and Changes A physical property is any characteristic of a material that can be observed without changing the material, such as color, length, or shape. How is an atom s structure related to its position on the periodic table?
17 Melting and Boiling Points 7.3 Physical Properties and Changes The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid is the melting point. The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas is the boiling point.
18 Attractive Forces 7.3 Physical Properties and Changes Attractive forces determine the melting and boiling points of a substance. Molecules with weak attraction have low melting and boiling points. Molecules with strong attractions have high melting and boiling points.
19 Pressure Pressure also affects the boiling point. The higher the air pressure, the higher the boiling point. 7.3 Physical Properties and Changes
20 Density 7.3 Physical Properties and Changes Density is mass per unit volume of a substance. The volumes are the same, but the density of the gas is less than the solid or liquid because there are fewer gas particles in the container.
21 Hardness 7.3 Physical Properties and Changes Hardness is a physical property that shows how strongly the particles of a substance are held together. Diamonds are a form of carbon and are the hardest substance found in nature.
22 Hardness (cont.) 7.3 Physical Properties and Changes This table shows the differences between the structures of diamonds and graphite both composed of carbon atoms.
23 Thermal Conductivity 7.3 Physical Properties and Changes Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to transfer heat by collisions of its particles. If one part of the metal is heated, the particles move quickly and collide with nearby particles, transferring heat. Gases have low thermal conductivity compared to solids because the particles are spread farther apart and do not collide as often.
24 Gases As Insulators 7.3 Physical Properties and Changes Gases are sometimes sealed in windows because they do not conduct heat as easily as glass less heat is lost through the window.
25 Electrical Conductivity 7.3 Physical Properties and Changes Electrical conductivity is the ability of a material to transfer an electric charge.
26 What is a physical change? 7.3 Physical Properties and Changes A physical change is any change in the size, shape, or state of matter in which the identity of the substance is not changed. Dissolving is mixing a substance into another substance to form a solution. Mixing is a physical change in which neither substance dissolves into the other.
27 Changes In State Changes in state are also physical changes that are reversible. Melting and freezing Boiling and condensing Sublimation and deposition 7.3 Physical Properties and Changes
28
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