Atomic Nature of Matter
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1 Objectives: Atomic Nature of Matter 1. Define the atom and parts of the atom 2. Define the properties of an atom; molecules, compounds; states of matter
2 Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Matter any thing that has mass and takes up space. There are approximately 112 types of atom
3 Atoms (cont) The smallness of an atom 1 drop of water contains about atoms. Atoms are ageless All atoms on Earth originated in the deep interiors of ancient stars Atoms are recyclable Atoms cycle from one object to another We do not own the atoms, we borrow them
4 Elements class of identical atoms Living things are composed of about 5 elements 1. oxygen (O) 2. carbon (C) 3. hydrogen (H) 4. nitrogen (N) 5. calcium (Ca) Everyday materials are composed of about 14 elements
5 Molecules Atoms combine to form molecules. Can be simple or complex combinations Simple: 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom combine to form water Complex: DNA ( the blue print of life!) Most molecules are too small to be seen Macromolecule can be seen A diamond is a macromolecule
6 Compounds Chemical reaction process in which atoms rearrange to form different molecules/compounds Compound - Substance that is made from atoms of different elements combined in fixed proportions. Chemical formula - tells us the proportion of each kind of atom. Examples: CO 2, NaCl
7 Compounds (continued) Have different properties from the elements they are made from. NaCl (table salt): Sodium is explosive in water and chlorine is a poisonous gas. H 2 O (water): at room temperature, hydrogen and oxygen are gases but water is a liquid
8 The Atomic Nucleus central region of the atom where most of the mass is. Discovered by Ernest Rutherford gold foil experiment (1910)
9 Rutherford s Experiment Believed in the plum pudding model of the atom. Shot Alpha particles at gold foil Alpha particles - positively charged pieces given off by uranium When the alpha particles hit a fluorescent screen, the screen glows.
10 Plum Pudding what does this mean? A bunch of positive stuff, with the electrons able to be removed. The atom was envisioned as electrons surrounded by a soup of positive charge, like plums surrounded by pudding. The electrons were positioned uniformly throughout the atom. Negative electron Positive charge spread over sphere
11 Lead block Uranium Gold Foil Fluorescent Screen
12 He expected the particles to pass through He thought all of the mass of an atom was evenly distributed.
13 Because he believed in the plum pudding model of the atom
14 Because, he thought the mass was evenly distributed in the atom
15 Because, he thought the mass was evenly distributed in the atom
16 What happened? Particles deflected in all directions
17 How he explained it Atom is mostly empty Small dense, positive piece at center + Alpha particles are deflected by it if they get close enough because they are positive
18 Atomic Nucleus Atoms are classified by their atomic number. (the number of protons in the nucleus) Nucleus contains protons and neutrons. The number of protons define the element.
19 Isotopes Atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons Number of protons is the same Affects the atomic mass Have different chemical properties U 238 is radioactive (and that s not good) U 235 is used to make atomic bombs You cannot make a bomb with U 238
20 Electrons in the Atom Atoms are neutral The number of electrons = the number of protons When not equal, you have an ion not an atom. Arrangement of electrons dictates how atoms combine to form molecules
21 Periodic Table of the Elements Chart that lists atoms by their atomic number and by their electron arrangements. Elements arranged so chemical and physical properties have trends following a pattern of repetition.
22 States of Matter 4 states of matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma All substances can be transformed from one state to another Changes of state are caused by changing energy which affects the temperature
23 Atoms in Constant Motion Solids atoms and molecules vibrate around fixed positions. Liquids - molecular vibration increases and material takes the shape of their container. Gases molecules gain more energy, they break away from each other. Plasma electrons shake loose of atoms results in free electrons and positive ions.
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