2. All of the following are accurate statements regarding the above graph EXCEPT:

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1 General Biology 115 Summer 2014: Exam I Form A Name: 1. Which of the following best explains why FADH2 yields less ATP than NADH during cell respiration? a. Energy captured by FADH2 contributes less to the proton gradient than NADH b. NADH can activate the ATP synthase complex, FADH2 cannot c. FADH2 cannot be used in substrate level phosphoryation d. Some of the energy from FADH2 is transferred to NADH e. Energy is required to transfer FADH2 from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria Use the following graphs to answer Question All of the following are accurate statements regarding the above graph EXCEPT: a. The experiment has two independent variables b. The dependent variable is a continuous variable c. Based on the graph, it can be concluded that girls perform better on reading tasks than boys at all ages d. The experiment is an example of correlational research Use the following list to answer Question 3. 1 Nucleolus 2 Rough ER 3 Transport vesicles 4 Cytoplasm 5 Free ribosomes

2 3. Messenger RNA may be physically associated with which of the following cellular components? a. 1, 2 & 5 b. 1, 2, 4 & 5 c. 2, 4 & 5 d. 2 & 5 e. 2 only Use the following list to answer Questions Amino 5 Methyl 2 Carbonyl 6 Phosphate 3 Carboxyl 7 Sulfhydryl 4 Hydroxyl 4. Of the functional groups listed above, which include one or more carbon atoms bonded to other atoms? a. 2 & 3 b. 2, 3 & 5 c. 1, 2, 3 & 5 d. 2, 3, 5 & 6 e. 2, 3, 5, 6 & 7 5. Which of the above MAY be located in the hydrophobic region of a plasma membrane? a. 1, 4, 5 & 7 b. 1, 5 & 7 c. 4, 5 & 7 d. 5 & 7 e. 5 only 6. Which of the following levels of protein organization may be affected when a mutation changes a single amino acid in the protein? a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. Quaternary e. All but D Use the following list to answer Question 7. 1 Golgi apparatus 2 Nucleus 3 Mitochondria 4 Rough ER

3 5 Smooth ER 7. Which of the cellular components listed above are surrounded by a double membrane? a. 1, 4 & 5 b. 4 & 5 c. 3 only d. All but 2 e. All of the above 8. How does Complex I of the electron transport chain differ from Complex II? a. Complex I is a proton pump, Complex II is not b. Complex I transfers electrons to Complex II, Complex II transfers electrons to Complex III c. Complex I accepts electrons from FADH2, Complex II receives electrons from NADH d. The energy from electrons transferred to Complex I produce fewer ATP molecules than Complex II e. B & D 9. In regards to the properties of carbohydrates, which of the following is NOT TRUE? a. Chitin and cellulose are structural polysaccharides b. Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide c. In aqueous solutions, many monosaccharaides form ring structures d. The carbohydrate polymer is formed when two or more disaccharides form ester bonds with glycerol e. Glycosidic linkages are formed when monosaccharaides undergo condensation reactions Use the following information to answer Questions The runny nose associated with common colds is related to the release of either virus-induced histamine or acetylcholine. The nasal mucosa contain receptors for both histamine and acetylcholine. Activation of either of these receptor types results in increased secretion by nasal glands, producing a runny nose. In an attempt to treat this condition, several new drugs have been investigated. Drug A primarily blocks histamine receptors but also partially blocks acetylcholine receptors. Drug B blocks histamine receptors but has no effect on the acetylcholine receptors. Subjects with severe common colds, whose symptoms were judged to be identical, were randomly assigned to three groups. Group 1 received Drug A, Group 2 received Drug B, and those in Group 3 were treated with a nondrug placebo. After 4 hours, patients reported their own runny nose symptoms on a 5-point scale ranging from a dry nose (1) to an excessively runny nose (5). 10. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE? a. The experiment has one independent variable b. The dependent variable is a discrete variable

4 c. The experiment lacks a control group d. The study is a true experiment e. C & D 11. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. The independent variable is the length of time before symptoms were reported b. The dependent variable is whether the subject received the histamine or acetylcholine receptor blocking drug c. The dependent variable was discrete d. The results should be graphed using a line graph e. C & D 12. In regards to the ATP yielded during aerobic respiration, which of the following is NOT TRUE? a. Ssubstrate level phosphorylation produces the fewest ATP molecules during the TCA cycle b. Energy captured in the formation of NADH during glycolysis produces fewer ATP than the FADH2 formed during the TCA cycle c. Energy captured in the formation of NADH when acetyl CoA is formed produces more ATP than the FADH2 formed during the TCA cycle e. B & C 13. In regards to biological systems, which of the following is NOT TRUE? a. During catabolism, enthalpy of the products is greater than the enthalpy of the reactants b. During most biological reactions, some bond energy is converted into entropy c. During catabolic reactions, free energy of the products is higher than that of the reactants d. Metabolic reactions that increase temperature, decrease enthalpy e. C & D 14. In regards to the synthesis of protein, which of the following is NOT TRUE? a. The production of all proteins require mrna b. Translation requires the endomembrane system c. Expressed proteins are coded for by exons d. Secreted proteins must pass through the golgi apparatus e. A & B

5 15. Of the following, which of the following membrane functions MAY be affected by a mutation that creates a hydrophobic region on the extra-cellular surface of a peripheral protein? a. The shape of the protein changes and the protein can no longer bind to a ligand b. The shape of the protein changes and the transport of ions through the membrane is reduced c. The shape of the protein changes and the protein and enzymatic activity along the membranes surface is reduced 16. In regards to the three-dimensional distribution of electrons around the nucleus, which of the following is TRUE? a. For an electron to be in a 3d orbital, the 4s orbital must be full b. To move to an orbit farther from the nucleus, potential energy must be lost c. Valence shell typically have tow electrons d. All inert atoms have more than two electrons e. B & C 17. Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between enthalpy, free energy and entropy? a. Enthalpy is always greater than free energy b. Enthalpy is always greater than entropy c. Free energy may be greater than entropy e. A, B & C 18. The hypothetical element GBomnium has a charge of -1 and the following mass and atomic numbers: 39 GB and 20GB. All of the following are characteristics of GBomnium EXCEPT: a. GBomnium has 19 neutrons b. GBomnium has more electrons than protons c. GBomnium has more neutrons than electrons d. A & C e. A, B & C 19. How many dehydrogenation reactions occur per acetyl CoA in the TCA cycle? a. 3 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8 e All of the following are characteristics of chemical reactions EXCEPT:

6 a. Free energy of the reactants increases during endergonic reactions b. Reactions with low activation energy may occur spontaneously c. Electrons are donated during reductive reactions d. Most cellular reactions cannot spontaneously overcome energy of activation 21. In regards to the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane, which of the following is TRUE? a. Peripheral proteins are always associated with integral proteins b. Hydrophilic regions of phospholipids are located in the center of the membrane c. Peripheral proteins may act as membrane channels d. Phosphate functional groups attached to phospholipids are only in contact with the fluid surrounding the outside of the cell e. C & D 22. How many electrons does an uncharged atom with a total of three electrons in the 3d shells? a. 20 b. 21 c. 22 d. 23 e Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an enzymes? a. Enzymes reduce the energy of activation necessary to start a chemical reaction b. Reactions that include enzymes produce less free energy to create products c. Active sites for enzymes are usually unique three-dimensional regions of protein molecules d. The effectiveness of an enzyme may decrease when ph is increased e. B & D 24. Hypotheses have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT: a. Hypotheses are a tentative explanation for an observation b. An experimental hypothesis must be rejected when there is a low probability of the null hypothesis being true c. Hypotheses must be testable e. B & C 25. Of the following, which of the following can do cellular work? a. Free energy b. Enthalpy c. Entropy d. Activation energy e. C & D

7 Use the following table to answer Question Phosphorylation of glucose 4 Preparation reactions for oxaloacetate 2 Preparation reactions for frutose-1,6-5 Decarboxylation of pyruvate diphosphate 3 Preparation reactions for pyruvate 6 Decarboxylation of citrate 26. During which of the reactions listed above is ATP generated? a. 2, 4 & 5 b. 2, 3 & 5 c. 3 & 6 d. 3 & 4 e. 3, 4 & Atom X has valence of 4. The atom forms a molecule where X double bonds with another X. How many more bonds are necessary to complete the valence shell of all atoms in the molecule? Assume the molecule is not charged. a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 4 e All of the following are characteristics of the cytoskeleton EXCEPT: a. Microfilaments restrict the movement of cytoplasmic organelles b. Spindles are formed from microtubules c. Microfilaments are contractile proteins that allow the cell to change shape Use the information in the following graph to answer Question Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. The experiment has one independent variable

8 b. The dependent variable is a discrete variable c. The experiment lacks a control group d. The experiment is an example of correlational research Use the following information for Question Exergonic 2 Endergonic 3 Anabolic 4 Catabolic 30. Of the following reactions listed above, which produce products that have lower free energy than the reactants? a. 1 only b. 1 & 3 c. 1 & 4 d. 2 & 3 e. 2 & The intermembrane space contributes to which of the following processes? a. Electron transport b. Formation of acetyl CoA c. TCA cycle d. Chemiosmosis e. All of the above 32. In regards to membrane transport, which of the following is NOT TRUE? a. Both exocytosis and endocytosis may reduce the surface area of the membrane b. The coated pit is recycled during receptor mediated endocytosis c. Facilitated diffusion is a type of bulk transport d. Pinocytosis is a non-specific process 33. Which of the following is TRUE for a solution with an OH- concentration of 1x a. The solution has a greater OH- concentration than H+ concentration b. The solution has a ph of 4 c. The solution is basic 34. Assuming a glucose molecule is fully oxidized, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the TCA cycle? a. Two GTP are produced per acetyl-coa in the TCA cycle b. Two carbon dioxides are produced per acetyl-coa in the TCA cycle

9 c. One FADH2 are produced per acetyl-coa in the TCA cycle d. One ATP is produced per acetyl-coa in the TCA cycle e. Three NADH are produced per acetyl-coa in the TCA cycle 35. Of the following, which produces the greatest amount of ATP during in aerobic respiration? a. Direct phosphorylation of ATP during glycolysis b. Energy captured in the formation of NADH during glycolysis c. Energy captured in the formation of FADH2 during the TCA cycle d. Energy captured in the formation of NADH when acetyl CoA is formed e. Energy captured in the formation of NADH during the TCA cycle 36. All of the following are properties of chemical bonds EXCEPT: a. Atoms with eight valence electrons do not usually form new chemical bonds b. Molecules formed from 2 atoms that are electronegative usually form polar covalent bonds c. Ionic bonds result from electrostatic attraction between atoms that have gained or lost electrons d. Van der Waals forces result when filled orbitals of two atoms exchange electrons e. B & D 37. In regards to the endomembrane system, which of the following is TRUE? a. Expressed regions of chromosomes leave the nucleus through nuclear pores b. Movement of vesicles between the ER and golgi apparatus requires microfilaments c. mrna must be translated by the ribosomes associated with the rough ER d. All proteins leaving the golgi apparatus will be secreted from the cell e. All of the above are TRUE 38. Of the following, which best describes the effect that an allosteric modulator has on an enzymatic reaction? a. Allosteric modulators change the shape of the active site b. Allosteric modulators remover inhibitors from reactants c. Allosteric modulators decrease activation energy d. Allosteric modulators release products from the active site of an enzyme e. Allosteric modulators catalyze reactions between substrates 39. Substance X has a molecular weight of 200 dalton. How many grams of X are required to make 250 ml of 0.4 M Solution X. a. 450 grams b. 100 grams c. 80 grams d. 20 grams e. Cannot be determined with the available information 40. In regards to membrane transport, which of the following is NOT TRUE?

10 lower a. Both exocytosis and endocytosis may selectively move material across the membrane b. Receptors present on the coated pit selectively bind extra-cellular materials during receptor mediated endocytosis c. Osmosis moves water from areas with higher solute concentration to areas with solute concentration d. Pinocytosis moves fluid and dissolved materials into cells e. C & D 41. Pinocytosis has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT: a. Pinocytosis requires cellular energy b. Pinocytosis requires transmembrane proteins c. Pinocytosis is non-selective d. Pinocytosis generally transports materials into the cell 42. Of the following, which result in the decrease of free energy? a. Reactions that are spontaneous at room temperature b. Reactions that can occur when catalyzed by an enzyme c. Endergonic reactions with low activation energies e. A, B & C 43. Pharmacologic agent X blocks NADH from binding to components of the electron transport chain. Which of the following is the most likely effect of pharmacologic agent X? a. Oxygen cannot be reduced b. Electrons cannot flow to Complex III c. Less H+ will be pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane d. B & C e. A, B & C 44. Atom A has one electron in its valence shell. Atom B has seven electrons in its valence shell. Which of the following type of bond is likely to be formed by these atoms? a. A and B form covalent bonds b. A and B form ionic bonds c. A and B form polar covalent bonds d. A and B form the same type of bonds e. Cannot tell which type of bonds each forms from the information provided 45. All of the following are characteristics of macromolecules EXCEPT: a. Bonds found in nucleic acids are formed between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of another b. Lipids are not formed by linking multiple small monomers

11 c. Properties of carbohydrates are determined by their linear sequence of monosaccharaides d. The biological activity of proteins is determined by their three dimensional shape 46. Substance X has a molecular weight of 200 dalton. How many grams of X are there in 100 ml of 2.0 M Solution X. a. 40 grams b. 80 grams c. 100 grams d. 200 grams e. 400 grams Use the following table to answer Question Dehydrogenation 2 Decarboxylation 3 Preparation 4 ATP synthesis 5 Chemiosmosis 47. Which of the reaction types occur during the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phophate to pyruvate? a. 1 only b. 1 & 5 c. 1, 2 & 5 d. 1, 2 & 3 e. 1, 3 & In regards to gene expression, which of the following is NOT TRUE? a. Only exons are transcribed b. Translation can occur without the components of the endomembrane system c. Ribosomes synthesized the primary protein sequence d. The golgi apparatus packages proteins in transport vesicles e. B & D 49. Nucleoside analogue drugs are used in the treatment of HIV infections. These drugs disrupt the formation of nucleic acids. All of the following are likely to be affected by these drugs EXCEPT: a. Condensation reactions between sugars and phosphate b. Transcription of DNA c. Translation of mrna d. B & C e. A, B & C

12 Use the following list to answer Question Hydrophobic regions of integral proteins 2 Hydrophobic regions of phospholipids 3 Hydrophobic regions of peripheral proteins 4 Hydrophilic regions of integral proteins 5 Hydrophilic regions of phospholipids 6 Hydrophilic regions of peripheral proteins 50. Which of the following components of the plasma membrane MAY attach to microfilaments? a. 1, 2 & 3 b. 4, 5 & 6 c. 3 & 6 d. 1 & 4 e. 6 only