CHAPTER 11. The Mole. Mole. One mole of = 6.02 x 10 = 6.02 x 10 CaCl = 6.02 x x 10. Representative Particle. molecules, or formula units
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1 CHAPTER 11 The Mole 11.1 The Mole: Measurement of Matter Matter is measured in one of three ways: (How many?) Mole SI unit that measures the amount of a substance 6.02 x 10 particles of that substance. Representative Particle molecules, or formula units (Ionic) Types of Representative Particles Not bonded to anything Molecules O, SO Diatomic: H 2, O 2, N 2, Cl 2, F 2, Br 2, I 2, Al(OH) One mole of = 6.02 x 10 = 6.02 x 10 CaCl = 6.02 x x 10
2 Comparing Molecules 6.02 x x 10 Comparing Ionic Compounds 6.02 x x 10 Mass of one mole of any element is the molar mass. Gram atomic mass mole of atoms of an element. Molar Mass: Mass of one mole 6.02 x molecules 6.02 x form units Gram molecular mass: the mass of one mole of a molecule.
3 Conversion Factors Converting Moles Representative Particles) 1 mole 6.02 x x 10 1 mole 4.03 x 10 Converting 8.72 x atoms of Mg 11.3 Mole-Mass and x molecules of H 2O 5.13 x formula units of CaCl 2 Mole-Mass Relationship Conversion Factors Moles Mass 1 mole Molar Mass Molar Mass 1 mole
4 Converting grams of MgCl Molar Mass Mass of 1-mole of a substance Different for every substance Must use correct formula and the periodic table to determine the molar The molar mass does not change! STP Molar Volume Volume of 1-mole of a substance 22.4 L per 1 mole The molar volume is the same for all STP Molar Volume At STP, 1 mole of any gas occupies a of a gas L contains Avogadro s number of particles.
5 Conversion Factors STP Moles into Volume) 1 mole 22.4-L 22.4-L 1 mole (Volume into Moles) Mass (g) Molar Road Map Mass (g) 1.49 L of STP Rep. Particles Atoms-Molecules-Form units Rep. Particles Atoms-Molecules-Form units STP Change from one unit to another, use the mole as a step. (p. 303) Rep. Particles to Moles to Mass Mass to Moles to Volume Volume to Moles to Rep. Particles
6 STP molecules of H STP 57.9 L of Chlorine into Mass into Rep. Particles Converting ( The density of a gas is usually measured in the units g/l. Remember that molar mass is measured in g/mol. You must convert L moles. Sample Problems Sample Problem
7 Sample Problem Determining Ions and Atoms How many "Fe" ions are in 1 formula unit? How many "O" ions are in 1 formula unit? How many "H" atoms are in 1 molecule? How many "O" atoms are in 1 molecule? Sample Problems Sample Problems : the percent by mass What is the percent composition of each element in the compound CaCO up to 100%. substances. C: O: Molar Mass = 100
8 Sample Problem What is the percent composition of each element in the compound CO C: O: Molar Mass = % 72.7% What is the mass and percent composition of each element in a sample containing Magnesium and calcium carbonate? Sample Problem Sample Problem What is the mass of sodium in 4.6 grams of sodium chloride? % Na: % Cl: EMPIRICAL FORMULAS the lowest whole number ratio of the atoms of the elements in a compound.
9 (Ionic Bonds) Always Empirical * NOT ALWAYS EMPIRICAL 1. Percent Composition 2. Assume 100 g 5. Change to whole number Determining Empirical Formula Carbon = 79.9%, Hydrogen = 20.1% Determining Empirical Formula Hg = 67.6%, S = 10.8%, O = 21.6% Determining Empirical Formula Oxygen = 74.1%, Nitrogen = 25.9% MOLECULAR FORMULAS
10 MOLECULAR FORMULAS same as the empirical formula. Determining Molecular Formulas Empirical Formula = CH N Molar mass = 60.0 g/mol same empirical formula. Determining Molecular Formulas Empirical Formula = CH Molar mass is 30.0 g/mol Determining Molecular Formulas then the molecular formula the compound and 11.5 Hydrates If a hydrate has a vapor pressure air, the hydrate will crystal structure of many substances. The water in a crystal is called the hydration or Ex. CuSO 5H from air are said to be remove moisture
11 Hygroscopic substances are used as desiccants. They have Less vapor pressure in the compound than in the air. What is the percentage of water in the hydrate CoCl 130 grams 108-grams water from the air sufficient O is 3.9-grams of anhydrous salt remained.
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1) Convert the following 1) 125 g to Kg 6) 26.9 dm 3 to cm 3 11) 1.8µL to cm 3 16) 4.8 lb to Kg 21) 23 F to K 2) 21.3 Km to cm 7) 18.2 ml to cm 3 12) 2.45 L to µm 3 17) 1.2 m to inches 22) 180 ºC to K