STRUCTURE OF MATTER. STEMscopes 8.1
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1 STRUCTURE OF MATTER STEMscopes 8.1
2 MATTER Matter: Anything that has mass and has volume (takes up space).
3 We know that all substances are made up of particles that are too small to be seen. What are these particles called?
4 Atoms The smallest particle of an element, made of electrons, protons, and neutrons.
5 Electron A negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the atomic nucleus within an area is referred to as the electron cloud. Electrons are constantly moving.
6 Proton A positively charged subatomic particle of the nucleus of an atom that contributes to the mass of the atom. Since protons are the only charged particle in the nucleus, an atom s nucleus is always positively charged.
7 Neutron A subatomic particle of the nucleus of an atom that is without charge (neutral) that contributes to the mass of an atom.
8 Electrical charge of an atom General rules regarding the electrical charge of an atom: If the number of protons equals the number of electrons, the atom does not have an electrical charge and is neutral. In other words, the positives and negatives balance out. If there are more protons than electrons, the atom is positively charged. If there are more electrons than protons, the atom is negatively charged. *The number of neutrons in an atom does not affect the overall charge of the atom because neutrons have no charge.
9 Electrical charge of an atom Different atoms have different combinations of subatomic particles. Suppose an atom has 6 protons and 7 neutrons and is neutrally charged overall. We know that the 7 neutrons do not affect the overall charge of the atom. We also know that since the atom is neutral, it must have the same number of protons and electrons. Therefore, we can conclude that this atom has 6 electrons.
10 What are different kinds of atoms called?
11 Elements Element: A substance made of one kind of atom.
12 Atomic Number Atomic Number: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element and its place in the periodic table. Atomic Number = Protons in element
13 Atomic Mass Protons and neutrons have similar masses each proton and neutron has a mass of approximately 1.67 x kg. The mass of one electron is even smaller: 9.11 x kg. Remember that the protons and neutrons are located in the atom s nucleus, which is where most of the atom s mass is located. Atomic mass is the average mass of all of the protons and neutrons in the atom. It is measured in Atomic Mass Units (amu). Electrons are so small that they not do change the mass of the atom. They do, however, take up a large amount of the volume of the atom. Protons + Neutrons = Atomic mass
14 Compounds Atoms combine in different ratios with each other to form different substances. We know that atoms form all different kinds of elements. When those elements come together, they make substances called compounds. A compound is two or more different atoms bonded together. The ratio is important. *Just because a compound has the same elements, does not mean it s the same substance.
15 Molecules Any time two or more atoms are bonded together, they form a molecule. Molecules can be as small as two atoms or as large as hundreds.
16 States of Matter (3) Solid, liquid, and gas Due to the arrangement of the substances, solids can be formed in a couple different ways: disordered or ordered. Ordered: the molecules or atoms are arranged in neat, ordered rows this is called a lattice, and is what you see in crystals. Disordered: molecules or atoms are in no specific, arranged order.
17 Crystal Solid material whose atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in an ordered pattern.
18 Solid A state of matter with definite volume and shape.
19 Substance Any form of matter that is uniform throughout and has consistent properties.
20 Periodic Table Created by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869 remains mostly unchanged today. Periodic Table: A systematic arrangement of the chemical elements. Organized so Atomic Numbers increase along the rows. Elements in same columns (groups) tend to have similar qualities.
21 What is the Periodic Table? The periodic table of elements organizes and categorizes the elements on Earth, as well as the man-made elements, by the atomic number. Then the metals are separated from the nonmetals, and from the metalloids (semi-metals). The elements are further separated into group elements, or families such as alkali metals, halogens, and noble gases. The groups are the columns (vertical, up-down) and the periods are the rows (horizontal, side-to side).
22 Periodic Table A table in which all the known elements are arranged by properties and are represented by one or two letters, referred to as chemical symbols.
23
24 Meet the Elements Song
25 Periodic Table Song NEW/UPDATED
26 Periodic Table Song slower with lyrics
27 Activity Time: The Periodic Table
28 Find the element carbon. What do you think the letter C stands for?
29 A fun way to become familiar with the names and chemical symbols for each element is to find symbols that can be put together to spell words.
30 Let s see if we can spell the word BOOK, using element symbols from the Periodic Table.
31 Now, spell your own name using element symbols from the Periodic Table.
32 CLASSWORK/ HOMEWORK CHALLENGE: Spell as many words as you can, using element symbols. Each word spelled must be followed by a list of each element name used in the word.
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