Compound. Math Focus. What are compounds? What is a chemical reaction? How are compounds used in everyday life?

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1 CHAPTER 3 2 Compounds SECTION Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What are compounds? What is a chemical reaction? How are compounds used in everyday life? National Science Education Standards PS 1a, 1c What Are Compounds? Look around the classroom. Most of the things you see are not made of just one element. Instead, they are made of elements combined with other elements. A compound is a pure substance composed of two or more elements that are joined by chemical bonds. The figure below shows some compounds that you might find in your kitchen and what elements make up the compounds. STUDY TIP Asking Questions Read this section silently. In your notebook, write down questions that you have about this section. Discuss your questions in a small group. Familiar Compounds Compound Table salt Water Sugar Carbon dioxide Baking soda Elements in the compound sodium and chlorine hydrogen and oxygen hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen carbon and oxygen sodium, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen READING CHECK 1. Describe What is a compound? RATIO OF ELEMENTS IN A COMPOUND Elements join in a specific ratio according to their masses to form a compound. For example, in 18 g of water, there are 2 g of hydrogen and 16 g of oxygen. The mass ratio of oxygen to hydrogen is 2 g 16 g or 1. The mass 8 ratio is written as 1 to 8 or 1:8. Every sample of water has a 1:8 mass ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. What happens if a compound has a different mass ratio of hydrogen to water? The compound cannot be water. Sometimes the same two elements can join in different ratios. However, two different compounds are formed. For example, carbon and oxygen can join to form carbon monoxide, CO, and can also form carbon dioxide, CO 2. Carbon dioxide forms when there is lots of oxygen present. Math Focus 2. Determine A compound has 40 g of calcium and 160 g of bromine. What is the mass ratio of calcium to bromine in the compound? Interactive Textbook 37 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

2 SECTION 2 Compounds continued Critical Thinking 3. Analyze Data How can you tell from the table that all of the compounds listed are liquids at room temperature? What Properties Do Compounds Have? Compounds, just like elements, have physical and chemical properties. Some physical properties of compounds are melting point, boiling point, density, and color. The table below shows some of the physical properties of three colorless liquids. These properties can be used to tell them apart, even though the three compounds look alike in a container. Physical Properties Melting point ( C) Boiling point ( C) Odor Chloroform strong 1.48 Ethanol mild 0.79 Water none 1.00 Density (g/ml) Chemical properties can also be used to identify compounds. Compounds may change when they are exposed to other chemicals or to heat or light. These are chemical properties. The table below shows how the chemical properties of three common white solids differ. TAKE A LOOK 4. Identify What element is part of both of the compounds on the table that are not flammable? READING CHECK Chemical Properties Reacts with acid Sodium chloride (salt) no no Sucrose (sugar) no yes Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) yes Flammable The properties of a compound differ from those of its elements. Sodium chloride is made of two very reactive and toxic elements sodium and chlorine. Sodium is a metal that reacts violently with water and can cause damage if it touches skin. Chlorine is a poisonous gas. The combination of the two elements makes sodium chloride. Sodium chloride, or table salt, is safe to eat. no 5. Identify How do the properties of a compound compare to the properties of its elements? Interactive Textbook 38 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

3 SECTION 2 Compounds continued How Can Compounds Be Broken Down? Some compounds can be broken down into their elements by applying heat or using electricity. In the figure below, mercury oxide breaks down to form mercury and oxygen. When mercury oxide is heated, it undergoes a chemical change in which it separates into the elements mercury and oxygen. TAKE A LOOK 6. Identify What is used to break down the mercury oxide into mercury and oxygen? What Are Some Important Compounds? You are surrounded by compounds. Compounds make up the food you eat, the school supplies you use, and the clothes you wear. COMPOUNDS IN INDUSTRY Aluminum is an element used in making cans and airplanes. However, aluminum is not found in nature. Aluminum is produced by breaking down the compound aluminum oxide that is found in nature. Ammonia is another important compound used in industry. It is used to make fertilizers. Ammonia is made by combining nitrogen and hydrogen. COMPOUNDS IN NATURE Proteins are compounds found in all living things. The element nitrogen is needed to make proteins. Plants get the nitrogen they need from the soil. Animals get the nitrogen they need by eating plants or other animals that eat plants. The proteins in food are broken down as an animal digests the food. The simpler compounds formed are used by the animal s cells to make the proteins needed by the animal. Another compound that is important for life is carbon dioxide. You exhale carbon dioxide that was made in your body. Plants take in carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis. Plants use photosynthesis to make compounds called carbohydrates. These carbohydrates can then be broken down for energy by plants and animals. STANDARDS CHECK PS 1c Chemical elements do not break down during normal laboratory reactions involving such treatments as heating, exposure to electric current, or reaction with acids. There are more than 100 known elements that combine in a multitude of ways to produce compounds, which account for the living and nonliving substances that we encounter. 7. Identify What are two types of compounds found in nature? Interactive Textbook 39 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

4 Section 2 Review NSES PS 1a, 1c SECTION VOCABULARY compound a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds 1. Explain How do the particles of a compound differ from the particles of an element? 2. Organize Fill in the knowledge web below with words from this section. Compounds have are made of can be broken down by unique properties types of properties 3. Draw Conclusions A label for a plant is made of copper. When it is first put in a garden, it is bright and shiny. After a few months, the label has a dull, greenish color. When you rub your finger over the surface, some soft material rubs off. What happened to the copper? 4. Identify What are two types of energy used to break down compounds? 5. Determine A compound has 39 g of potassium and 78 g of selenium. What is the mass ratio of potassium to selenium in the compound? Interactive Textbook 40 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

5 K Introduction to Matter Answer Key continued SECTION 2 COMPOUNDS 1. a pure substance composed of two or more elements that are joined by chemical bonds 2. 1:4 3. Room temperature is about 25 C. This value falls between the melting point and the boiling point of each of the three compounds. 4. sodium 5. They are different. 6. heat 7. proteins and carbohydrates Review 1. The particles of a compound contain atoms of more than one element. The particles of an element are the atoms of that element. 2. physical, chemical, elements, heat or electricity 3. There was a chemical reaction with something in the air. It formed a new compound that had properties different from those of copper. 4. heat and electricity 5. 1:2 SECTION 3 MIXTURES 1. a physical change 2. The components in the mixtures are not changed. 3. the flame or the burner 4. A pure substance has the same particles throughout, so it cannot separate into layers. 5. the water 6. The ratio of components in a mixture is not fixed, but a compound always has the same elements in the same ratio. 7. the solvent 8. water 9. It is not a solution, because the metals are not spread evenly throughout the coin. 10. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, salt, and zinc should be circled. 11. amount of solute and amount of solution 12. You add more than the solubility of sugar in water g/100 ml of water grams of solute 14. concentration milliliters of solvent concentration 55 g ml 0.11 g/ml low temperatures 16. mixing by stirring, heating the solution, crushing the solid 17. a mixture in which the particles of a material are large enough to settle out 18. by passing it through a filter 19. a mixture in which the particles are spread throughout but are not large enough to settle out Review 1. The solvent is ethanol; the solute is sucrose. 2. Middle box: solution Bottom boxes, from left to right: solvent, solute grams of solute 3. concentration milliliters of solvent concentration 25 g ml g/ml The solubility of sugar is lower in cold water than in hot water, so some of the sugar came out of solution. Chapter 4 Introduction to Atoms SECTION 1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATOMIC THEORY 1. An atom is the smallest particle of an element that keeps its properties. 2. in a regular or repeating pattern 3. when new information is found that does not fit the original theory 4. positive 5. negative 6. a beam of small, positively charged particles 7. Most particles followed a straight path. 8. In the center of the atom is the nucleus. Electrons move in mostly empty space outside the nucleus. 9. about 19 mi 10. Electrons move around the nucleus in definite areas called energy levels. 11. The nucleus is the center circle. The nine smaller circles are electrons. 12. Electron clouds are regions where electrons are likely to be found. Interactive Textbook Answer Key 72 Introduction to Matter

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