Damage to optics under irradiations with the intense EUV FEL pulses
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1 Damage to optics under irradiations with the intense EUV FEL pulses Ryszard Sobierajski 1, Eric Louis 2 1 Institute of Physics PAS, 2 Universiteit Twente
2 Damage to optics - motivation Properties of the intense FEL beam create, apart new experimental opportunities, extreme demands to optical elements applied in the experimental equipment. Amongst the most serious issues is radiation load imposed on of optics / detectors / samples. C. David et al. Scientific Reports Vol. 1, (2011) 2014 Source Workshop, Dublin 2
3 intensity [W/cm 2 or J/cm 2 ] e - relaxation energy transport by e - & e - -phonon coupling & phase transisions Fast atomic movements (fast diffusion) Energy transport by phonons (heat diffusion) Thermoelastic processes Characteristic times & processes R/T/A time [s] 2014 Source Workshop, Dublin 3
4 intensity [W/cm 2 or J/cm 2 ] Characteristic times & processes 1 R/T/A time [s] 2014 Source Workshop, Dublin 4
5 Intensity-dependent changes of optical properties single shot optics Detector mirror Particle-coated membrane Si/C ML Incident beam Si/Mo λ = 13.5 λ = 32 nm C/Co SPIE conference, 2007 λ = 6 nm Backing multilayer mirror S.Hau-Riege, R.Sobierajski, PRL 98, (2007) 2014 Source Workshop, Dublin 5
6 intensity [W/cm 2 or J/cm 2 ] e - relaxation energy transport by e - & e - -phonon coupling & phase transisions Characteristic times & processes R/T/A time [s] 2014 Source Workshop, Dublin 6
7 Phase transitions (s-s & s-l) Graphitisation of T i ~1050 K, ion~2,5% Melting of T i ~1650 K AFM SPEM, ESCA, Triest *J. Gaudin et al., Physical Review B 86 p (2012) *N. Stojanovic et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. Vol. 89, s , (2006) 2014 Source Workshop, Dublin 7
8 Thin (a-c) layers on gratings Energy distribution absorbed in the grating *J. Gaudin et al., Opt. Lett 37 p.2022 (2012) Simulations of the X-ray intensity distribution based on solution of the Helmholtz equation EXTATIC workshop 2014,
9 intensity [W/cm 2 or J/cm 2 ] e - relaxation energy transport by e - & e - -phonon coupling & phase transisions Fast atomic movements (fast diffusion) Characteristic times & processes R/T/A time [s] 2014 Source Workshop, Dublin 9
10 Atomic diffusion in multilayer Mo/Si coating (hv ~92eV) [ps] Outside crater inside crater Compaction & crystallites formation 2014 Source Workshop, Dublin 10
11 energy density [a.u.] a-si heat melting transport solid heat release Single shot damage in Mo/Si ML - model h = 91.9 [ev] a-si Mo average over a BL T=T melt level depth [nm] A.R. Khorsand, R. Sobierajski,et al. Optics Express 18, s.700 (2010) Damaging mechanism identified: energy absorption energy diffusion transfers heat from Mo layers to a-si melting of Si layers enables fast diffusion of Mo atoms into Si self-sustained reaction due to reaction heat release period compaction for bilayers with melted a-si crater formation 2014 Source Workshop, Dublin 11
12 intensity [W/cm 2 or J/cm 2 ] e - relaxation energy transport by e - & e - -phonon coupling & phase transisions Fast atomic movements (fast diffusion) Energy transport by phonons (heat diffusion) Characteristic times & processes R/T/A time [s] 2014 Source Workshop, Dublin 12
13 Temperature at the surface [K] Energy densiy U-U 0 [J/m 3 ] Heat diffusion by phonons & heat accumulation surface bottom time [s] Si substrate 500 microns thick F~100 nj/cm 2 λ=13.5 nm normal incidence L abs ~500 nm time [s] 2014 Source Workshop, Dublin 13
14 Heat accumulation effects - melting C. David et al. Scientific Reports Vol. 1, (2011) 2014 Source Workshop, Dublin 14
15 intensity [W/cm 2 or J/cm 2 ] e - relaxation energy transport by e - & e - -phonon coupling & phase transisions Fast atomic movements (fast diffusion) Energy transport by phonons (heat diffusion) Thermoelastic processes Characteristic times & processes R/T/A time [s] 2014 Source Workshop, Dublin 15
16 deformation [um] Heat load distribution on first mirror Eu-XFEL 17.5 GeV, pulses per second average heat load after pulse trains Slide courtesy H.Sinn from X-ray optics CDR on xfel.eu (2011) 2.00E E nm 1.60E E-02 FEL Compto n (400 kev) Cooling in this model: clamping from both sides 1.20E E E E E E-03 after pules train average after pulse train 16 nm average 0.00E mirror length [mm] 2014 Source Workshop, Dublin 16 FEA by Antje Trapp (2011)
17 Time-resolved studies of the deformations D.D.Ryutov Rev. Sci. Instr. 74 (2003) *J. Gaudin et al., Opt. Exp. 19 p (2011) 2014 Source Workshop, Dublin 17
18 intensity [W/cm 2 or J/cm 2 ] e - relaxation energy transport by e - & e - -phonon coupling & phase transisions Fast atomic movements (fast diffusion) Energy transport by phonons (heat diffusion) Thermoelastic processes Beyond ms time scale R/T/A time [s] 2014 Source Workshop, Dublin 18
19 Period change (nm) Atomic diffusion induced silicide formation High res. Cu-K a reflectance, 250C Dd o C o C 250 o C o C Bragg law: 2 m 2dsin m 1 sin 2 Growth of high density Mo X Si Y interfaces causes reduction of multilayer period m Annealing time (h) Si Mo Si d T,t Dd Si Mo Si MoSi MoSi
20 Wavelength change(nm) Period change (nm) Thermally stable multilayer With barriers 250 C annealing (hours) Si Mo Si Mo Si Mo Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier No barriers Years(!) at enhanced temperature 2014 Source Workshop, Dublin 20
21 Standard damage processes Surface FLASH 2014 Source Workshop, Dublin 21
22 IP PAS: R. Sobierajski, P. Dłużewski, M. Jurek, M. Klepka, D.Klinger, J.B. Pelka, W. Szuszkiewicz, D.Żymierska WUT: D.Sobota, W. Wierzchowski, T. Płociński IP ASCR: L. Juha, J. Chalupsky, V.Hajkova, T. Burian HASYLAB: N. Stojanovic, K. Tiedtke S. Toleikis H. Wabnitz Uni. Essen: K. Sokolowski-Tinten, SLAC: J. Krzywinski, J. Bozek, M. Messerschmidt LLNL: S. Hau-Riege, R. London XFEL: J. Gaudin, H.Sinn FOM: R.A. Loch, E. Louis, S. Bruijn, A.R. Khorsand, R.W. E. van de Kruijs, SPRING-8: M.Yabashi, M.Nagasono This work has been partially supported by the Polish National Science Center (Grant No. DEC-2011/03/B/ST3/02453)
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