Chem 115: Chapter 9 Dr. Babb

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Chem 115: Chapter 9 Dr. Babb"

Transcription

1 Periodic Properties of the Atom Properties that depend on position of element in the periodic table. Factors that affect the periodic properties: 1. Principal quantum number of valence shell (n valence ) * within a column/group...as proceed down column n valence increases and shell size increases. * within a row/period..as proceed across row n valence remains constant. 2. Effective nuclear charge (Z eff ): reduced nuclear charge felt by valence e- in an atom due to shielding by core e-. * within column/group..as proceed down column Z eff remains relatively constant. * within a row/period..as proceed across a row Z eff increases. Z eff = Z - # core e- Compare the effective nuclear charge felt by the valence electrons in sodium vs. chlorine. Periodic Properties A. Atomic Radius: distance from nucleus to outer limits of atom. Note: Electron distribution on average is considered to be spherically symmetric about nucleus. * Why do atomic radii/sizes increase as proceed down periodic table? Why do atomic radii/sizes decrease as proceed across periodic table? Compare the radii of F, C, N, Ne, and O. B. Ionic Radii 1. Cation < Neutral Atom 3. Isoelectronic species Which is larger, Na + or Na? Explain. Relative radii depend on Z eff. Which is larger, F -, Ne, or Na +? 2. Anion > Neutral Atom Which is larger, F - or F? Explain 1

2 C. Ionization Energy (IE): Energy absorbed when electron is removed from the valence shell of gaseous atom/ion in ground state. Note: Harder is to remove e-, the larger the IE. In general.. nonmetals, have higher IE relative to metals, which have lower IE. Example: Consider oxygen. O(g) O + (g) + 1 e- IE 1 (First IE) O + (g) O +2 (g) + 1 e- IE 2 (Second IE) Compare the IE of Li, F, and N. Compare the IE of Ar, He, and Ne. D. Electron Affinity (EA): Energy released when an electron is added to the valence shell of a gaseous atom/ion in its ground state. Note: Easier is to add e-, the more energy released (i.e. more exothermic). In general.. nonmetals, have most negative EA relative to metals, which have less negative EA. Example: Consider oxygen. 1 e- + O(g) O - (g) EA 1 =- 1 e- + O - (g) O -2 (g) EA 2 =+ Compare the EA of Mg, Cl, and Si. Compare the EA of K, Na, and Li. Of special note: Ionic Compound = Metal + Nonmetal (Low IE) (Most neg. EA) easy to remove e- easy to add e- to form cation to form anion 2

3 Electronegativity and Ionic vs. Molecular Compounds Ionic Compounds: formed by combination of metal cation with nonmetal anion. Ions held together by ionic bonds (due to electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charge). Molecular Compounds: Formed by combination of two or more nonmetals. Atoms held together by covalent bonds (due to sharing of pair of e- between atoms). Problem..actual dividing line between ionic and covalent compounds is not so clear cut!! Many compounds have both ionic and molecular properties. Linus Pauling (American scientist, Nobel prize in Chemistry 1954) Studied the nature of chemical bond. Defined concept of electronegativity (en): ability of bonded atom to attract e- in chemical bond toward itself. Note: The higher the en, the more the bonded atom pulls e- toward itself. In general..metals have lower en, nonmetals have higher en. Exception, Group VIIIA, en=0. Electronegativity increases en=0 for Group VIIIA Electronegativity increases Use of Electronegativity to Determine Bond Type 1. Look at difference in electronegativity, en = en 2 en If en 2, then ionic bond If en = 0, then covalent bond. If 0 < en < 2, then polar covalent bond (bond intermediate between ionic and covalent and with partial charge separation). 3

4 * What type of bonds are present in each of the compounds shown below? (en: Ca=1.1, O=3.5, C=2.5, H=2.1, Cl=2.9, S=2.4, Zn=1.7) * If polar covalent bonds are present, indicate which atom has the partial negative and which the partial positive charge. CaO CH 4 Cl 2 SO 4-2 ZnS Lewis Dot Symbols Used to keep track of valence electrons. To draw Lewis Dot Symbols: 1. Write chemical symbol for element. 2. Surround by dots, each dot corresponding to a valence e-. Remember..for A-Group elements, # valence e- = Group #. A. Draw Lewis Dot Symbols for Mg, S, Cl, and Ar. B. Use Lewis Dot Symbols to diagram the reaction between Na and F to form the ionic compound NaF. C. In NaF, do the elements obey the octet rule? State the octet rule. Which elements tend to obey the octet rule? Which elements are exceptions to the octet rule? Do atoms in molecular compounds also tend to obey the octet rule? 4

5 Lewis Structures Use Lewis Dot Symbols to show the arrangement of valence e- such that octet rule is obeyed. A. Draw Lewis structure for F 2, O 2, and N 2. B. Define the following terms: single bond, double bond, triple bond, bonding e- pair, nonbonding (or lone) e- pair, and bond order. Lewis Structures: Steps for Drawing 1. Count up total # valence e-. 2. Determine skeletal structure (what s bonded to what). a. Central atom is usually written first in chemical formula. b. H is never the central atom. 3. Place 2 e- in each bond. 4. Surround non-central atoms by octet of e-. a. H is exception and is only surrounded by 2 e-. 5. Count up how many e- remain. Place any remaining e- on central atom as e- pair. 6. If central atom does not have octet of e-, form multiple bond(s) to it to give it an octet of e-. a. H, B, Be, F and metals do not generally form multiple bonds. 7. If central atom in Step #6 does not form multiple bonds, leave it short of e-. 5

6 A. Draw Lewis structures for the substances given below. CF 4 CH 4 CO CO 2 NCl 3 OCl 2 H 3 O + NO 3 - CO 3-2 ClO 2 - ClO 2 + HCN BeCl 2 BCl 3 PCl 5 SF 4 HClO 4 HNO 2 B. Why can S and P have more than 8 e- in the valence shell? Can elements such as C, N or O (Period 2 elements) expand their octet? Explain. Resonance Must be invoked when one single Lewis structure does not adequately describe the bonding in a molecule or ion. Resonance Structures: 1. Same skeletal arrangement. 2. Different arrangement of e- pairs. Example: A. Draw a Lewis structure for carbonate. Does this one Lewis structure accurately describe the bonding in carbonate? The actual carbonate structure is a resonance hybrid of all reasonable Lewis structures. What is a resonance hybrid? B. Draw two reasonable resonance structures for sulfuric acid. Use formal charge considerations to predict which form is more stable (or preferred). 6

7 Formal Charge Gives information on how many e- are still associated with an atom relative to the number of valence e- the atom came in with. Formal Charge = # Valence e- - # bonds - total # nonbonding e- Rules for determining stability of resonance structures: 1. Structure with least amount of formal charge separation is more stable. 2. Structure with negative formal charge on more en element is more stable. 3. Structure with two positive or two negative formal charges on adjacent atoms is NOT stable. A. Draw resonance structures for N 2 O. Which structure is most stable? least stable? B. Draw resonance structures for HClO 3. Which structure is most stable? least stable? 7

Chemical Bonding -- Lewis Theory (Chapter 9)

Chemical Bonding -- Lewis Theory (Chapter 9) Chemical Bonding -- Lewis Theory (Chapter 9) Ionic Bonding 1. Ionic Bond Electrostatic attraction of positive (cation) and negative (anion) ions Neutral Atoms e - transfer (IE and EA) cation + anion Ionic

More information

Chapter 8 The Concept of the Chemical Bond

Chapter 8 The Concept of the Chemical Bond Chapter 8 The Concept of the Chemical Bond Three basic types of bonds: Ionic - Electrostatic attraction between ions (NaCl) Metallic - Metal atoms bonded to each other Covalent - Sharing of electrons Ionic

More information

C H E M 1 CHEM 101-GENERAL CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 7 CHEMICAL BONDING & MOLECULAR STRUCTURE INSTR : FİLİZ ALSHANABLEH

C H E M 1 CHEM 101-GENERAL CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 7 CHEMICAL BONDING & MOLECULAR STRUCTURE INSTR : FİLİZ ALSHANABLEH C H E M 1 CHEM 101-GENERAL CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 7 CHEMICAL BONDING & MOLECULAR STRUCTURE 0 1 INSTR : FİLİZ ALSHANABLEH CHAPTER 7 CHEMICAL BONDING & MOLECULAR STRUCTURE The Ionic Bond Formation of Ions The

More information

Chapter 8. Ions and the Noble Gas. Chapter Electron transfer leads to the formation of ionic compounds

Chapter 8. Ions and the Noble Gas. Chapter Electron transfer leads to the formation of ionic compounds Chapter 8 Chemical Bonding: General Concepts 1 8.1 Electron transfer leads to the formation of ionic compounds Ionic compounds form when metals and nonmetals react The attraction between positive and negative

More information

Worksheet 5 - Chemical Bonding

Worksheet 5 - Chemical Bonding Worksheet 5 - Chemical Bonding The concept of electron configurations allowed chemists to explain why chemical molecules are formed from the elements. In 1916 the American chemist Gilbert Lewis proposed

More information

Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts

Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts Chapter 9 Valence electrons are the outer shell electrons of an atom. The valence electrons are the electrons that participate in chemical bonding. Group e - configuration

More information

CHAPTER 8: BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMICAL BONDING. Bond-an attractive interaction between two or more atoms.

CHAPTER 8: BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMICAL BONDING. Bond-an attractive interaction between two or more atoms. CHAPTER 8: BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMICAL BONDING Bond-an attractive interaction between two or more atoms. Bonding is the "glue" that holds molecules together. Two extreme types: Ionic (transfer) Covalent

More information

Unit 7: Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding. Chemical Bonds. Lewis Symbols. The Octet Rule. Transition Metal Ions. Ionic Bonding 11/17/15

Unit 7: Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding. Chemical Bonds. Lewis Symbols. The Octet Rule. Transition Metal Ions. Ionic Bonding 11/17/15 Unit 7: Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding Topics Covered Chemical bonds Ionic bonds Covalent bonds Bond polarity and electronegativity Lewis structures Exceptions to the octet rule Strength of covalent

More information

Chemical Bonding I: Covalent Bonding. How are atoms held together in compounds?

Chemical Bonding I: Covalent Bonding. How are atoms held together in compounds? I: Covalent Bonding How are atoms held together in compounds? IONIC or COVALENT bonds or forces For most atoms, a filled outer shell contains 8 electrons ----- an octet Atoms want to form octets when they

More information

1. Atomic and Ionic radius 2. Ionization energy 3. Electronegativity 4. Electron Affinity PERIODIC TRENDS

1. Atomic and Ionic radius 2. Ionization energy 3. Electronegativity 4. Electron Affinity PERIODIC TRENDS PERIODIC TRENDS Nov 11 9:05 PM Periodic trends that change in a predictable way: 1. Atomic and Ionic radius 2. Ionization energy 3. Electronegativity 4. Electron Affinity Nov 11 8:20 PM 1 Atomic Radius

More information

Chapter 8: Concepts of Chemical Bonding

Chapter 8: Concepts of Chemical Bonding Chapter 8: Concepts of Chemical Bonding Learning Outcomes: Write Lewis symbols for atoms and ions. Define lattice energy and be able to arrange compounds in order of increasing lattice energy based on

More information

CHAPTER 6. Chemical Periodicity

CHAPTER 6. Chemical Periodicity CHAPTER 6 Chemical Periodicity 1 Chapter Goals 1. More About the Periodic Table Periodic Properties of the Elements 2. Atomic Radii 3. Ionization Energy (IE) 4. Electron Affinity (EA) 5. Ionic Radii 6.

More information

Chapter 8. Chemical Bonding: Basic Concepts

Chapter 8. Chemical Bonding: Basic Concepts Chapter 8. Chemical Bonding: Basic Concepts Chemical bond: is an attractive force that holds 2 atoms together and forms as a result of interactions between electrons found in combining atoms We rarely

More information

Chapter 8: Bonding. Section 8.1: Lewis Dot Symbols

Chapter 8: Bonding. Section 8.1: Lewis Dot Symbols Chapter 8: Bonding Section 8.1: Lewis Dot Symbols The Lewis electron dot symbol is named after Gilbert Lewis. In the Lewis dot symbol, the element symbol represents the nucleus and the inner electrons.

More information

Trends in the Periodic Table

Trends in the Periodic Table Trends in the Periodic Table Effective nuclear charge: < effective nuclear charge is the attraction felt by the valence electrons from the nucleus < increases across a period : increases across because

More information

Chapter 7 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Chapter 7 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Chapter 7 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Three Types of Chemical Bonding (1) Ionic: formed by electron transfer (2) Covalent: formed by electron sharing (3) Metallic: attraction between metal

More information

Chemical Bonds & Lattice Energy

Chemical Bonds & Lattice Energy Chemical Bonds & Chemical bonds form when individual atoms become attached to other atoms. This happens when the electrons in each atom s outer energy level become filled. This is known as a stable octet.

More information

Big Idea: Ionic Bonds: Ionic Bonds: Metals: Nonmetals: Covalent Bonds: Ionic Solids: What ions do atoms form? Electron Electron

Big Idea: Ionic Bonds: Ionic Bonds: Metals: Nonmetals: Covalent Bonds: Ionic Solids: What ions do atoms form? Electron Electron Chapter 13: Phenomena Phenomena: Scientists measured the bond angles of some common molecules. In the pictures below each line represents a bond that contains 2 electrons. If multiple lines are drawn together

More information

Chapter 8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding. Lecture Presentation. John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO

Chapter 8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding. Lecture Presentation. John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO Lecture Presentation Chapter 8 of Chemical John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO Chemical Bonds Chemical bonds are the forces that hold the atoms together in substances. Three

More information

Chemistry 101 Chapter 9 CHEMICAL BONDING

Chemistry 101 Chapter 9 CHEMICAL BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING Chemical bonds are strong attractive force that exist between the atoms of a substance. Chemical bonds are commonly classified into 3 types: Ionic Bonding Ionic bonds form between metals

More information

Chapter 8. Chemical Bonding: Basic Concepts

Chapter 8. Chemical Bonding: Basic Concepts Chapter 8. Chemical Bonding: Basic Concepts Chemical bond: is an attractive force that holds 2 atoms together and forms as a result of interactions between electrons found in combining atoms We rarely

More information

Chapter 9 Ionic and Covalent Bonding

Chapter 9 Ionic and Covalent Bonding Chem 1045 Prof George W.J. Kenney, Jr General Chemistry by Ebbing and Gammon, 8th Edition Last Update: 06-April-2009 Chapter 9 Ionic and Covalent Bonding These Notes are to SUPPLIMENT the Text, They do

More information

CHEM 1305 Introductory Chemistry

CHEM 1305 Introductory Chemistry CHEM 1305 Introductory Chemistry Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking 7 th Edition, Charles H. Corwin Chapter 12. Chemical Bonding Modified by: Dr. Violeta F. Coarfa 1 Chemical Bond Concept

More information

Chem 105 Monday, 31 Oct 2011

Chem 105 Monday, 31 Oct 2011 Chem 105 Monday, 31 Oct 2011 Ch 7: Ion sizes; Ionization Potential Ch 8: Drawing Lewis Formulas Formal charge Resonance 10/31/2011 1 Sizes of Ions Cations (remember ca + ion) always SMALLER than corresponding

More information

Its Bonding Time. Chemical Bonds CH 12

Its Bonding Time. Chemical Bonds CH 12 Its Bonding Time Chemical Bonds CH 12 What is a chemical bond? Octet Rule: Chemical compounds tend to form so that each atom, by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons, has an octet of electrons in its

More information

Chem 1075 Chapter 12 Chemical Bonding Lecture Outline. Chemical Bond Concept

Chem 1075 Chapter 12 Chemical Bonding Lecture Outline. Chemical Bond Concept Chem 1075 Chapter 12 Chemical Bonding Lecture Outline Slide 2 Chemical Bond Concept Recall that an atom has and electrons. Core electrons are found to the nucleus. Valence electrons are found in the s

More information

Chapter 1 Chemical Bonding

Chapter 1 Chemical Bonding Chapter 1 Chemical Bonding 1.1 Atoms, Electrons, and Orbitals Atoms are composed of + Protons positively charged mass = 1.6726 X 10-27 kg Neutrons neutral mass = 1.6750 X 10-27 kg Electrons negatively

More information

3-1 Lewis Electron-Dot Diagram

3-1 Lewis Electron-Dot Diagram 3-1 Lewis Electron-Dot Diagram Lewis-dot diagrams, are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, & the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule. Duet rule Octet rule beyond

More information

Chapter 13: Phenomena

Chapter 13: Phenomena Chapter 13: Phenomena Phenomena: Scientists measured the bond angles of some common molecules. In the pictures below each line represents a bond that contains 2 electrons. If multiple lines are drawn together

More information

Name: Hr: 8 Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding

Name: Hr: 8 Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding 8.1-8.2 8.3-8.5 8.5-8.7 8.8 Name: Hr: 8 Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding 8.1 Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule State the type of bond (ionic, covalent, or metallic) formed between any

More information

Periodic Trends. Homework: Lewis Theory. Elements of his theory:

Periodic Trends. Homework: Lewis Theory. Elements of his theory: Periodic Trends There are various trends on the periodic table that need to be understood to explain chemical bonding. These include: Atomic/Ionic Radius Ionization Energy Electronegativity Electron Affinity

More information

Lewis Structures. Lewis Structures. Lewis Structures. Lewis Structures. What pattern do you see? What pattern do you see?

Lewis Structures. Lewis Structures. Lewis Structures. Lewis Structures. What pattern do you see? What pattern do you see? Look at the following chart: IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA 2s1 2s2 2s22p1 2s22p2 2s22p3 2s22p4 2s22p5 2s22p6 The Roman Numerals are the Group numbers from the Periodic Table, Beneath them is the outer

More information

Chapter 7: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Chapter 7: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Chapter 7: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Ionic Bond Covalent Bond Electronegativity and Bond Polarity Lewis Structures Orbital Overlap Hybrid Orbitals The Shapes of Molecules (VSEPR Model) Molecular

More information

Chemical Bonding AP Chemistry Ms. Grobsky

Chemical Bonding AP Chemistry Ms. Grobsky Chemical Bonding AP Chemistry Ms. Grobsky What Determines the Type of Bonding in Any Substance? Why do Atoms Bond? The key to answering the first question are found in the electronic structure of the atoms

More information

Periodic Relationships

Periodic Relationships Periodic Relationships 1 Tabulation of Elements Mendeleev (1869) Arranged by mass Tabulation by chem.& physical properties Predicted missing elements and properties 2 Modern Periodic Table Argon vs. potassium

More information

Chemical Bonding. Chemical Bonding 20/03/2015. The atomic radius increases from right to left. The atomic radius increases from top to bottom

Chemical Bonding. Chemical Bonding 20/03/2015. The atomic radius increases from right to left. The atomic radius increases from top to bottom Chemical Bonding Atomic Radius: This distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron. Chemical Bonding Chemistry 11 Two factors must be taken into consideration in explaining this periodic trend: Increasing

More information

Electron Configuration and Periodic Trends - Chapter 5 section 3 Guided Notes

Electron Configuration and Periodic Trends - Chapter 5 section 3 Guided Notes Electron Configuration and Periodic Trends - Chapter 5 section 3 Guided Notes There are several important atomic characteristics that show predictable that you should know. Atomic Radius The first and

More information

Chapter Nine. Chemical Bonding I

Chapter Nine. Chemical Bonding I Chapter Nine Chemical Bonding I 1 The Ionic Bond and Lattice Energies 2 Lewis Dot Symbols Consists of atomic symbol surrounded by 1 dot for each valence electron in the atom Only used for main group elements

More information

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL BONDS

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL BONDS INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL BONDS Chemical Bonds A general comparison of metals and nonmetals. Chemical Bonds Types of Chemical Bonding 1. Metal with nonmetal: electron transfer and ionic bonding 2. Nonmetal

More information

Bonding in Chemistry. Chemical Bonds All chemical reactions involve breaking of some bonds and formation of new ones where new products are formed.

Bonding in Chemistry. Chemical Bonds All chemical reactions involve breaking of some bonds and formation of new ones where new products are formed. CHEMICAL BONDS Atoms or ions are held together in molecules or compounds by chemical bonds. The type and number of electrons in the outer electronic shells of atoms or ions are instrumental in how atoms

More information

Ø Draw the Bohr Diagrams for the following atoms: Sodium Potassium Rubidium

Ø Draw the Bohr Diagrams for the following atoms: Sodium Potassium Rubidium Chemistry 11 Atomic Theory V Name: Date: Block: 1. Atomic Radius 2. Ionization Energy 3. Electronegativity 4. Chemical Bonding Atomic Radius Periodic Trends Ø As we move across a period or down a chemical

More information

Li or Na Li or Be Ar or Kr Al or Si

Li or Na Li or Be Ar or Kr Al or Si Pre- AP Chemistry 11 Atomic Theory V Name: Date: Block: 1. Atomic Radius/Size 2. Ionization Energy 3. Electronegativity 4. Chemical Bonding Atomic Radius Effective Nuclear Charge (Z eff) Ø Net positive

More information

Focus Learning Targets for Periodic Trends and Bonding (1) Discuss the development of the periodic table by Mendeleev. (2) Locate and state important

Focus Learning Targets for Periodic Trends and Bonding (1) Discuss the development of the periodic table by Mendeleev. (2) Locate and state important Focus Learning Targets for Periodic Trends and Bonding (1) Discuss the development of the periodic table by Mendeleev. (2) Locate and state important properties of main chemical families including the

More information

CHEMICAL BONDS. Electrical forces. Reflect a balance in the attractive and repulsive forces between electrically charged particles

CHEMICAL BONDS. Electrical forces. Reflect a balance in the attractive and repulsive forces between electrically charged particles CHEMICAL BONDS Chemical Bonds: Electrical forces. Reflect a balance in the attractive and repulsive forces between electrically charged particles Lewis Theory of Bonding: Electrons play a fundamental role

More information

Bonding Chapter 7. Bond an attractive force that holds two atoms together. Atoms bond to obtain a more stable electronic configuration.

Bonding Chapter 7. Bond an attractive force that holds two atoms together. Atoms bond to obtain a more stable electronic configuration. Bonding Chapter 7 Bond an attractive force that holds two atoms together. Atoms bond to obtain a more stable electronic configuration. Ionic bonds attraction between oppositely charged atoms/molecules

More information

Chemistry 101 Chapter 9 CHEMICAL BONDING. Chemical bonds are strong attractive force that exists between the atoms of a substance

Chemistry 101 Chapter 9 CHEMICAL BONDING. Chemical bonds are strong attractive force that exists between the atoms of a substance CHEMICAL BONDING Chemical bonds are strong attractive force that exists between the atoms of a substance Chemical Bonds are commonly classified into 3 types: 1. IONIC BONDING Ionic bonds usually form between

More information

Name: Block: Date: Atomic Radius: the distance from the center of the nucleus to the outer most electrons in an atom.

Name: Block: Date: Atomic Radius: the distance from the center of the nucleus to the outer most electrons in an atom. Name: Block: Date: Chemistry 11 Trends Activity Assignment Atomic Radius: the distance from the center of the nucleus to the outer most electrons in an atom. Ionic Radius: the distance from the center

More information

Chapter Nine. Chapter Nine. Chemical Bonds: A Preview. Chemical Bonds. Electrostatic Attractions and Repulsions. Energy of Interaction

Chapter Nine. Chapter Nine. Chemical Bonds: A Preview. Chemical Bonds. Electrostatic Attractions and Repulsions. Energy of Interaction 1 Chemical Bonds: A Preview 2 Chemical Bonds Forces called chemical bonds hold atoms together in molecules and keep ions in place in solid ionic compounds. Chemical bonds are electrostatic forces; they

More information

Chemical Bond An attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms, which binds the atoms together

Chemical Bond An attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms, which binds the atoms together Chemical Bond An attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms, which binds the atoms together When atoms form chemical bonds their valence electrons move around. This makes atoms

More information

Chapter 8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding

Chapter 8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding Chapter 8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding 8.1 Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule When atoms or ions are strongly attracted to one another, we say that there is a chemical bond between them. In chemical

More information

Periodic Trends. More than 20 properties change in predictable way based location of elements on PT

Periodic Trends. More than 20 properties change in predictable way based location of elements on PT Periodic Trends Periodic Trends More than 20 properties change in predictable way based location of elements on PT Some properties: Density Melting point/boiling point Atomic radius Ionization energy Electronegativity

More information

Concepts of Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry Part 1: Ionic and Covalent Bonds. David A. Katz Pima Community College Tucson, AZ

Concepts of Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry Part 1: Ionic and Covalent Bonds. David A. Katz Pima Community College Tucson, AZ Concepts of Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry Part 1: Ionic and Covalent Bonds David A. Katz Pima Community College Tucson, AZ Chemical Bonds Three basic types of bonds: Ionic Electrostatic attraction

More information

CHAPTER 12: CHEMICAL BONDING

CHAPTER 12: CHEMICAL BONDING CHAPTER 12: CHEMICAL BONDING Problems: 1-26, 27c, 28, 33-34, 35b, 36(a-c), 37(a,b,d), 38a, 39-40, 41-42(a,c), 43-58, 67-74 12.1 THE CHEMICAL BOND CONCEPT chemical bond: what holds atoms or ions together

More information

BONDING. My Name is Bond. Chemical Bond

BONDING. My Name is Bond. Chemical Bond BONDING My Name is Bond. Chemical Bond PART 1: Ionic & Covalent Bonding Chemical Bonds! A chemical bond is an attraction between 2 atoms or ions.! Bonding occurs because it lowers the energy of the system.!

More information

Chapter 12. Chemical Bonding

Chapter 12. Chemical Bonding Chapter 12 Chemical Bonding Chemical Bond Concept Recall that an atom has core and valence electrons. Core electrons are found close to the nucleus. Valence electrons are found in the most distant s and

More information

4 Periodic Trends. 1.Atomic Radii (AR) 2.Ionization Energy (IE) 3.Ionic Radii (IR) 4.Electronegativity (EN) Periodic Trends > Types of Periodic Trends

4 Periodic Trends. 1.Atomic Radii (AR) 2.Ionization Energy (IE) 3.Ionic Radii (IR) 4.Electronegativity (EN) Periodic Trends > Types of Periodic Trends Periodic Trends > Types of Periodic Trends 4 Periodic Trends 1.Atomic Radii (AR) 2.Ionization Energy (IE) 3.Ionic Radii (IR) 4.Electronegativity (EN) 1 of 31 Periodic Trends > Trends in Atomic Size The

More information

Chemistry 121: Topic 4 - Chemical Bonding Topic 4: Chemical Bonding

Chemistry 121: Topic 4 - Chemical Bonding Topic 4: Chemical Bonding Topic 4: Chemical Bonding 4.0 Ionic and covalent bonds; Properties of covalent and ionic compounds 4.1 Lewis structures, the octet rule. 4.2 Molecular geometry: the VSEPR approach. Molecular polarity.

More information

Chapter 13: Phenomena

Chapter 13: Phenomena Chapter 13: Phenomena Phenomena: Scientists measured the bond angles of some common molecules. In the pictures below each line represents a bond that contains 2 electrons. If multiple lines are drawn together

More information

Essential Organic Chemistry. Chapter 1

Essential Organic Chemistry. Chapter 1 Essential Organic Chemistry Paula Yurkanis Bruice Chapter 1 Electronic Structure and Covalent Bonding Periodic Table of the Elements 1.1 The Structure of an Atom Atoms have an internal structure consisting

More information

Bond Atoms Electron behavior Ionic Metal + nonmetal Electrons transferred Covalent Nonmetal + nonmetal Electrons shared

Bond Atoms Electron behavior Ionic Metal + nonmetal Electrons transferred Covalent Nonmetal + nonmetal Electrons shared ch9blank Page 1 Chapter 9: Chemical Bonding I: Lewis Theory Three types of chemical bonding: Bond Atoms Electron behavior Ionic Metal + nonmetal Electrons transferred Covalent Nonmetal + nonmetal Electrons

More information

Three types of chemical bonding: Recall that we can use dots to show valence electrons - these are called Lewis electron-dot structures:

Three types of chemical bonding: Recall that we can use dots to show valence electrons - these are called Lewis electron-dot structures: Chapter 9: Chemical Bonding I: Lewis Theory Three types of chemical bonding: Bond Atoms Electron behavior Ionic Metal + nonmetal Electrons transferred Covalent Nonmetal + nonmetal Electrons shared Metallic

More information

Name AP CHEM / / Chapter 8 Outline Bonding: General Concepts

Name AP CHEM / / Chapter 8 Outline Bonding: General Concepts Name AP CHEM / / Chapter 8 Outline Bonding: General Concepts Types of Chemical Bonds Information about the strength of a bonding interaction is obtained by measuring the bond energy, which is the energy

More information

Chapter 8 Concepts of Chemical. Bonding

Chapter 8 Concepts of Chemical. Bonding Chapter 8 Concepts of 8.1 Bonds Three basic types of bonds: Ionic Electrostatic attraction between ions Covalent Sharing of electrons Metallic Metal atoms bonded to several other atoms. Electrons are free

More information

Chapter 9 Bonding. Dr. Sapna Gupta

Chapter 9 Bonding. Dr. Sapna Gupta Chapter 9 Bonding Dr. Sapna Gupta Lewis Dot Symbol Lewis dot symbols is a notation where valence electrons are shown as dots. Draw the electrons symmetrically around the sides (top, bottom, left and right)

More information

Chapter 8. Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts

Chapter 8. Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts Chapter 8 Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts Topics Lewis Dot Symbols Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding Electronegativity and Polarity Drawing Lewis Structures Lewis Structures and Formal Charge Resonance

More information

Chapter 11 Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms Advanced Chemistry Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties Learning Objective

Chapter 11 Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms Advanced Chemistry Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties Learning Objective Chapter 11 Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms Advanced Chemistry 11.1 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties Discuss the atomic trends Metals are located on the left side of the periodic

More information

Test Bank for General Chemistry 10th Edition by Ebbing

Test Bank for General Chemistry 10th Edition by Ebbing Test Bank for General Chemistry 10th Edition by Ebbing Link full download: https://testbankservice.com/download/test-bank-for-general-che mistry-10th-edition-by-ebbing Chapter 9 - Ionic and Covalent Bonding

More information

CHAPTER 12 CHEMICAL BONDING

CHAPTER 12 CHEMICAL BONDING CHAPTER 12 CHEMICAL BONDING Core electrons are found close to the nucleus, whereas valence electrons are found in the most distant s and p energy subshells. The valence electrons are responsible for holding

More information

Introduction to Chemical Bonding Chemical Bond

Introduction to Chemical Bonding Chemical Bond Introduction to Chemical Bonding Chemical Bond Mutual attraction between the and electrons of different atoms that binds the atoms together. Ionic Bond o that results from the attraction between large

More information

Chemistry 11. Unit 8 Atoms and the Periodic Table Part IV Chemical Bonding

Chemistry 11. Unit 8 Atoms and the Periodic Table Part IV Chemical Bonding 1 Chemistry 11 Unit 8 Atoms and the Periodic Table Part IV Chemical Bonding 2 1. Trends in periodic table In the previous section we have studied the periodic table and some trends dictated by it. In particular,

More information

Chapter 8. Bonding: General Concepts

Chapter 8. Bonding: General Concepts Chapter 8 Bonding: General Concepts Chapter 8 Table of Contents 8.1 Types of Chemical Bonds 8.2 Electronegativity 8.3 Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments 8.4 Ions: Electron Configurations and Sizes 8.5 Energy

More information

8.6,8.7 Periodic Properties of the Elements

8.6,8.7 Periodic Properties of the Elements Pre -AP Chemistry 8.6,8.7 Periodic Properties of the Elements READ p. 305 315, 294-296 Practice Problems Pg 315 -Exercise 8.9 Pg 318-321 #36, 55, 64, 66, 67, 69, 72, 80 Periodic Trends are predictable

More information

Types of Bonding : Ionic Compounds. Types of Bonding : Ionic Compounds

Types of Bonding : Ionic Compounds. Types of Bonding : Ionic Compounds Types of Bonding : Ionic Compounds Ionic bonding involves the complete TRANSFER of electrons from one atom to another. Usually observed when a metal bonds to a nonmetal. - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + +

More information

Chapter 8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding

Chapter 8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding Chapter 8 Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding Chemical Bonds An attractive force that holds two atoms together in a more complex unit Three basic types of bonds Ionic Electrons are transferred from one

More information

Electrons and Molecular Forces

Electrons and Molecular Forces Electrons and Molecular Forces Chemistry 30 Ms. Hayduk Electron Configuration Atomic Structure Atomic Number Number of protons in the nucleus Defines the element Used to organize the periodic table 1 Bohr

More information

Trends in Atomic Size. Atomic Radius-one half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element when the atoms are joined

Trends in Atomic Size. Atomic Radius-one half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element when the atoms are joined Periodic trends Trends in Atomic Size Atomic Radius-one half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element when the atoms are joined Trends in Atomic Size Group Trend: Atomic radii of

More information

Chapter 8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding. Lecture Presentation. John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO

Chapter 8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding. Lecture Presentation. John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO Lecture Presentation Chapter 8 of Chemical John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO Chemical Bonds Three basic types of bonds Ionic Electrostatic attraction between ions. Covalent

More information

CHEMISTRY. Chapter 9 The Basics of Chemical Bonding. The Molecular Nature of Matter. Jespersen Brady Hyslop SIXTH EDITION

CHEMISTRY. Chapter 9 The Basics of Chemical Bonding. The Molecular Nature of Matter. Jespersen Brady Hyslop SIXTH EDITION CEMISTRY The Molecular Nature of Matter SIXT EDITIN Jespersen Brady yslop Chapter 9 The Basics of Chemical Bonding Copyright 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chemical Bonds Attractive forces that hold atoms

More information

Periodic Trends. Atomic Radius: The distance from the center of the nucleus to the outer most electrons in an atom.

Periodic Trends. Atomic Radius: The distance from the center of the nucleus to the outer most electrons in an atom. Periodic Trends Study and learn the definitions listed below. Then use the definitions and the periodic table provided to help you answer the questions in the activity. By the end of the activity you should

More information

What is a Bond? Chapter 8. Ionic Bonding. Coulomb's Law. What about covalent compounds?

What is a Bond? Chapter 8. Ionic Bonding. Coulomb's Law. What about covalent compounds? Chapter 8 What is a Bond? A force that holds atoms together. Why? We will look at it in terms of energy. Bond energy- the energy required to break a bond. Why are compounds formed? Because it gives the

More information

Chapter 8. Bonding: General Concepts

Chapter 8. Bonding: General Concepts Chapter 8 Bonding: General Concepts Chapter 8 Questions to Consider What is meant by the term chemical bond? Why do atoms bond with each other to form compounds? How do atoms bond with each other to form

More information

Chapter 8 Basic concepts of bonding

Chapter 8 Basic concepts of bonding Chapter 8 Basic concepts of bonding 8.1 Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule When atoms or ions are strongly attracted to one another, we say that there is a chemical bond between them. Types

More information

Periodic Relationships

Periodic Relationships Periodic Relationships 1 Tabulation of Elements Mendeleev (1869) Arranged by mass Tabulation by chem.& physical properties Predicted missing elements and properties 2 Modern Periodic Table Argon vs. potassium

More information

Name Honors Chemistry / /

Name Honors Chemistry / / Name Honors Chemistry / / Lewis Structures & Resonance Structures Last chapter we studied ionic compounds. In ionic compounds electrons are gained or lost. In this chapter we are going to study covalent

More information

Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table

Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table The periodic table can be used as a guide for electron configurations. The period number is the value of n. Groups 1A and 2A have the s-orbital filled. Groups

More information

Properties of substances are largely dependent on the bonds holding the material together.

Properties of substances are largely dependent on the bonds holding the material together. Basics of Chemical Bonding AP Chemistry Lecture Outline Properties of substances are largely dependent on the bonds holding the material together. Basics of Bonding A chemical bond occurs when atoms or

More information

INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY Concepts and Critical Thinking Seventh Edition by Charles H. Corwin

INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY Concepts and Critical Thinking Seventh Edition by Charles H. Corwin Lecture INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY Concepts and Critical Thinking Seventh Edition by Charles H. Corwin Chemical Bonding by Christopher G. Hamaker Illinois State University Chemical Bond Concept Recall that

More information

Chapter 6 Chemical Bonding

Chapter 6 Chemical Bonding Chapter 6 Chemical Bonding Section 6-1 Introduction to Chemical Bonding Chemical Bonds Valence electrons are attracted to other atoms, and that determines the kind of chemical bonding that occurs between

More information

Homework Assignment #2 Key

Homework Assignment #2 Key Homework Assignment #2 Key Chapter 5 21. (a) 16 protons 18 neutrons 15 electrons (b) 41 protons 52 neutrons 41 electrons (c) 13 protons 14 neutrons 13 electrons (d) 29 protons 34 neutrons 28 electrons

More information

Chemistry: The Central Science

Chemistry: The Central Science Chemistry: The Central Science Fourteenth Edition Chapter 8 Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding Chemical Bonds Three basic types of bonds Ionic Electrostatic attraction between ions Covalent Sharing of

More information

Chemical Bonding Chapter 8

Chemical Bonding Chapter 8 Chemical Bonding Chapter 8 Get your Clicker, 2 magnets, goggles and your handouts Nov 15 6:15 PM Recall that: Ionic-Involves the transfer of electrons - forms between a metal and a nonmetal Covalent-Involves

More information

Why is it called a periodic table?

Why is it called a periodic table? The Periodic Table Why is it called a periodic table? The properties of the elements in the table repeat in a "periodic" way (specific pattern). Periodic law: There is a periodic repetition of chemical

More information

Chemical Bonding Petrucci, Harwood and Herring: Chapters 10 and 11

Chemical Bonding Petrucci, Harwood and Herring: Chapters 10 and 11 Chemical Bonding Petrucci, Harwood and Herring: Chapters 10 and 11 Aims: To look at bonding and possible shapes of molecules We will mainly do this through Lewis structures To look at ionic and covalent

More information

CHEMISTRY - BURDGE-ATOMS FIRST 3E CH.6 - REPRESENTING MOLECULES.

CHEMISTRY - BURDGE-ATOMS FIRST 3E CH.6 - REPRESENTING MOLECULES. !! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: ELECTRON-DOT SYMBOLS Before we look at the first two bonding models, we have to figure out how to depict the valence electrons of bonding atoms. In the electron-dot symbol,

More information

! Chemical!Bond!! Lewis!Diagram!(HI!#13)! o Ionic!and!covalent!bond!(M!+!NM!or!NM!+!NM)!(Complete!transfer!of!e S!or!sharing!of!e S )!

! Chemical!Bond!! Lewis!Diagram!(HI!#13)! o Ionic!and!covalent!bond!(M!+!NM!or!NM!+!NM)!(Complete!transfer!of!e S!or!sharing!of!e S )! !! Unit*2.*Atomic*Theory*! Molar!mass!calculation!using!the!abundance!of!isotopes!of!an!element!!!! Electron!configuration!(both!full!notation!and!core!notation)!(HI!#12)! o Neutral!atom,!anion,!cation!(ensure!you!know!the!rules!associated!with!ions)!

More information

Of The Following Cannot Accommodate More Than An Octet Of Electrons

Of The Following Cannot Accommodate More Than An Octet Of Electrons Of The Following Cannot Accommodate More Than An Octet Of Electrons This is most common example of exceptions to the octet rule. their empty d orbitals to accommodate additional electrons. A case where

More information

Molecular Structure and Bonding. Assis.Prof.Dr.Mohammed Hassan Lecture 2

Molecular Structure and Bonding. Assis.Prof.Dr.Mohammed Hassan Lecture 2 Molecular Structure and Bonding Assis.Prof.Dr.Mohammed Hassan Lecture 2 Lewis structures: Lewis Theory The octet rule All elements except hydrogen ( hydrogen have a duet of electrons) have octet of electrons

More information

Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts

Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts Chapter 9 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Valence electrons are the outer shell electrons of an atom. The valence

More information

Chemical Bonding. Chemical Bonding I: The Covalent Bond. Chemical Bonding. Bonding Generalities

Chemical Bonding. Chemical Bonding I: The Covalent Bond. Chemical Bonding. Bonding Generalities Chemical Bonding Chemical Bonding I: The Covalent Bond I. Types of bonds a) Ionic b) Covalent II. Lewis Dot Structures a) ctet Rule b) Multiple Bonds c) Resonance d) Polyatomic Ions e) ormal Charge on

More information

Topic : Periodic Trends

Topic : Periodic Trends Topic 3.1-3.2: Periodic Trends Essential Ideas: 3.1: The arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table helps to predict their electron configurations 3.2: Elements show trends in their physical and chemical

More information