Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology. Chapter 2. Basic Chemistry. Slides Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L.
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1 Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Elaine N. Marieb Seventh Edition Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry Slides Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
2 Matter and Energy Matter anything that occupies space and has mass (weight) Energy the ability to do work Chemical Electrical Mechanical Radiant Slide 2.1
3 Composition of Matter Elements Fundamental units of matter 96% of the body is made from four elements Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) Atoms Building blocks of elements Slide 2.2
4 Atomic Structure Nucleus Protons (p + ) Neutrons (n 0 ) Outside of nucleus Electrons (e - ) Figure 2.1 Slide 2.3
5 Identifying Elements Atomic number Equal to the number of protons that the atoms contain Atomic mass number Sum of the protons and neutrons Slide 2.4
6 Atomic Weight and Isotopes Isotopes Have the same number of protons Vary in number of neutrons Atomic weight Close to mass number of most abundant isotope Atomic weight reflects natural isotope variation Slide 2.5
7 Radioactivity Radioisotope Heavy isotope Tends to be unstable Decomposes to more stable isotope Radioactivity Process of spontaneous atomic decay Slide 2.6
8 Molecules and Compounds Molecule two or more like atoms combined chemically Compound two or more different atoms combined chemically Slide 2.7
9 Chemical Reactions Atoms are united by chemical bonds Atoms dissociate from other atoms when chemical bonds are broken Slide 2.8
10 Electrons and Bonding Electrons occupy energy levels called electron shells Electrons closest to the nucleus are most strongly attracted Each shell has distinct properties Number of electrons has an upper limit Shells closest to nucleus fill first Slide 2.9
11 Electrons and Bonding Bonding involves interactions between electrons in the outer shell (valence shell) Full valence shells do not form bonds Slide 2.10
12 Inert Elements Have complete valence shells and are stable Rule of 8s Shell 1 has 2 electrons Shell 2 has 10 electrons 10 = Shell 3 has 18 electrons 18 = Figure 2.4a Slide 2.11
13 Reactive Elements Valence shells are not full and are unstable Tend to gain, lose, or share electrons Allows for bond formation, which produces stable valence Figure 2.4b Slide 2.12
14 Chemical Bonds Ionic Bonds Form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another Ions Charged particles Anions are negative Cations are positive Either donate or accept electrons Slide 2.13
15 Chemical Bonds Covalent Bonds Atoms become stable through shared electrons Single covalent bonds share one electron Double covalent bonds share two electrons Figure 2.6c Slide 2.14
16 Examples of Covalent Bonds Figure 2.6a, b Slide 2.15
17 Polarity Covalent bonded molecules Some are non-polar Electrically neutral as a molecule Some are polar Have a positive and negative side Figure 2.7 Slide 2.16
18 Chemical Bonds Hydrogen bonds Weak chemical bonds Hydrogen is attracted to negative portion of polar molecule Provides attraction between molecules Slide 2.17
19 Patterns of Chemical Reactions Synthesis reaction (A+B AB) Atoms or molecules combine Energy is absorbed for bond formation Decomposition reaction (AB A+B) Molecule is broken down Chemical energy is released Slide 2.18
20 Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions Figure 2.9a, b Slide 2.19
21 Patterns of Chemical Reactions Exchange reaction (AB AC+B) Involves both synthesis and decomposition reactions Switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made Slide 2.20
22 Biochemistry: Essentials for Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon Tend to be simpler compounds Example: H 2 O (water) Slide 2.21
23 Title: Inorganic Compounds Essential Question: How are inorganic compounds important to the human body?
24 Important Inorganic Compounds Water 2/3 of the body Most abundant inorganic compounds Vital properties High heat capacity Prevents sudden changes of T due to outside environment Slide 2.22
25 Important Inorganic Compounds Water continued Vital properties continued Polarity/solvent properties Universal solvent Chemical reactions depend on solvents Can transport and exchange medium Lubrication of body Slide 2.22
26 Important Inorganic Compounds Water continued Vital properties continued Chemical reactivity Important reactant Hydrolysis adding water to break down large molecules Slide 2.22
27 Important Inorganic Compounds Water continued Vital properties continued Cushioning Cerebrospinal fluid protects brain Amniotic fluid protects fetus Slide 2.22
28 Important Inorganic Compounds Salts Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water Slide 2.23
29 Important Inorganic Compounds Salts cont. Vital to many body functions Na + and K + nerve and muscle impulses Cl - regulation of body fluids HCO - 3 (bicarbonate) buffer in the blood Slide 2.23
30 Important Inorganic Compounds Salts cont. Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents Slide 2.23
31 Important Inorganic Compounds Acids/Bases ph Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions Range of 0-14 ph 7 = neutral ph below 7 = acidic ph above 7 = basic Slide 2.24
32 Important Inorganic Compounds Acids/Bases ph cont. Change of 1 ph unit represents a tenfold change of hydrogen ions ph H + basic ph H + acidic Slide 2.24
33 Important Inorganic Compounds Acids/Bases Acids Sour Can release detectable hydrogen ions proton donors ph 0-7 Hydrochloric acid digestion Acetic Acid metabolism of fats Carbonic Acid buffer in blood Slide 2.24
34 Important Inorganic Compounds Acids/Bases Bases Bitter and slippery Proton acceptors ph 7 14 HCO 3 - (Bicarbonate) is a buffer in the blood Slide 2.24
35 Important Inorganic Compounds Acids/Bases Buffers Weak acids/bases that can regulate ph change Slide 2.24
36 Title: Organic Compounds Essential Question: Why are biomolecules essential for life?
37 Important Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Function: primarily used for energy in the body; stored in the liver and muscles in the form of glycogen Slide 2.26
38 Important Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose, glycogen, and starch Slide 2.26
39 Important Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Structure: Slide 2.26
40 Carbohydrates Figure 2.12a, b Slide 2.27
41 Carbohydrates Figure 2.12c Slide 2.28
42 Important Organic Compounds Lipids Function: energy storage; forms membranes around our cells; forms vitamins and steroids Slide 2.29
43 Important Organic Compounds Lipids Examples: saturated and unsaturated fats, cell membranes, cholesterol, hormones, bile salts, Vitamin D Slide 2.29
44 Important Organic Compounds Lipids Structure Slide 2.29
45 Lipids Figure 2.14a, b Slide 2.31
46 Cholesterol Figure 2.14c Slide 2.32
47 Important Organic Compounds Proteins Function: building tissues; form immune system cells (antibodies); involved in catalyzing chemical reactions; forms some hormones; forms transport molecules Slide 2.33a
48 Important Organic Compounds Proteins Examples: Enzymes, Insulin, Hemoglobin, antibodies Slide 2.33a
49 Important Organic Compounds Proteins Structure: Slide 2.33a
50 Enzymes Act as biological catalysts Increase the rate of chemical reactions Figure 2.16 Slide 2.34
51 Important Organic Compounds Nucleic Acids Function: Provide blueprint of life Slide 2.35
52 Important Organic Compounds Nucleic Acids Example: DNA, RNA, ATP (universal energy compound used by all cells of the body) Slide 2.35
53 Important Organic Compounds Nucleic Acids Structure: Slide 2.35
54 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Figure 2.18a Slide 2.38
55 How ATP Drives Cellular Work Figure 2.19 Slide 2.39
56 Title: Cellular Transport Essential Question: How does the selective permeability of the plasma membrane allow substances to move into and out of the cell?
57 Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Elaine N. Marieb Seventh Edition Chapter 3 Cells Slides Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
58
59 Cellular Physiology: Membrane Transport Membrane Transport movement of substance into and out of the cell Slide 3.20
60 Cellular Physiology: Membrane Transport Passive transport Molecules move due to Kinetic Energy, but no energy is added to the system Slide 3.20
61 Passive Transport Processes Diffusion Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution Movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient Figure 3.8 Slide 3.23
62 Passive Transport Processes Types of diffusion Simple diffusion Unassisted process Factors Affecting Diffusion Solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores Size of molecules and temperature determines the rate Slide 3.24a
63 Passive Transport Processes Facilitated diffusion Allows lipid insoluble substances (i.e. glucose) to pass through using a protein carrier Facilitated Diffusion Animation
64 Diffusion through the Plasma Membrane Figure 3.9 Slide 3.25
65 Passive Transport Processes Types of diffusion Osmosis simple diffusion of water Highly polar water easily crosses the plasma membrane Osmosis & Diffusion Animation Slide 3.24b
66 Passive Transport Processes Hypotonic Solutions: contain a low concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). water diffuses into the cell, causing the cell to swell and possibly explode. Slide 3.24b
67 Passive Transport Processes Hypertonic Solutions: contain a high concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). water diffuses out of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel. Slide 3.24b
68 Passive Transport Processes Isotonic Solutions: contain the same concentration of solute as an another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate. Animation Slide 3.24b
69 Tonicity Examples!!
70 Example #1 Cell membrane is not permeable to NaCl. Cell with 0.9% NaCl Solution is 3% NaCl Show -What will happen to the cell? -Where will most of the NaCl solutes be? What direction will it move? -Where will most of the water molecules be? What direction will it move? -Is the solution hypertonic? Hypotonic? Isotonic?
71 Example #1 Cell membrane is not permeable to NaCl. Cell with 0.9% NaCl 0.9% NaCl 99.1 % Water Solution is 3% NaCl 3% NaCl 97% Water
72 Solution is Hypertonic -Water leaves the cell -NaCl does not move -Cell shrinks H 2 O S H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O S S S Hypertonic Solutions: contain a high concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the water diffuses out of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel.
73 Hypertonic Example If red cells are placed in sea water (about 3% salt), they lose water by osmosis and the cells shrivel up. Sea water is hypertonic to their cytosol. Similarly, if a plant tissue is placed in sea water, the cell contents shrink away from the rigid cell wall. This is called plasmolysis.
74 Hypertonic Example Sea water is also hypertonic to the ECF of most marine vertebrates. To avoid fatal dehydration, these animals (e.g., bony fishes like the cod) must continuously drink sea water and then desalt it by pumping ions out of their gills by active transport.
75 Hypertonic Example Marine birds, which may pass long periods of time away from fresh water, and sea turtles use a similar device. They, too, drink salt water to take care of their water needs and use metabolic energy to desalt it. In the herring gull, shown here, the salt is extracted by two glands in the head and released (in a very concentrated solution it is saltier than the blood) to the outside through the nostrils. Marine snakes use a similar desalting mechanism.
76 Example #2 Cell membrane is permeable to NaCl. Cell with 60% NaCl Solution is 10% NaCl Show -What will happen to the cell? -Where will most of the NaCl solutes be? What direction will it move? -Where will most of the water molecules be? What direction will it move? -Is the solution hypertonic? Hypotonic? Isotonic?
77 Example #2 Cell membrane is permeable to NaCl. Cell with 60% NaCl 60% NaCl 40% Water Solution is 10% NaCl 10% NaCl 90% Water
78 Solution is Hypotonic -Water moves into the cell -NaCl moves out of the cell -Cell swells Hypotonic Solutions: H 2 O S H 2 O H 2 O S S H 2 O contain a low concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the water diffuses into the cell, causing the cell to swell and possibly explode. S
79 Hypotonic Example A red blood cell placed in a hypotonic solution (e.g., pure water) bursts immediately ("hemolysis") from the influx of water. Plant cells and bacterial cells avoid bursting in hypotonic surroundings by their strong cell walls. These allow the buildup of turgor within the cell. When the turgor pressure equals the osmotic pressure, osmosis ceases.
80 Example #3 Cell membrane is permeable to NaCl. Cell with 0.9% NaCl Solution is 0.9% NaCl Show -What will happen to the cell? -Where will most of the NaCl solutes be? What direction will it move? -Where will most of the water molecules be? What direction will it move? -Is the solution hypertonic? Hypotonic? Isotonic?
81 Solution is Isotonic -Water moves into and out of the cell equally -NaCl moves into and out of the cell equally -Cell stays the same H 2 O H 2 O S H 2 O H 2 O S S S Isotonic Solutions: contain the same concentration of solute as an another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, the water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate. The fluid that surrounds the body cells is isotonic.
82 Osmosis is important! A report in the 23 April 1998 issue of The New England Journal of Medicine tells of the life-threatening complications that can be caused by an ignorance of osmosis. Large volumes of a solution of 5% human albumin are injected into people undergoing a procedure called plasmapheresis. The albumin is dissolved in physiological saline (0.9% NaCl) and is therefore isotonic to human plasma (the large protein molecules of albumin have only a small osmotic effect). If 5% solutions are unavailable, pharmacists may substitute a proper dilution of a 25% albumin solution. Mixing 1 part of the 25% solution with 4 parts of diluent results in the correct 5% solution of albumin. BUT, in several cases, the diluent used was sterile water, not physiological saline. SO, the resulting solution was strongly hypotonic to human plasma. The Result: massive, life-threatening hemolysis in the patients. Source:
83 It s your turn!! You and your partner write an example where the solution is either hypertonic or hypotonic. Give the example to the partners across from you, and vice versa Solve the problem! Be ready to share out!
84 Title: Cellular Transport Essential Question: Describe how various transport processes account for the directional movements of specific substances across the plasma membrane.
85 Cellular Physiology: Membrane Transport Active transport The cell must provide metabolic energy Slide 3.20
86 Active Transport Processes Transport substances that are unable to pass by diffusion They may be too large They are not lipid soluble. They may have to move against a concentration gradient Slide 3.27
87 Active Transport Processes Solute pumping Amino acids, some sugars and ions are transported by solute pumps ATP provides the energy to move substances against the concentration gradients Na/K Pump Slide 3.28a
88 Active Transport Processes Figure 3.10 Slide 3.28b
89 Active Transport Processes Bulk transport Exocytosis Moves materials out of the cell Material is carried in a membranous vesicle Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane Vesicle combines with plasma membrane Material is emptied to the outside Slide 3.29a
90 Active Transport Processes Figure 3.11 Slide 3.29b
91 Active Transport Processes Bulk transport Endocytosis Extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vescicle Types of endocytosis Phagocytosis cell eating Pinocytosis cell drinking Slide 3.30a
92 Active Transport Processes Endocytosis Figure 3.12 Slide 3.30b
93 Title: Cellular Diversity Essential Question: Explain how the structure of a cell determines the special function of that cell.
94 Cell Diversity Cell Specialty: Connect Body Parts Type of Cell: Fibroblast Description of Cell: Elongated, abundant RER and large Golgi to make and secrete proteins Slide 3.19a
95 Cell Diversity Cell Specialty: Connect Body Parts Type of Cell: Erythrocyte (red blood cell) Description of Cell: Carries O2 in bloodstream, concave shape, no organelles, just cell membrane, filled w/hemoglobin Slide 3.19a
96 Cell Diversity Cell Specialty: Cover and Line Body Organs Type of Cell: Epithelial Cell Description of Cell: Hexagonal shape to help pack together in sheets Slide 3.19a
97 Cell Diversity Cell Specialty: Move organs and body parts Type of Cell: Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Description of Cell: Elongate, filled with contractile filament to enable movement Slide 3.19a
98 Cell Diversity Cell Specialty: Stores Nutrients Type of Cell: Fat cell Description of Cell: Large, spherical shape Slide 3.19a
99 Cell Diversity Cell Specialty: Fights Disease Type of Cell: Macrophage Description of Cell: Extends pseudopods to move through tissue to infection site. Abundant with lysosomes. Slide 3.19a
100 Cell Diversity Cell Specialty: Gathers information and controls body function Type of Cell: Neuron Description of Cell: Long processes for receiving/transmitting information Slide 3.19a
101 Cell Diversity Cell Specialty: Reproduction Type of Cell: Oocyte (egg) Description of Cell: - Largest cell in body, many copies of all organelles Slide 3.19a
102 Cell Diversity Cell Specialty: Reproduction Type of Cell: Sperm Description of Cell: - Long and streamlined w/flagella for movement Slide 3.19a
103 Title: The Cell Cycle Essential Question: Explain the importance of mitotic cell division.
104 Cell Life Cycle Cells have two major periods Interphase Cell grows Cell carries on metabolic processes Slide 3.31
105 Cell Life Cycle Cell division Cell replicates itself Function is to produce more cells for growth and repair processes Slide 3.31
106 DNA Replication Genetic material duplicated and readies a cell for division into two cells Occurs toward the end of interphase DNA uncoils and each side serves as a template Figure 3.13 Slide 3.32
107 Events of Cell Division Mitosis Division of the nucleus Results in the formation of two daughter nuclei Slide 3.33
108 Events of Cell Division Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm Begins when mitosis is near completion Results in the formation of two daughter cells Slide 3.33
109 Stages of Mitosis Interphase No cell division occurs The cell carries out normal metabolic activity and growth Slide 3.34a
110 Stages of Mitosis Prophase First part of cell division Centromeres migrate to the poles Slide 3.34a
111 Stages of Mitosis Metaphase Spindle from centromeres are attached to chromosomes that are aligned in the center of the cell Slide 3.34b
112 Stages of Mitosis Anaphase Daughter chromosomes are pulled toward the poles The cell begins to elongate Slide 3.35
113 Stages of Mitosis Telophase Daughter nuclei begin forming A cleavage furrow (for cell division) begins to form Slide 3.35
114
115 Stages of Mitosis Figure 3.14; 1 Slide 3.36a
116 Stages of Mitosis Figure 3.14; 2 Slide 3.36b
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