Qualitative Analysis of Unknown Compounds
|
|
- Jasmine Fitzgerald
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Qualitative Analysis of Unknown Compounds 1. Infrared Spectroscopy Identification of functional groups in the unknown All functional groups are fair game (but no anhydride or acid halides, no alkenes or alkynes) 2. Elemental Analysis Determination of the Empirical Formula of the Unknown Smallest whole number ratio of elements in the formula (mole ratio of elements) 3. Mass Spectral Analysis Determination of the Molecular Formula of the Unknown Actual number of atoms in the formula Molecular Weight of the Unknown Halide identification 4. Proton NMR Symmetry: the number of chemically different protons Chemical Shift: chemical environment of protons (e- rich or e- poor) Integration: ratio of protons Splitting Patterns: arrangement of neighboring protons (how many next door) 5. Carbon-13 NMR Symmetry: number of chemically different Carbons Chemical Shift: chemical environment of Carbons (e- rich or e- poor) Also: Splitting Patterns Number of attached protons (not required for unknowns, only for lab exam) Elemental Analysis the empirical formula Ex. Calculate the empirical formula for a compound whose elemental analysis is the following: %C = %H = %O = How to do? Convert percentages to grams Assume the 100% from the formula is 100 grams total, and thus all the percents can become grams. Then, convert grams to moles by dividing by the atomic weights: %C = 47.35/ = 3.94 %H = 10.60/1.008 = %O = 42.05/ = 2.62 To obtain the smallest whole number ratio (i.e. mole ratio of elements, the empirical formula), divide each by the smallest value: %C = 47.35/ = 3.94/2.62 = 1.5 %H = 10.60/1.008 = /2.62 = 4 %O = 42.05/ = 2.62/2.62 = 1 1
2 How do you deal with a half factor or a third factor? Multiply all values by 2 or 3 Empirical Formula = C 3 H 8 O 2 Mass Spectroscopy v Used to measure molecular mass v Typically used to determine the molecular weight of a compound v The Process: Ionization of a compound caused by loss of an electron, results in the formation of a species that is positively charged the cation radical called the Molecular Ion. No longer neutral, the molecular ion fragments after formation, into smaller pieces, some of which are radicals and some that are cations. The cations are detected in the instrument and sorted according to mass. The x-axis mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) = the mass of the fragments, because the charge is always +1. The y-axis of a mass spectrum is Relative Abundance = the relative number of times a cation fragment appears in the detector. The most abundant fragment is arbitrarily assigned the value of 100% (999/1000 on your tables) and the amounts of the other fragments is measured relative to this fragment, referred to as the Base Peak. The initial cation radical contains all the atoms of the original compound and is only missing one electron, of negligible weight. Thus the Molecular Ion has the same mass as the original compound. Using the molecular ion, and the empirical formula, one can determine the molecular formula for a compound. 2
3 Consider a compound whose empirical formula is C 2 H 5. This empirical formula weighs 29 a.m.u. The molecular ion appears at 58 a.m.u. What s the numerical relationship? Since the molecular ion weighs twice that of the weight of the empirical formula, you know you need to double the empirical formula to find the true molecular formula or (2 x C 2 H 5 ) or C 4 H 10. Determine the molecular formula for a compound whose molecular ion is 73 and contains carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. Begin with the non-carbon/non-hydrogen atoms - Nitrogen, 14 amu = 59 How many Carbons fit into 59? 4 Carbons weigh = 11 Empirical Formula = C 4 H 11 N. Draw a structure that corresponds to this molecular formula, C 4 H 11 N. Determine how many unsaturations exist: UN = #C ½ (H + X) + ½ (N) +1 Possible structures? Identification of Halides: Review: Isotopes are variations of the same elements, with differing numbers of neutrons in the nucleus. 1. Chlorides: Cl 35, Cl 37 Isotopes occur in a 3:1 abundance ratio in nature. The molecular ion, by definition, must contain the Cl 35 isotope, and a second major peak appears two units higher for those molecules that contain the Cl 37 isotope. Required Peaks to identify: M + (total weight, including isotope Cl 35 ) = 78 (see below) M+2 (total weight, including isotope Cl 37 ) = 80 Below is the MS for 1-chloropropane: 3
4 2. Bromides: Br 79, Br 81 Isotopes occur in about a 1:1 abundance ratio in nature. The molecular ion, by definition, must contain the Br 79 isotope, and a second major peak appears two units higher for those molecules that contain the Br 81 isotope. Required Peaks to identify: M + (total weight, including isotope Br 79 ) = 108 (see below) M+2 (total weight, including isotope Br 81 ) = 110 Below is the MS for bromoethane: 4
5 How does one determine which peak is the molecular ion? Since it encompasses the molecular weight of the entire compound (minus only one electron), it will be one of the highest mass peaks, found on the far right of the spectrum but is NOT necessarily the furthest peak on the right, due to the existence of isotopes. Isotopes of atoms have different weights. While the average mass of hydrogen may be amu, the MS detector only sees the specific isotopes, hydrogen-1, deuterium (hydrogen-2) and/or tritium (hydrogen-3) involved in a fragment. You cannot use AVERAGES when dealing with your mass spectra. Stay away from the values shown on the periodic table. By definition, the molecular ion always contains the following isotopes only: Carbon-12, Hydrogen-1, Oxygen-16 and Nitrogen-14. The halides are always the lower of the two isotope pairs, Chlorine-35 and Bromine-79. Now: Tie Elemental Analysis and Mass Spectroscopy Together 1. Calculate the Empirical Formula. Consider Unknown Compound X has an empirical formula of C 6 H 15 N (101 a.m.u.): The Mass Spectrum for Compound X shows a series of peaks on far right of spectrum at 100, 101 and 102. Which peak is the molecular ion? The molecular ion MUST either MATCH or be a multiple of the weight of the empirical formula. If C 6 H 15 N weighs 101 amu, then the molecular ion must equal 101 or 202 or 303. When the weight of the molecular ion matches the weight of the empirical formula, you know that the empirical formula IS the molecular formula: C 6 H 15 N. 5
6 2. Consider Unknown Compound Y has an empirical formula of C 4 H 9 O (73 a.m.u.): As you can see, the Mass Spectrum for Compound Y shows multiple peaks above 73. AS such, C 4 H 9 O cannot be the molecular formula. Try doubling or tripling the weight of the empirical formula it to see where it matches the molecular ion (146, 219, etc.) On the spectrum, you ll see a molecular ion peak at 146. What is the molecular formula for Compound Y? The molecular ion must be 146 and the molecular formula is C 8 H 18 O 2. 6
7 Qual Lab: You will have TWO separate, different unknown compounds. For each you will: 1. Determine your empirical formulas 2. Determine your molecular ions and 3. Determine your molecular formulas for each unknown. 4. Analyze your IR s and proton NMR s to determine your functional groups and build the structure (carbon skeleton) of your molecule. 7
5. Carbon-13 NMR Symmetry: number of chemically different Carbons Chemical Shift: chemical environment of Carbons (e- rich or e- poor)
Qualitative Analysis of Unknown Compounds 1. Infrared Spectroscopy Identification of functional groups in the unknown All functional groups are fair game (but no anhydride or acid halides, no alkenes or
More informationIdentification of functional groups in the unknown Will take in lab today
Qualitative Analysis of Unknown Compounds 1. Infrared Spectroscopy Identification of functional groups in the unknown Will take in lab today 2. Elemental Analysis Determination of the Empirical Formula
More informationOAT Organic Chemistry - Problem Drill 19: NMR Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry
OAT Organic Chemistry - Problem Drill 19: NMR Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry Question No. 1 of 10 Question 1. Which statement concerning NMR spectroscopy is incorrect? Question #01 (A) Only nuclei
More informationCHEM 241 UNIT 5: PART A DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC STRUCTURES BY SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS [MASS SPECTROMETRY]
CHEM 241 UNIT 5: PART A DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC STRUCTURES BY SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS [MASS SPECTROMETRY] 1 Introduction Outline Mass spectrometry (MS) 2 INTRODUCTION The analysis of the outcome of a reaction
More information(2) Read each statement carefully and pick the one that is incorrect in its information.
Organic Chemistry - Problem Drill 17: IR and Mass Spectra No. 1 of 10 1. Which statement about infrared spectroscopy is incorrect? (A) IR spectroscopy is a method of structure determination based on the
More informationMass Spectrometry (MS)
Kevin Burgess, February 20, 2017 1 Mass Spectrometry (MS) from chapter(s) in the recommended text A. Introduction Kevin Burgess, February 20, 2017 2 B. Components f Mass Spectrometers mass-to-charge. molecular
More informationAverage Atomic Mass: How are the masses on the periodic table determined?
Chemistry Ms. Ye Name Date Block Average Atomic Mass: How are the masses on the periodic table determined? Most elements have more than one naturally occurring isotope. As you learned previously, the atoms
More informationUnit III: Quantitative Composition of Compounds
Unit III: Quantitative Composition of Compounds A. Atoms and Isotopes B. Atomic Composition of Chemical Compounds C. Formula and Molecular Mass D. Calculations using Moles of Atoms E. Calculations using
More informationChemActivity L2: Mass Spectrometry
ChemActivity L2: Mass Spectrometry (How can we determine the mass and molecular formula of an unknown compound?) This activity is designed to be completed in a 1 ½-hour laboratory session or two classroom
More informationsample was a solution that was evaporated in the spectrometer (such as with ESI-MS) ions such as H +, Na +, K +, or NH 4
Introduction to Spectroscopy V: Mass Spectrometry Basic Theory: Unlike other forms of spectroscopy used in structure elucidation of organic molecules mass spectrometry does not involve absorption/emission
More informationChemistry 101 Chapter 8 Chemical Composition
Chemistry 101 Chapter 8 Chemical Composition Atomic mass unit (amu): a unit of the scale relative masses of atoms (1 amu = 1.66 10-24 g). Atomic weight (Atomic mass): the atomic weight of an element given
More informationAtomic Structure. Atomic Notation. Atomic Notation. Atomic Notation. Section 3.3 Distinguishing Between Atoms. Atomic Notation
Atomic Structure Section 3.3 Distinguishing Between Atoms OBJECTIVES: Explain how the atomic number identifies an element. Use the atomic number and mass number of an element to find the numbers of protons,
More informationUnit III: Quantitative Composition of Compounds
Unit III: Quantitative Composition of Compounds A. Atoms and Isotopes B. Atomic Composition of Chemical Compounds C. Formula and Molecular Mass D. Calculations using Moles of Atoms E. Calculations using
More informationNUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND INTRODUCTION TO MASS SPECTROMETRY
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND INTRODUCTION TO MASS SPECTROMETRY A STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO: 1. Identify and explain the processes involved in proton ( 1 H) and carbon-13 ( 13 C) nuclear magnetic resonance
More informationORGANIC - EGE 5E CH UV AND INFRARED MASS SPECTROMETRY
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: IR SPECTROSCOPY- FREQUENCIES There are specific absorption frequencies in the functional group region that we should be familiar with EXAMPLE: What are the major IR absorptions
More information1 amu 1 amu 0 amu. Chapter 2 part 1.notebook September 16, Modern Atomic Theory
Chapter 2 The Atom Elements are the basic substances that make up all matter. An atom is the smallest particle of an element. Average atoms are 10 10 m in diameter. If you could put 6.02 x 10 23 p + and
More informationORGANIC - BRUICE 8E CH MASS SPECT AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: PURPOSE OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES Classical Methods (Wet Chemistry): Chemists needed to run dozens of chemical reactions to determine the type of molecules in a compound.
More informationMore information can be found in Chapter 12 in your textbook for CHEM 3750/ 3770 and on pages in your laboratory manual.
CHEM 3780 rganic Chemistry II Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry Review More information can be found in Chapter 12 in your textbook for CHEM 3750/ 3770 and on pages 13-28 in your laboratory manual.
More informationMass Spectroscopy. Dr. Sapna Gupta
Mass Spectroscopy Dr. Sapna Gupta What is Mass Spectroscopy It is an analytical technique for measuring the mass-tocharge ratio (m/z) of ions in the gas phase. Mass spectrometry is our most valuable analytical
More informationWhat is a theory? An organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena
Atomic Structure What is a theory? An organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena Early Theories Democritus: 4 B.C.: atom He
More informationChemistry 14C Winter 2017 Exam 2 Solutions Page 1
Chemistry 14C Winter 2017 Exam 2 Solutions Page 1 Statistics: High score, average, and low score will be posted on the course web site after exam grading is complete. Some questions have more than one
More informationName AP CHEM / / Chapter 3 Outline Stoichiometry
Name AP CHEM / / Chapter 3 Outline Stoichiometry Atomic Masses The modern system of atomic masses, instituted in 1961, is based on carbon-12. Carbon-12 is assigned the mass of exactly 12 atomic mass units
More informationThe structure of the Atom. Chemistry chapter 4
The structure of the Atom Chemistry chapter 4 Rutherford-Bohr Model Niels Bohr (1922) Proposed improvements to Rutherford Atomic Model. For this reason the planetary model of the atoms is sometimes called
More informationFri 6 Nov 09. More IR Mass spectroscopy. Hour exam 3 Fri Covers Chaps 9-12 Wednesday: Review
Fri 6 Nov 09 our exam 3 Fri 11-13 Covers Chaps 9-12 Wednesday: Review More IR Mass spectroscopy Good web site for IR, Mass, NMR spectra: http://riodb01.ibase.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/cre_index.cgi?lang=eng
More informationPractice Test Questions Chemistry Final Exam, May 24, 2016
1 Practice Test Questions Chemistry Final Exam, May 24, 2016 Please note that this is not the format of the actual test. Answer the questions of this test to review your content knowledge. A. Atomic structure
More informationTopics in composition stoichiometry include the calculation of: Molar mass Percent Composition Molecular formula Empirical formulas
Composition Stoichiometry Composition Stoichiometry NOTES 1 So far, we ve studied the products of a chemical reaction in terms of their identity. Stoichiometry is a branch of chemistry dealing with quantities.
More informationUNIT 2 - ATOMIC THEORY
UNIT 2 - ATOMIC THEORY VOCABULARY: Allotrope Electron Configuration Nuclear Charge Anion Element Nucleons Atom Excited state Nucleus Atomic Mass Ground state Orbital Atomic Mass unit (a.m.u.) Ion Proton
More informationChapter 20. Mass Spectroscopy
Chapter 20 Mass Spectroscopy Mass Spectrometry (MS) Mass spectrometry is a technique used for measuring the molecular weight and determining the molecular formula of an organic compound. Mass Spectrometry
More informationCHEMISTRY Topic #3: Using Spectroscopy to Identify Molecules: Radicals and Mass Spectrometry (MS) Spring 2018 Dr.
CHEMISTRY 2600 Topic #3: Using Spectroscopy to Identify Molecules: Radicals and Mass Spectrometry (MS) Spring 2018 Dr. Susan Findlay Mass Spectrometry: How Does It Work? In CHEM 1000, you saw that mass
More informationUNIT 2 - ATOMIC THEORY
UNIT 2 - ATOMIC THEORY VOCABULARY: Allotrope Electron Configuration Nuclear Charge Anion Element Nucleons Atom Excited state Nucleus Atomic Mass Ground state Orbital Atomic Mass unit (a.m.u.) Ion Proton
More informationORGANIC - CLUTCH CH ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES: IR, NMR, MASS SPECT
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: PURPOSE OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES Classical Methods (Wet Chemistry): Chemists needed to run dozens of chemical reactions to determine the type of molecules in a compound.
More informationChapter 20: Identification of Compounds
Chemists are frequently faced with the problem of identifying unknown compounds. Environmental scientists may have to identify pollutants in soils and water, synthetic chemists may want to confirm that
More informationStructural Determination Of Compounds
EXPERIMENT 10 Mass Spectroscopy Structural Determination Of Compounds. Introduction - In mass spectrometry, a substance is bombarded with an electron beam having sufficient energy to fragment the molecule.
More informationChapter 2: Atoms and Molecules
SYMBOLS AND FORMULAS A unique symbol is used to represent each element. Formulas are used to represent compounds. Chapter 2: Atoms and Molecules ELEMENTAL SYMBOLS A symbol is assigned to each element.
More informationIdentifying Functional Groups. Why is this necessary? Alkanes. Why is this so important? What is a functional group? 2/1/16
Identifying Functional Groups The Key to Survival Why is this so important? ver and over again, you will be asked to do reactions, the details to which you will receive in lecture and via your textbook.
More informationORGANIC - CLUTCH CH ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES: IR, NMR, MASS SPECT
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: PURPOSE OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES Classical Methods (Wet Chemistry): Chemists needed to run dozens of chemical reactions to determine the type of molecules in a compound.
More informationChapter No. 1 BASIC CONCEPTS Short Question With Answer Q.1 Calculate the grams atoms in 0.4 gm of potassium. Gram atoms of potassium = = = 0.01 grams atoms Q.2 23 grams of sodium and 238 gram of uranium
More informationTopic 02 Atomic Structure 2.2: The Mass Spectrometer. IB Chemistry T02D02
Topic 02 Atomic Structure 2.2: The Mass Spectrometer IB Chemistry T02D02 2.1 The Mass Spectrometer - 1 hour 2.2.1 Describe and explain the operation of a mass spectrometer. (3) 2.2.2 Describe how the mass
More informationExperiment 2 - NMR Spectroscopy
Experiment 2 - NMR Spectroscopy OBJECTIVE to understand the important role of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the study of the structures of organic compounds to develop an understanding of
More informationChapter 3. Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Chapter 3 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions In this chapter, Chemical structure and formulas in studying the mass relationships of atoms and molecules. To explain the composition of compounds and
More informationUNIT 2 - ATOMIC THEORY
UNIT 2 - ATOMIC THEORY VOCABULARY: Allotrope Anion Atom Atomic Mass Atomic Mass unit (a.m.u.) Atomic number Bohr model Cation Compound Electron Electron Configuration Element Excited state Ground state
More informationPaper 12: Organic Spectroscopy
Subject Chemistry Paper No and Title Module No and Title Module Tag Paper 12: Organic Spectroscopy 31: Combined problem on UV, IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and Mass - Part III CHE_P12_M31 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.
More informationBig Idea #1 : Atomic Structure
The chemical elements are fundamental building materials of matter, and all matter can be understood in terms of arrangements of atoms. These atoms retain their identity in chemical reactions. Big Idea
More informationMass Spectrometry. Introduction EI-MS and CI-MS Molecular mass & formulas Principles of fragmentation Fragmentation patterns Isotopic effects
Mass Spectrometry Introduction EI-MS and CI-MS Molecular mass & formulas Principles of fragmentation Fragmentation patterns Isotopic effects 1 Introduction to MS Mass spectrometry is the method of analysis
More information7. How many moles of hydrogen sulfide are contained in a 35.0-g sample of this gas? [A] 2.16 mol [B] 7.43 mol [C] 6.97 mol [D] 10.4 mol [E] 1.
1. Bromine exists naturally as a mixture of bromine-79 and bromine-81 isotopes. An atom of bromine-79 contains [A] 35 protons, 44 neutrons, 35 electrons. [B] 79 protons, 79 electrons, and 35 neutrons.
More informationMass spectrometry and elemental analysis
Mass spectrometry and elemental analysis A schematic representation of a single-focusing mass spectrometer with an electron-impact (EI) ionization source. M: + e _ M +. + 2e _ Ionization and fragmentation
More informationHow do Elements Combine to Form Compounds?
How do Elements Combine to Form Compounds? ACTIVITY What is it made of? Compounds account for the huge variety of matter on Earth All the compounds that exist on Earth are built from elements 118 elements
More informationWelcome to Organic Chemistry II
Welcome to Organic Chemistry II Erika Bryant, Ph.D. erika.bryant@hccs.edu Class Syllabus 3 CHAPTER 12: STRUCTURE DETERMINATION 4 What is this solution Soda Tea Coffee??? 5 What is this solution Soda Tea
More informationReminder: My Office Hours HELD 104A & CHEM 330. Instructional Assistant (IA)
Reminder: My Office Hours HELD 104A & CHEM 330 Tuesdays & Thursdays, 4:00-5:30 (That s the 90 min. before each class) in HELD 104A. Fridays, 1:30-3:00 in CHEM 330 Other times as available or by appointment.
More informationUnit 6 Chemical Analysis. Chapter 8
Unit 6 Chemical Analysis Chapter 8 Objectives 39 Perform calculations using the mole to calculate the molar mass 40 Perform calculations using the mole to convert between grams, number of particles, volume,
More informationPERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION Just like any percentage problems you are comparing the part to the whole. In chemistry, percentage composition is based on mass, not on numbers of atoms present. For Example, if
More informationCHEM Chapter 12 Infrared and Mass Spec (homework). Stafford. S18
Exhibit 12-4 The following question(s) refer to the mass spectrum shown below. 1. Refer to Exhibit 12-4. This compound contains C, H, and one other atom. Identify the other atom from the mass spectrum
More informationMATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES
FINAL REVIEW MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES VIDEO ATOM Smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical identity of that element. ELEMENT A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable
More informationIsotopes...do on index card
Electrons and Ions Isotopes...do on index card Carbon-12 accounts for 99.45% of all of the carbon atoms, while carbon-14 only accounts for the remaining 0.55%. Since the carbon-12 isotope is more abundant,
More informationInstructional Assistant (IA) Reminder: My Office Hours HELD 104A & CHEM 330. Supplemental Instruction (SI) Homework update. Matter, Atoms & Molecules
Reminder: My Office ours ELD 104A & CEM 330 Tuesdays & Thursdays, 4:00-5:30 (That s the 90 min. before each class) in ELD 104A. Fridays, 1:30-3:00 in CEM 330 Other times as available or by appointment.
More informationInterpretation of Organic Spectra. Chem 4361/8361
Interpretation of Organic Spectra Chem 4361/8361 Characteristics of Common Spectrometric Methods H-1 C-13 MS IR/RAMAN UV-VIS ORD/CD X- RAY Radiation type RF RF Not relevant IR UV to visible UV to visible
More informationChem 110 Fall 2014 Exam I Whelan
Chem 110 Fall 2014 Exam I Whelan SID Last First Question 1 5 Points a) How many significant figures are there in each of the following numbers? 0.927790 0.060464 1.00x10 3 b) There are 12 eggs in a dozen.
More informationEXAM 1 Review Session
EXAM 1 Review Session DR. MIOY T. HUYNH YALE UNIVERSITY CHEMISTRY 161 FALL 2018 www.mioy.org/chem161 OUTLINE 1. Significant Figures 2. Dimensional Analysis 3. Elements and Atoms 4. Naming Compounds 5.
More informationCHAPTER 4. Atomic Structure. 4.1 Atoms. Dalton s Atomic Theory
CHAPTER 4 Atomic Structure 4.1 Atoms Democritus first suggested the idea of atoms Indivisible & Indestructible 460 B.C. 370 B.C. Dalton s Atomic Theory 1. All elements are composed of submicroscopic indivisible
More informationAtomic Number. Mass Number. Counting Subatomic Particles
Counting Subatomic Particles Now that scientists have discovered that atoms can be subdivided into subatomic particles, there was a new problem. How do we count subatomic particles? We use terms like atomic
More informationAverage Atomic Mass. A new unit called the atomic mass unit (amu) was developed to deal with the very small units of mass for particles like the atom.
Average Atomic Mass Since atoms are so small and the mass of individual atoms is also very small, it is not useful to use the units of grams or kilogram. A new unit called the atomic mass unit (amu) was
More informationGet out a sheet of paper to take some notes on.
Bellwork: Get out your old textbook and your ID. Get out a sheet of paper to take some notes on. Solve the following problem. Methyl alcohol, CH 3 OH, is a clean-burning, easily handled fuel. It can be
More informationIntroductory Chemistry: A Foundation, 6 th Ed. Introductory Chemistry, 6 th Ed. Basic Chemistry, 6 th Ed.
Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation, 6 th Ed. Introductory Chemistry, 6 th Ed. Basic Chemistry, 6 th Ed. by Steven S. Zumdahl & Donald J. DeCoste University of Illinois Chapter 8 Chemical Composition
More informationIn a solution, there are thousands of atoms generating magnetic fields, all in random directions.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Purpose: onnectivity, Map of - framework Process: In nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we are studying nuclei. onsider this circle to represent a nucleus
More information1. Predict the structure of the molecules given by the following spectral data: a Mass spectrum:m + = 116
Additional Problems for practice.. Predict the structure of the molecules given by the following spectral data: a Mass spectrum:m + = IR: weak absorption at 9 cm - medium absorption at cm - NMR 7 3 3 C
More informationUNIT 2 - ATOMIC THEORY
*KEY* *KEY* UNIT 2 - ATOMIC THEORY *KEY* *KEY* VOCABULARY: Allotrope Anion Atom Atomic Mass Atomic Mass unit (a.m.u.) Atomic number Bohr model Cation Compound Electron Electron Configuration Element Excited
More informationIntro to Chemistry and Physics/Pre-AP Chem UNIT 2 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter 2:1 Foundations of Atomic Theory
2:1 Foundations of Atomic Theory In the 1790s the study of matter was revolutionized by the quantitative analysis of chemical reactions, which had been greatly improved by more accurate balances. This
More informationCH Exam #4 (Take Home) Date Due: 11/25,26/2013
CH2710 - Exam #4 (Take Home) Date Due: 11/25,26/2013 Section I - Multiple Choice - Choose the BEST answer from the choices given and place the letter of you choice in the space provided. 1. Energy absorbed
More informationMass Spectrometry - Background
Mass Spectrometry - Background In mass spectrometry, a substance is bombarded with an electron beam having sufficient energy to fragment the molecule. The positive fragments which are produced (cations
More informationGeneral Chemistry. Chapter 3. Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions CHEM 101 (3+1+0) Dr. Mohamed El-Newehy 10/12/2017
General Chemistry CHEM 101 (3+1+0) Dr. Mohamed El-Newehy http://fac.ksu.edu.sa/melnewehy Chapter 3 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions 1 In this chapter, Chemical structure and formulas in studying
More informationCP/Honors Chemistry Unit 3: Atomic Theory Chapter 4, Sections 1, 2, and 3
CP/Honors Chemistry Unit 3: Atomic Theory Chapter 4, Sections 1, 2, and 3 Subatomic Particles Warm-Up Quiz 1. What are the three subatomic particles? 2. Where are the particles located in the atom? 3.
More informationNotes:&&Unit&4:&Atomics& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
Name: RegentsChemistry:Mr.Palermo Notes:Unit4:Atomics! www.mrpalermo.com Name: $ Key$Ideas$ Themodernmodeloftheatomhasevolvedoveralongperiodoftimethroughtheworkofmany scientists.(3.1a) Eachatomhasanucleus,withanoverallpositivecharge,surroundedbyoneormorenegatively
More informationMole Concept. Conversion Factors:
Today s focus. Mole Concept Avogadro s Number is 6.02x10 23 The mole unit is used to express: 1. A mass quantity 2. A counting quantity 1 water molecule 1 mole of water molecules Conversion Factors: 6.02x10
More informationPOGIL: Average Atomic Mass
Name: Date: Period: Chemistry POGIL: Average Atomic Mass WHY? It is assumed that the composition of a sample of an element (in terms of percent natural abundances of each of the element s isotopes) is
More informationCHEM311 FALL 2005 Practice Exam #3
CHEM311 FALL 2005 Practice Exam #3 Instructions: This is a multiple choice / short answer practice exam. For the multiple-choice questions, there may be more than one correct answer. If so, then circle
More informationAtoms, Molecules, and the Mole
The Mole Now that we know how to write and name chemical compounds, we need to understand how chemists use these formulas quantitatively. As chemists, we need to know how many atoms or molecules are reacting
More informationAtomic Structure Early Theories Democritus: 4 B.C.: atom Dalton: atoms cannot Thomson: Cathode Ray Tubes Rutherford:
Atomic Structure n a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; n an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set
More information4. Draw a concept map showing the classifications of matter. Give an example of each.
Name Bring calculator, pencils, and this completed worksheet to the midterm exam. For problems involving an equation, carry out the following steps: 1. Write the equation. 2. Substitute numbers and units.
More informationNuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Purpose: Connectivity, Map of C-H framework
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Purpose: Connectivity, Map of C- framework Four Factors of Proton NMR (PMR OR NMR):. Symmetry: Number of chemically different protons (symmetry) as shown by number
More information2. Separate the ions based on their mass to charge (m/e) ratio. 3. Measure the relative abundance of the ions that are produced
I. Mass spectrometry: capable of providing both quantitative and qualitative information about samples as small as 100 pg (!) and with molar masses in the 10 4-10 5 kdalton range A. The mass spectrometer
More informationUnit 2: Essentials of Chemistry Homework Packet (80 points)
Name: KEY Period: By the end of Unit 2, you should be able to: Essentials of Chemistry Chapter 1-2 & 4-5 Unit 2: Essentials of Chemistry 8. Explain the nature of science including the use of the validity
More information6 atomic # C symbol Carbon name of element atomic mass. o Examples: # 1 mol C = g # 1 mol O = g # 1 mol H = 1.
7.1 AVOGADRO S NUMBER AND MOLAR CONVERSIONS CHEMISTRY NOTES Identify the mole as the unit used to count particles, whether atoms, ions, or molecules. Use Avogadro s number to convert between amount in
More informationPractice Test 1 Bio 103 Name
Practice Test 1 Bio 103 Name 1) An atom with an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19 would have an atomic mass of approximately? a) 10 Daltons b) 19 Daltons c) 9 grams d) 9 Daltons e) 20 grams 2)
More informationAtomic Structure. What is an atom? The smallest particle of an element that retains properties of that element. Gedanken
Atomic Structure What is an atom? The smallest particle of an element that retains properties of that element. Gedanken 1 Atomic Theory Democritus vs. Dalton 500 BC 1808 AD Pure thought Observation + experiment
More information1. Which of the following compounds is the weakest base?
I. Multiple-choice Questions Fall 2018 1. Which of the following compounds is the weakest base? a. C3C2 b. C3C2 c. N3 d. C3 e. N2 2. Which of the following functional groups is indicated by a strong and
More informationHow many hydrogen atoms are there in the empirical formula of propene, C 3 H 6? How many neutrons are there in one atom of 24 Mg?
1 A 2 B 3 C The atomic number of Na is 11. How many electrons are there in a sodium ion, Na +? How many hydrogen atoms are there in the empirical formula of propene, C 3 H 6? What is the mass in grams
More informationTHE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS. ATOMS Atoms consist of a number of fundamental particles, the most important are... in the nucleus of an atom
Atomic Structure TE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS ATOMS Atoms consist of a number of fundamental particles, the most important are... Mass / kg Charge / C Relative mass Relative Charge PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON MASS
More informationChapter 12 Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Spectroscopy
Organic Chemistry, 6 th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Chapter 12 Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Spectroscopy Jo Blackburn Richland College, Dallas, TX Dallas County Community College District 2006, Prentice
More informationName: 1. Ignoring C-H absorptions, what characteristic IR absorption(s) would be expected for the functional group shown below?
Chemistry 262 Winter 2018 Exam 3 Practice The following practice contains 20 questions. Thursday s 90 exam will also contain 20 similar questions, valued at 4 points/question. There will also be 2 unknown
More informationMASS SPECTROSCOPY (MS)
MASS SPECTOSCOPY (MS) Castor seeds icin (toxic protein) INTODUCTION Does not involve absorption of electromagnetic radiation. It is a spectroscopic technique, by virtue of its use in structure elucidation.
More informationChem 14C Lecture 1 Spring 2016 Exam 2 Solutions Page 1
Chem 14C Lecture 1 Spring 2016 Exam 2 Solutions Page 1 Statistics: High score, average, and low score will be posted on the course web site after exam grading is complete. Some questions have more than
More informationCLASS SET DO NOT WRITE. Beanium Isotope Lab
CLASS SET DO NOT WRITE Beanium Isotope Lab Introduction & Purpose: What is an isotope? What does it mean to say that the atoms in a sample of an element are isotopes of each other? Ordinary beans are a
More informationHow do Elements Combine to Form Compounds?
How do Elements Combine to Form Compounds? ACTIVITY What is it made of? Think about the calcium atom vs the calcium ion Compounds account for the huge variety of matter on Earth All the compounds that
More informationSTOICHIOMETRY EXAM TRUTH! Thursday & Friday 10/01-10/02/2015. Friday, October 2, 15
STOICHIOMETRY EXAM Thursday & Friday 10/01-10/02/2015 TRUTH! AGENDA Finish Stoichiometry Unit Exam (45 minutes MAX) Begin Topic 2: Atomic Structure & Project Introduction Groups assigned today GROUPS You
More informationActivity # 2. Name. Date due. Assignment on Atomic Structure
Activity # 2 10 Name Date Date due Assignment on Atomic Structure NOTE: This assignment is based on material on the Power Point called Atomic Structure, as well as pages 167-173 in the Science Probe textbook.
More information[3.2] The Atom. p in Textbook
[3.2] The Atom p. 145 149 in Textbook We will be learning about three different parts of the atom today 1. What makes up an atom 2. Where an atom s mass is found 3. What are isotopes What does the atom
More informationEarly Atomic Models. Atoms: the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element.
Chapter 5 Early Atomic Models Atoms: the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element. (Greek: atomos = indivisible) Democritus (Greek teacher in the 4 th century BC) First
More informationMS Interpretation I. Identification of the Molecular Ion
MS Interpretation I Identification of the Molecular Ion Molecular Ion: EI Requirements for the Molecular Ion Must be the highest m/z peak in the spectrum Highest Isotope Cluster Must be an odd-electron
More informationWhat is the energy of a photon with wavelength 232 nm?
EMISTRY 110 EXAM 1 February 6, 2012 FRM A 1 ow many single covalent bonds must a sulfur atom form to have a complete octet in its valence shell? A. 3 B. 4. 1 D. 2 E. 0 2. What are the correct numbers of
More informationUnit 2 Chapters 5 and 6 Atoms/Periodic Table/ NOMENCLATURE NAMING AND FORMING COMPOUNDS
Unit 2 Chapters 5 and 6 Atoms/Periodic Table/ NOMENCLATURE NAMING AND FORMING COMPOUNDS Review of Atomic Structure What is an atom? The smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that
More information