CHEMICAL REACTION. Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 1
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1 CHEMICAL REACTION Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 1
2 Chemical Reaction Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 2
3 Introduction Chemical reactions occur when bonds between the outermost parts of atoms are formed or broken Chemical reactions involve changes in matter, the making of new materials with new properties, and energy changes. Symbols represent elements, formulas describe compounds, chemical equations describe a chemical reaction Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 3
4 Chemical Equation A chemical equation illustrates the formulas and quantities of reactants and products in a chemical reaction. It is an expression that uses symbols to describe a chemical change. Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 4
5 Components of Chemical Equation COMPONENTS Reactants DEFINITION Substances present at the beginning of the reaction Products The substances formed in a chemical reaction + If in reactant, read as reacts with, combines with If in product, read as and State of substances: (s) (l) (g) (aq) produces, yields, forms and shows the direction of the chemical reaction Solid Liquid Gas Aqueous Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 5
6 Components of Chemical Equation COMPONENTS catalyst H DEFINITION The product is gaseous and escapes Precipitate is formed Reversible reaction The reaction involves heating Catalyst is used to undergo chemical reaction Amount of energy involved in chemical reaction Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 6
7 Things to Remember About Writing Chemical Equation Don t forget about the diatomic elements! (BrINClHOF) For example, Oxygen is O 2 as an element. In a compound, it can t be a diatomic element because it s not an element anymore, it s a compound! The Law of Conservation of Mass holds for every chemical equation. Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 7
8 Steps to Writing Reactions Some steps for doing reactions 1. Identify the type of reaction 2. Predict the product(s) using the type of reaction as a model 3. Balance it Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 8
9 Types of Reactions There are five types of chemical reactions we will talk about: 1. Combination (Synthesis) reactions 2. Decomposition (Analysis) reactions 3. Single displacement (Substitution)reactions 4. Double displacement (Metathesis) reactions 5. Combustion reactions You need to be able to identify the type of reaction and predict the product(s) Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 9
10 1. Synthesis reactions Synthesis reactions occur when two substances (generally elements) combine and form a compound. (Sometimes these are called combination or addition reactions.) reactant + reactant 1product Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 10
11 1. Synthesis reactions Basically: A + B AB Example: 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O (l) C (s)+ O 2(g) CO 2 (g) Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 11
12 Combination Reaction Metal + Oxygen Metal Oxide Example: 2Mg (s) + O 2 (g) 2MgO (s) 4Na (s) + O 2 (g) 2Na 2 O (s) Non-Metal + Oxygen Acidic Oxide/Acidic Anhydride Example: S (s) + O 2 (g) SO 2 (g) C (s) + O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 12
13 Combination Reaction Non-Metal Oxide + Water Acid Example: SO 2 (g) + H 2 O (l) H 2 SO 3 (aq) CO 2 (g) + H 2 O (l) H 2 CO 3 (aq) Metal Oxide + Water Alkali/Base Na 2 O (s) + H 2 O (l) 2NaOH (aq) MgO (s) + H 2 O (l) Mg(OH) 2 (aq) Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 13
14 Synthesis Reactions Here is another example of a synthesis reaction Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 14
15 Practice Predict the products. Write and balance the following synthesis reaction equations. Sodium metal reacts with chlorine gas Na (s) + Cl 2(g) Solid Magnesium reacts with fluorine gas Mg (s) + F 2(g) Aluminum metal reacts with fluorine gas Al (s) + F 2(g) Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 15
16 2. Decomposition Reactions Decomposition reactions occur when a compound breaks up into the elements or in a few to simpler compounds 1 Reactant Product + Product Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 16
17 2. Decomposition Reactions In general: AB A + B Example: 2 H 2 O 2H 2 + O 2 2 HgO 2Hg + O 2 Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 17
18 Decomposition Reactions Metal Oxide Metal + Oxygen gas 2HgO (s) 2Hg (l) + O 2 (g) Metal Carbonates Metal Oxide + CO 2 Na 2 CO 3 (s) CaCO 3 (s) Na 2 O (s) + CO 2 (g) CaO (s) + CO 2 (g) Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 18
19 Decomposition Reactions Metal Nitrates NaNO 3 (s) Metal Nitrites + Oxygen gas NaNO 2 (s) + O 2 (g) Metal Bicarbonates Metal Carbonate + H 2 O + CO 2 2NaHCO 3 (s) Metal Oxyhalides / MnO 2 / Fe 2 O 3 Na 2 CO 3 (s) + H 2 O (l) + CO 2 (g) Metal Halide + O 2 (g) 2KBrO 3 (s) 2KBr (s) + 3O 2 (g) Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 19
20 Decomposition Reactions Another view of a decomposition reaction: Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 20
21 Practice Predict the products. Then, write and balance the following decomposition reaction equations: 1. Solid Lead (IV) oxide decomposes PbO 2(s) 2. Aluminum nitride decomposes AlN (s) Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 21
22 Practice Identify the type of reaction for each of the following synthesis or decomposition reactions, and write the balanced equation: N 2(g) + O 2(g) Nitrogen Monoxide BaCO 3(s) Co (s) + S (s) (make Co be +3) NH 3(g) + H 2 CO 3(aq) NI 3(s) Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 22
23 3. Single Replacement Reactions Single Replacement Reactions occur when one element replaces another in a compound. A metal can replace a metal (+) OR Nonmetal can replace a nonmetal (-). Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 23
24 3. Single Replacement Reactions element + compound product + product A + BC AC + B (if A is a metal) OR A + BC BA + C (if A is a nonmetal) (remember the cation always goes first!) When H 2 O splits into ions, it splits into H + and OH - (not H+ and O -2!!) Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 24
25 Activity Series Metals Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Cr, Fe, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb, H, Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au arranged in decreasing activity Non-Metals F 2, Cl 2, Br 2, I 2 Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 25
26 Single Replacement Reactions Another view: Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 26
27 Single Replacement Reactions Write and balance the following single replacement reaction equation: Zinc metal reacts with aqueous hydrochloric acid Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) ZnCl 2 + H 2(g) Note: Zinc replaces the hydrogen ion in the reaction Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 27
28 Single Replacement Reactions Sodium chloride solid reacts with fluorine gas 2NaCl (s) + F 2(g) 2NaF (s) + Cl 2(g) Note that fluorine replaces chlorine in the compound Sodium fluoride reacts with chlorine gas NaF (s) + Cl 2(g) (no chemical reaction) Aluminum metal reacts with aqueous copper (II) nitrate Al (s) + Cu(NO 3 ) 2(aq) Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 28
29 4. Double Replacement Reactions Double Replacement Reactions occur when a metal replaces a metal in a compound and a nonmetal replaces a nonmetal in a compound Compound + compound product + product AB + CD AD + CB Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 29
30 Double Replacement Reactions Think about it like foil ing in algebra, first and last ions go together + inside ions go together Example: AgNO 3(aq) + NaCl (s) AgCl (s) + NaNO 3(aq) K 2 SO 4(aq) + Ba(NO 3 ) 2(aq) 2KNO 3(aq) + BaSO 4(s) Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 30
31 Practice Predict the products and balance the following chemical reactions 1. HCl (aq) + AgNO 3(aq) 2. CaCl 2(aq) + Na 3 PO 4(aq) 3. Pb(NO 3 ) 2(aq) + BaCl 2(aq) 4. FeCl 3(aq) + NaOH (aq) 5. H 2 SO 4(aq) + NaOH (aq) 6. KOH (aq) + CuSO 4(aq) Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 31
32 5. Combustion Reactions Combustion reactions occur when a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen gas. This is also called burning!!! In order to burn something you need the 3 things in the fire triangle : 1) A Fuel (hydrocarbon) 2) Oxygen to burn it with 3) Something to ignite the reaction (spark) Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 32
33 Combustion Reactions In general: C x H y + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O Products in combustion are ALWAYS carbon dioxide and water. (although incomplete burning does cause some byproducts like carbon monoxide) Combustion is used to heat homes and run automobiles (octane, as in gasoline, is C 8 H 18 ) Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 33
34 Combustion Reactions Edgar Allen Poe s drooping eyes and mouth are potential signs of CO poisoning. Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 34
35 Combustion Example C 5 H O 2 5CO 2 + 6H 2 O Write the products and balance the following combustion reaction: C 10 H 22 + O 2 Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 35
36 Mixed Practice State the type, predict the products, and balance the following reactions: 1. BaCl 2 + H 2 SO 4 2. C 6 H 12 + O 2 3. Zn + CuSO 4 4. Cs + Br 2 5. FeCO 3 Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 36
37 Balancing Chemical Equation Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 37
38 Because of the principle of the conservation of matter, an equation must be balanced. It must have the same number of atoms of the same kind on both sides. Lavoisier, 1788
39 Balancing Equations When balancing a chemical reaction you may add coefficients in front of the compounds to balance the reaction, but you must not change the subscripts. Changing the subscripts changes the compound. Subscripts are determined by the valence electrons (charges for ionic or sharing for covalent)
40 Balancing Chemical Equations 1. Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on the left side and the correct formula(s) for the product(s) on the right side of the equation. Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water C 2 H 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O
41 Balancing Chemical Equations C 2 H 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O 2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas (coefficients) to make the number of atoms of each element the same on both sides of the equation. Do not change the subscripts. 2C 2 H 6 NOT C 4 H 12
42 Balancing Chemical Equations 3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in only one reactant and one product. C 2 H 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O start with C or H but not O 2 carbon on left C 2 H 6 + O 2 1 carbon on right 2CO 2 + H 2 O multiply CO 2 by 2 6 hydrogen on left C 2 H 6 + O 2 2 hydrogen on right 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O multiply H 2 O by 3
43 Balancing Chemical Equations 4. Balance those elements that appear in two or more reactants or products. C 2 H 6 + O 2 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O multiply O 2 by 7/2 2 oxygen on left C 2 H 6 + 7/2O 2 2C 2 H 6 + 7O 2 4 oxygen (2x2) + 3 oxygen (3x1) 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O 4CO 2 + 6H 2 O = 7 oxygen on right remove fraction multiply both sides by 2
44 Balancing Chemical Equations 5. Check to make sure that you have the same number of each type of atom on both sides of the equation. 2C 2 H 6 + 7O 2 4CO 2 + 6H 2 O 12 H (2 x 6) 12 H (6 x 2) 4 C (2 x 2) 4 C 14 O (7 x 2) 14 O (4 x 2 + 6) Reactants 4 C 12 H 14 O Products 4 C 12 H 14 O
45 Example 1 Balance the chemical reaction AlCl H 2 36 HCl + Al 2 2 REACTANT PRODUCT Al Cl H NOT BALANCED Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico
46 Example 2 Balance the following chemical equation Al 2 (SO 4 ) Ca(OH) 2 2 Al(OH) CaSO 4 REACTANT PRODUCT Al : 2 1 Ca: S : 3 x 1 = 3 1 H : 2 x 1 = 2 3 x 1 = 3 3 ( ) 6 O : (3x4)+[3(2x1)] =14 18 [2(3x1)] + 4 = 7 NOT BALANCED 2 ( ) Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico ( x 3 ) 10 18
47 Exercises Balance the following chemical equation 1. C 2 H 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O 2. P 4 + O 2 P 2 O 5 3. Ag + S 8 Ag 2 S 4. AlI 3 + HgCl 2 AlCl 3 + HgI 2 5. AgNO 3 + K 3 PO 4 Ag 3 PO 4 + KNO 3 6. KClO 3 KCl + O 2 Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 47
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