Reaction Kinetics. Reaction kinetics is the study of the rates of reactions and the factors which affect the rates. Hebden Unit 1 (page 1 34)

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1 Hebden Unit 1 (page 1 34) Reaction kinetics is the study of the rates of reactions and the factors which affect the rates. 2 1

2 What are kinetic studies good for? 3 How to speed up: 1. Paint drying 2. Setting of dental fillings 3. Synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs 4. Breakdown of synthetic plastics and other materials in landfills 5. Industrial manufacture of chemicals 6. Destruction of air pollutants in automobile exhaust 4 2

3 How to slow down: 1. Food decay 2. Rate at which materials burn in fire 3. Rusting of metal objects composed of iron 4. Corrosion 5. Fading of clothes through washing 6. Destruction of the ozone layer 5 Hebden Unit 1 (page 1 34) Factors which influence reaction rates: 1. Chemical nature of the What are the chemical reactants. properties of the reactants. Do the reactants have strong bonds or weak bonds? What about the number of bonds that need to be broken and reformed? 6 3

4 Hebden Unit 1 (page 1 34) Factors which influence reaction rates: 2. The ability of the Surface area reactants to come in consideration contact with each other. The greater the surface area, the greater the ability the reactants can meet, and therefore, the greater the reaction rate. Phase consideration Homogeneous reaction or Heterogeneous reaction 7 Hebden Unit 1 (page 1 34) Factors which influence reaction rates: 2. The ability of the reactants to come in contact with each other. Aqueous ions > Gases or Liquids > Solids (Fastest) (Slowest) 8 4

5 Hebden Unit 1 (page 1 34) Factors which influence reaction rates: 3. Concentration of the When the reactant reactants concentration increases, the reaction rate increases. 9 Hebden Unit 1 (page 1 34) Factors which influence reaction rates: 4. Temperature When the temperature increases, the reaction rate increases. 10 5

6 Hebden Unit 1 (page 1 34) Factors which influence reaction rates: 5. Pressure When the gaseous reactant pressure increases, more reactant is compressed into a given volume (i.e. the reactant concentration increases), the reaction rate increases. 11 Hebden Unit 1 (page 1 34) Factors which influence reaction rates: 6. Presence of Catalysts Catalyst is a chemical which can be added to a chemical reaction to increase the rate of the reaction. Thecatalyst is not consumed in the reaction. 12 6

7 Hebden Unit 1 (page 1 34) Possible ways to measure reaction rates: Cu (s) () + 4 HNO 3 (aq) Cu(NO 3 3) 2 (aq) + 2 H 2 O () + 2 NO 2 (g) + heat Blue solution 13 Hebden Unit 1 (page 1 34) Possible ways to measure reaction rates: Cu (s) () + 4 HNO 3 (aq) Cu(NO 3 3) 2 (aq) + 2 H 2 O () + 2 NO 2 (g) + heat Blue solution 14 7

8 Hebden Unit 1 (page 1 34) To measure the reaction rate is the measure of the change in some properties over time. The change in the measured property can be related back to the change in concentration. 15 Hebden Unit 1 (page 1 34) We will go over Experiment 2: Factors Affecting Reaction Rates in detail. NOTE: There are a lot of Chemistry 11-type calculations in Experiment 2! 16 8

9 Hebden Unit 1 (page 1 34) Relative rates of the disappearance of reactants and appearance of products Their rates are linked by the reaction stoichiometry, or by the coefficients in the balanced equation. 1 C 3 H 8 (g) + 5 O 2 (g) 3 CO 2 (g) + 4 H 2 O (g) (propane) O 2 is consumed 5x faster than propane. 17 Hebden Unit 1 (page 1 34) Relative rates of the disappearance of reactants and appearance of products Their rates are linked by the reaction stoichiometry, or by the coefficients in the balanced equation. 1 C 3 H 8 (g) + 5 O 2 (g) 3 CO 2 (g) + 4 H 2 O (g) (propane) CO 2 is formed 3x faster than propane. 18 9

10 Hebden Unit 1 (page 1 34) Relative rates of the disappearance of reactants and appearance of products Their rates are linked by the reaction stoichiometry, or by the coefficients in the balanced equation. 1 C 3 H 8 (g) + 5 O 2 (g) 3 CO 2 (g) + 4 H 2 O (g) (propane) H 2 O: is formed 4x faster than propane. 19 Hebden Unit 1 (page 1 34) Relative rates of the disappearance of reactants and appearance of products Their rates are linked by the reaction stoichiometry, or by the coefficients in the balanced equation. 1 C 3 H 8 (g) + 5 O 2 (g) 3 CO 2 (g) + 4 H 2 O (g) (propane) O 2 is consumed 5x faster than propane. CO 2 is formed 3x faster than propane. H 2 O is formed 4x faster than propane

11 Hebden Unit 1 (page 1 34) Experimentally, when butane is burned it decreases at a rate of 0.20 M/s. 2 C 4 H 10 (g) + 13 O 2 (g) 8 CO 2 (g) + 10 H 2 O (g) (butane) a. What is the rate at which O 2 concentration is decreasing? b. What are the rates at which the product concentrations are increasing? Answers: a M/s * 13/2 = 1.3 M/s is the rate that O 2 is consumed. b M/s * 8/2 = 0.8 M/s is the rate that CO 2 is produced M/s * 10/2 = 1.0 M/s is the rate that H 2 O is produced. 21 Hebden Unit 1 (page 1 34) Experimental Measurement of Reaction Rates The decomposition reaction of hydrogen iodide at 508 o C. 2 HI (g) H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) (purple) We can study any reactant or products since the rate of decrease of HI and the rates of production of H 2 and I 2 are all related. It s easiest to monitor I 2 because it is the only coloured substance. We can use an instrument to monitor the change in colour intensity of the reaction chamber and relate it back to the concentration of I 2. If the concentration of I 2 is known, then we can relate it to the concentration of HI

12 Hebden Unit 1 (page 1 34) Experimental Measurement of Reaction Rates The decomposition reaction of hydrogen iodide at 508 o C. 2 HI (g) H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) (purple) Experimental Data: Easiest way to see the behaviour of the reaction is to plot the data graphically. Time (s) Concentration of HI (M) Hebden Unit 1 (page 1 34) Experimental Measurement of Reaction Rates 2 HI (g) H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) 24 12

13 2 HI (g) H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) Experimental Measurement of Reaction Rates From the graph, we observe that reaction rate is not the same throughout the reaction. We can draw a tangent line at any time t and determine the slope of the tangent line. This will give us the rate of the reaction at time t. 25 Experimental Measurement of Reaction Rates 2 HI (g) H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) At 100 sec, the rate of decrease in HI is M/s

14 2 HI (g) H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) Experimental Measurement of Reaction Rates At 0 sec, the rate of decrease in HI is M/s. The rate of decrease of HI is faster at the beginning of the reaction. 27 Reaction Rate Law A mathematical equation which relates rate to the reactant t concentrations. ti For a general reaction, a X + b Y products where a and b are the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation, X and Y are the reactants. Rate m [ Y [ X ] ] The rate of a reaction is proportional to the products of the reactants each raised to some power. n 28 14

15 Introduce Logs 29 Reaction Rate Law a X + b Y products A mathematical equation which relates rate to the reactant t concentrations. ti n Rate m [ Y [ X ] ] To remove the proportional symbol,, we introduce a proportionality constant, the rate constant, k. Rate m [ Y k [ X ] ] k, m, and n are numbers that are determined experimentally!! n 30 15

16 Reaction Rate Law Rate m [ Y k [ X ] ] a X + b Y products n k, m, and n are numbers that are determined experimentally!! The reaction is determined to be: m th order with respect to X n th order with respect to Y The overall reaction order is m+n. 31 Reaction Rate Law Rate m [ Y k [ X ] ] a X + b Y products n k, m, and n are numbers that are determined experimentally!! k is the rate constant. The bigger the rate constant, k, the faster the reaction. k is temperature dependent. k is reaction dependent. k has units

17 Reaction Rate Law 2 N 2 O 5 (g) 4 NO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) Rate = k [N 2 O 5 ] This reaction is 1 st order with respect to N 2 O 5. The overall reaction order is 1. Determined experimentally!! Units of k moles moles k L s L moles L k L s moles 1 1 k s s 33 Reaction Rate Law 2 HI (g) H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) Rate = k [HI] 2 This reaction is 2 nd order with respect to HI. The overall reaction order is 2. Units of k moles moles k L s L moles L L s moles L k M s moles s L moles moles L 1 1 Determined experimentally!! k 34 17

18 Reaction Rate Law 2 NO (g) + 2 H 2 (g) N 2 (g) + 2 H 2 O (g) Rate = k [NO] 2 [H 2 ] This reaction is 2 nd order with respect to NO, 1 st order with respect to H 2. The overall reaction order is 3. Units of k moles L s moles L s moles k L 2 L k moles L moles 2 s M L moles 2 moles L s 1 Determined experimentally!! L moles moles L 35 k Reaction Rate Law Rate m [ Y k [ X ] ] a X + b Y products n k, m, and n are numbers that are determined experimentally!! Knowing the rate law allows us to PREDICT the effect on the rate of the reaction when the concentrations are changed

19 Reaction Rate Law a X + b Y products Rate k [ X ][ Y ] 2 Determined experimentally!! (a) What will happen to the reaction rate when the concentration of Y is tripled? Rate increases 9x [i.e. 3 2 = 9] 37 Reaction Rate Law a X + b Y products Rate k [ X ][ Y ] 2 Determined experimentally!! (b) What will happen to the reaction rate when the concentration of X is tripled? Rate increases 3x [i.e. 3 1 = 3] 38 19

20 Reaction Rate Law a X + b Y products Rate k [ X ][ Y ] 2 Determined experimentally!! (c) What will happen to the reaction rate when the concentration of X is tripled and the concentration of Y is halved? 3 Rate increases 4 x [ i. e. 3 3 x] Ozone in the Stratosphere shields life on Earth from the Sun s ultraviolet radiation

21 Thecreation of stratospheric ozone is explained by the Chapman Cycle. 41 The Chapman Cycle describes the kinetics of ozone using reaction mechanism. What is reaction mechanism? 42 21

22 Reaction mechanism is a collection of steps that account for the way the reactants become products

23 The Chapman Cycle the natural creation of ozone in the Stratosphere Reaction Mechanism: h Step 1a: O 3 O 2 + O (fast) Step 2 Step 1b Step 1b: O 2 + O O 3 (fast; reverse of Step 1) Step 2: O 3 + O 2 O 2 (slow) Step 1a Steps 1b and 2 are a competition between O 2 and O 3 for O atoms. Step 2 is slower since there are relatively few O 3 molecules around. 45 Ozone is observed to be depleting in the Stratosphere 46 23

24 Problem: Observe a decrease in the overall levels of ozone in the stratosphere in the past decades. We are losing protection from UV light. 47 Depletion of ozone: Ozone depletion in the stratosphere is caused by chemicals that are used in refrigerators and air conditioners, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

25 The catalytic destruction of ozone in the stratosphere involves chlorine as a catalyst. Released CFC slowly migrate to the stratosphere. Upon absorption of UV light, the CFCs initiate a catalyzed reaction mechanism: h Step 1: CF 2 Cl 2 CF 2 Cl + Cl p 3 2 Step 2: Cl + O 3 ClO + O 2 - Step 1 generates Cl, chlorine. Chlorine is the catalyst for Step 2. - Production of chlorine monoxide Step 3: ClO + O 3 Cl + 2O 2 Overall reaction 2 O 3 (g) 3 O 2 (g) 49 Reaction mechanism is a collection of steps that account for the way the reactants become products

26 Reaction mechanism is a collection of steps that account for the way the reactants become products. The Chapman Cycle: Step 1a: O 3 O 2 + O (fast) Step 1b: O 2 + O O 3 Step 2: O 3 + O 2 O 2 (slow) (fast; reverse of Step 1) The Depletion of Ozone Step 1: CF 2 Cl 2 CF 2 Cl + Cl Step 2: Cl + O 3 ClO + O 2 Step 3: ClO + O 3 Cl + 2O 2 Each step in a reaction mechanism is called an elementary step or an elementary reaction. 51 Hebden Unit 1 (page 1 34) The rate law that governs the Chapman Cycle is Rate k 2 [ O3] 2 1 k[o3] [O2] [O2] Increase [O 3 ] increases the reaction rate. Increase [O 2 ] decreases the reaction rate. Negative exponent! -2 nd order with respect to O 3. - Negative 1 st order with respect to O 2. - Overall reaction order = 1 st order

27 Hebden Unit 1 (page 1 34) Experimental evidence shows that k is large in the presence of UV. 53 We have seen how the reaction rate depends on the concentration of reactants but how about other parameters such as temperature The rate constant, k, usually increases exponentially with temperature 54 27

28 Reaction rates can be explained using Kinetic Molecular Theory and Collision Theory 55 Kinetic Molecular Theory The theory models the behaviour of gas on a microscopic scale. The theory is based on the following 5 postulates: 1. A gas is made up of a vast number of particles, and these particles are in constant random motion. 2. Particles in a gas are infinitely small; they occupy no volume. 3. Particles in a gas move in straight lines except when they collide with other molecules or with the walls of the container. Collisions with each other and with the walls of the container are elastic, so that the kinetic energy of the particles are conserved

29 Kinetic Molecular Theory 4. Particles in a gas interact with each other only when collisions occur. 5. The average kinetic energy of the particles in a gas is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas and does not depend on the identity of the gas. Let s take a look to see whether KMT is observed in gases. 57 Let s take a look to see whether KMT is observed in gases. Since gases are made up of a collection of gas particles, we will look at them using DISTRIBUTION functions. Distribution functions are common mathematical devices used in science, economics, social sciences and education. Example - Test scores are visualized using distribution function. Normal distribution or bell curve Because the shape resembles a bell

30 Figure 1: The distributions of molecular speeds of O 2 molecules at three different temperatures. 59 Figure 2: Distributions of molecular speeds for three different gases at the same temperature (300 K). As the molar mass decreases, the fraction of the molecules moving at higher speed increases

31 Figure 1 and 2 are distribution function that describes the speeds of a collection of gas particles. They are known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of speeds. 61 These distributions can also be plotted as a function of the particle s energy Note: that the energy distribution does not depend on the mass of the particle. The distribution only depends on the sample s temperature

32 How does KMT relate to reaction kinetics? The Kinetic-molecular theory says that: 1. Molecules interact with one another only through collisions (Postulate 4). The greater the number of collisions occurring per second, the greater the reaction rate. 2. Increase of collisions can be achieved by increasing the temperature, which results in increasing molecular speeds (Postulate 5). This can be achieved by increasing the concentration of the reactant molecules 63 Collision Theory Chemical reactions are results of collision of reactant particles. We should not expect that all collisions between molecules would result in chemical reactions. For most reactions, only a tiny fraction of the collisions leads to reaction

33 Collision Theory Example: H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) 2 HI (g) At room temperature and pressure collisions per second If every collision results in the formation of HI, the reaction would be over in much less than a second. In reality, at room temperature, this reaction proceeds very slowly. About one in collisions produces a reaction. 65 Collision Theory What keepsthe reaction fromoccurringoccurring morerapidly? rapidly? Collision Theory explains what keeps the reaction from occurring more rapidly 66 33

34 Collision Theory Collision Theory is based on three postulates: 1. Chemical reactions in the gas phase are due to the collision of the reactant particles. 2. A collision only results in a reaction if a certain threshold energy is exceeded. 3. A collision only results in a reaction if the colliding particles are correctly oriented to one another. 67 Collision Theory 1. Chemical reactions result from collision of the reactant particles

35 Collision Theory 2. A collision only results in a reaction if a certain threshold energy is exceeded. Activation Energy The two curves are Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular speeds for two temperatures. The shaded area represents the number of molecules traveling fast enough to collide with sufficient energy to react. The area for the High T curve is bigger. Minimum velocity needed to produce a collision with enough kinetic energy to result in a reaction. At higher temperatures more molecules will be moving faster Collisions leading to effective collisions. 69 Collision Theory 2. A collision only results in a reaction if a certain threshold energy is exceeded. Activation Energy Reaction MUST overcome an energy threshold called the ACTIVATION ENERGY or activation barrier. At higher temperatures more molecules will be moving faster Only faster moving particles will collide with sufficient KE to overcome the activation barrier. Minimum velocity needed to produce a collision with enough kinetic energy to result in a reaction. Collisions leading to effective collisions

36 Collision Theory 2. A collision only results in a reaction if a certain threshold energy is exceeded. Activated t PE complex KE Activation Energy Potential energy plot for a chemical reaction. To progress from reactants to products, the molecules must collide with enough energy to pass over the activation barrier. Activation energy is of the order of kj/mole. PE KE 71 Collision Theory 3. A collision only results in a reaction if the colliding particles are correctly oriented to one another. O (g) + N 2 O (g) N 2 (g) + O 2 (g) Orientation Factor Oxygen collides with the nitrogen end of N 2 O will result in NO REACTION. Oxygen collides with the oxygen end of N 2 O will result in producing the products. Activation complex forms in the reaction mixture

37 Collision Theory 3. A collision only results in a reaction if the colliding particles are correctly oriented to one another. Orientation Factor No reaction K + CH 3 I KI + CH 3 73 Arrhenius Behaviour Anempiricalrelationship relationship, calledthe Arrhenius equation, was proposed to describe the temperature dependence of the rate constant, k. k Ae where E a is the activation energy, R is the universal gas constant, T is the temperature (in Kelvin), and A is the proportionality constant called the frequency factor, or pre exponential factor. E RT a 74 37

38 Arrhenius Equation Rate and temperature of the reaction is related k In natural logarithmic form, ln k Ae E a R Ea RT 1 T ln A y = m x + b Very general rule a rise of 10 degree will double the rate of a reaction. 75 Arrhenius Equation In natural logarithmicform form, E a ln A 1 ln k R y = m x + b T 1 ln k versus T Determine E a from the slope. Determine A from the intercept. As E a increases, k decreases

39 Catalysts A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of the reaction but is neither created nor destroyed in the process. Catalysts can be divided into two broad categories. Homogeneous catalysts are those that are in the same phase as the reacting substances. Heterogeneous catalysts are in a different phase from the reacting species. 77 Catalysts RECALL: The catalytic destruction of ozone in the stratosphere involves chlorine as a catalyst. Step 1: CF 2 Cl 2 + UV CF 2 Cl + Cl Step 2: Cl + O 3 ClO + O 2 Step 3: ClO + O 3 Cl + 2 O 2 Note: The chlorine atoms serve as a catalyst for ozone decomposition because They are not part of the reaction stoichiometry They are not consumed by the reaction They increase the rate of the reaction 78 39

40 Catalysts Catalytic converters in automobiles NO Platinum surface N 2 O 2 A schematic model of the steps involved in the catalytic removal of NO from exhaust gas. 79 Catalysts NO Platinum surface Catalysts increase the rate of reaction by providing an alterative reaction pathway with lower activation energy

41 Catalysts Eg. Reaction at 293K Catalyzed reaction - E a = 25 kj/mole E e RTa e x10 5 Uncatalyzed reaction E a = 50 kj/mole E a e RT e x10 9 Catalyzed reaction speed Increases. 5 _ 3.47x x x10 81 Catalysts Effect of a catalyst on the number of reaction-producing collisions

42 Catalysts OCl - + I - OI - + Cl - Uncatalyzed Reaction: High E a ( reaction involves two negative ions) Requires high energy input 83 Catalysts OCl - + I - OI - + Cl - Catalyzed Reaction: Water acts as a catalyst for this reaction. It is not consumed in the reaction. It provides an alternate mechanism with a lowering of E a. ClOH, IOH and OH - are intermediate species 84 42

43 Catalysts OCl - + I - OI - + Cl - Catalyzed Reaction: E a2 E a3 E a1 85 Catalysts OCl - + I - OI - + Cl - Compare the Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Reaction: E uncatalyzed E a3 E a2 E a

44 Catalysts Important in billion dollar industries such as petroleum refining Research of materials and design process for better catalysts Selective so that it speeds up one reaction and not all the reactions Historically, selection of catalysts is by trial and errors Modern days, y, catalysts are better understood by: 1. Reaction mechanisms 2. Molecular structure The importance of 3. Material properties Chemistry!! 87 Reaction Mechanism A chemical equation does not tell us how reactants become products it is a summary of the overall process. The photosynthesis reaction 6CO O occurs in many steps light 2 6H 2O C6H12O6 6 The reaction mechanism is the series of steps by which a chemical reaction occurs

45 Reaction Mechanism A step by step description of a chemical reaction. Each step is called an elementary step. Any molecular event that significantly alters a molecules energy of geometry or produces a new molecule. Reaction mechanism must be consistent with: Stoichiometry for the overall reaction. The experimentally determined rate law. It is only possible to show that a proposed mechanism is consistent with the observed rate law (i.e. it does not prove that the proposed mechanism is correct) 89 Reaction Mechanism A molecular representation of the elementary steps in the reaction: NO 2 + CO NO + CO 2 rate = k[no 2 ]² Step 1 NO 2 +NO 2 NO 3 +NO Step 2 NO 3 + CO NO 2 + CO 2 Overall NO 2 + CO NO + CO

46 Reaction Mechanism Mechanism Terms Intermediate: formed in one step and used up in a subsequent step and so is never seen as a product. Molecularity: the number of species that must collide to produce the reaction indicated by that step. Elementary Step: A reaction whose rate law can be written from its molecularity. uni, bi and termolecular 91 Reaction Mechanism Elementary Step Unimolecular, bimolecular or trimolecular. Exponents for concentration terms are the same as the stoichiometric factors for the elementary step. Elementary steps are reversible. Intermediates are produced in one elementary step and consumed in another. One elementary step is usually slower than all the others and is known as the rate determining step. It therefore determines the overall rate of reaction

47 Reaction Mechanism Slow Step Followed by a Fast Step [I H 2 (g) + 2 ICl(g) I 2 (g) + 2 HCl(g) 2 ] t = k[h 2 ][ICl] Postulate a mechanism: slow H 2 (g) + ICl(g) HI(g) + HCl(g) fast HI(g) + ICl(g) I 2 (g) + HCl(g) H 2 (g) + 2 ICl(g) I 2 (g) + 2 HCl(g) [HI] t [I 2 ] t [I 2 ] t = k[h 2 ][ICl] = k[hi][icl] = k[h 2 ][ICl] 93 Reaction Mechanism Slow Step Followed by a Fast Step 47

48 Reaction Rate Law Example Using the data provided, establish the order of the reaction with respect to HgCl dco 2 and 2 2-4, the overall order of the reaction and the value of the rate constant. What is the rate of reaction when [HgCl 2 ] = 0.10 M and [C 2 O 2-4 ] = 0.20 M Experiment [HgCl 2 ] (M) [C 2 O 2-4 ] (M) Initial Rate (M min -1 ) x x x Reaction Rate Law Example Let R = k [HgCl 2m 2- n 2 ] [C 2 O 4 ] 2 R 2 = k [HgCl 2 ] 2m [C 2 O 4 2- ] 2n = k (0.105) m (0.30) n R 1 = k [HgCl 2 ] 1m [C 2 O 4 2- ] 1n = k (0.105) m (0.15) n R k (0.105) m (0.30) n R 7.1x10 = -5 2 (0.30) n = = 2 n = = 3.94 k (0.105) m (0.15) n (0.15) n 1.8x10-5 R 1 R 1 2 n = 3.94 therefore n =

49 Reaction Rate Law Example 2 m = 2.0 therefore m = 1 97 Reaction Rate Law Example k = Rate = k [HgCl 2-2 ] 1 [C 2 O 42 ] 2 Third Order = First Order + Second Order Rate [HgCl 2 ][C 2 O 4 2- ] 2 Experiment [HgCl 2 ] (M) [C 2 O 4 2- ] (M) k (M -2 min -1 ) x10 7.6x x x10-3 Average k = 7.5x10-3 M -2 min

50 Reaction Rate Law Example Rate = k [HgCl 2-2 ] [C 2 O 42 ] 2 Rate = (7.5x10-3 M -2 min -1 ) [0.10 M] [0.20 M] 2 Rate = 3.0x10-5 M min Effect of Temperature Example Consider the first-order decomposition o of N 2 2O 5 at several e temperatures. es 2N 2 O 5 2N 2 O 4 + O 2 T( C) k(s -1 ) x x x x x x10-3 a) What is the activation energy for this reaction? b) What is the value of the pre-exponential factor? c) What is the value of the rate constant at 50. C?

51 Effect of Temperature Example T( C) k(s -1 ) T(K) 1/T(K) ln(k) x x x x x x x x x x x x Effect of Temperature Example ln(k) 0-2 y = x R 2 = /T(K)

52 Effect of Temperature Example R = J mol -1 K -1 slope = ± 57 K y-intercept = ± 0.18 a) Slope = -E a /R E a = -slope*r = -( K)(8.314 J mol -1 K -1 ) E a = 103 kj/mol b) y-intercept = ln(a) A = e b = e = 3.82x10 13 s Effect of Temperature Example c) 50 C = ( ) K = 323 K Alternately use equation of best fit line to calculate k ln(k) = /T ln(k) = -(12376 K)/(323 K) = K 50 C = e = 8.7x10-4 s