Transition Elements. pranjoto utomo
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1 Transition Elements pranjoto utomo
2 Definition What is transition metal? One of which forms one or more stable ions which have incompletely filled d orbitals. 30Zn?
3 Definition Zink is not transition elements Zn has fully filled d orbital
4 Electronic configuration charge (atomic number) >>, stability of (n-1)d >> ns ionization energy of (n-1)d >> ns filled orbital energy of (n-1) d << ns electronic configuration writing (n-1)d ns not ns (n-1)d
5 Electronic configuration Electronic structures of the d block elements
6 Electronic configuration 21 Sc : [18Ar] 3d 1 4s 2 26Fe : [18Ar] 3d 6 4s 2 22 Ti : [18Ar] 3d 2 4s 2 27Co : [18Ar] 3d 7 4s 2 23 V : [18Ar] 3d 3 4s 2 28Ni : [18Ar] 3d 8 4s 2 24 Cr : [18Ar] 3d 5 4s 1 29Cu : [18Ar] 3d 10 4s 1 25 Mn : [18Ar] 3d 5 4s 2 30Zn : [18Ar] 3d 10 4s 2
7 Several energy terms to think about The amount of energy needed to ionize the metal The amount of energy released when the compound formed (as lattice enthalpy in solids, or the hydration enthalpies of the ions in solution)
8 Several energy terms to think about Charged the ion >>, electrons to be removed >> ionization energy >> Charged the ion >>, energy to be released (as lattice enthalpy or the hydration enthalpy of the metal ion) >>
9 Several energy terms to think about The more energy released, the more stable the compound
10 Oxidation state 21 Sc: +1, +2, is most stable oxidation state 22 Ti: +1, +2, +3,+4 +4 is the most stable oxidation state
11 Oxidation state Iron Iron has two common oxidation states (+2 and +3), for example, Fe 2+ or [Fe(H 2 O) 6 ] 2+ and Fe 3+ or [Fe(H 2 O) 6 ] 3+ It also has a less common +6 oxidation state in the ferrate(vi) ion, FeO 4 2-.
12 Manganese Oxidation state Manganese has a very wide range of oxidation states in its compounds. For example: +2 (Mn 2+ ), +3 (Mn 2 O 3 ), +4 (MnO 2 ), +6 (MnO 4 2- ), +7 (MnO 4- )
13 The origin of magnetism Electron (as particle mass) spinning on its axis magnetism magnet elemental
14 The origin of magnetism dominant electron magnetism rotation on its axis revolution on its orbit neglected
15 Diamagnetic All materials have a diamagnetic effect masked by larger para or ferro - magnetic term All electron are paired Atoms have no net magnetic moment (no applied field) The spinning electrons produce a magnetization (M) in the opposite direction to that of the applied field (applied field)
16 Diamagnetic opposite direction to applied field N S diamagnetic magnetic moment cancelled each other not attracted by a magnetic filed
17 Diamagnetic Magnetic moment alignment Has no magnetic moment
18 Paramagnetic Permanent magnetism from the spinning of unpaired electron Paramagnetism unpaired electron
19 Paramagnetic paramagnetism electronic configuration of central atom / cation influenced by ligand
20 Paramagnetic The strength of ligands I - < Br - <Cl - <OH - < H 2 O < NCS - < NH 3 < en < CO < CN -
21 Paramagnetic Magnetic moment alignment Randomly magnetic moment alignment
22 Paramagnetic vs. Diamagnetic What is the magnetism of each compound below?? [NiCl 4 ] 2- [Ni(CN) 4 ] 2-
23 Paramagnetic vs. Diamagnetic [NiCl 4 ] 2-: paramagnetic sp 3 tetrahedral [Ni(CN) 4 ] 2- diamagnetic dsp 2 square planar
24 Ferromagnetic (super magnet) Atoms are arranged in a lattice and the atomic magnetic moments can interact to align parallel to each other. Only Fe, Co and Ni are ferromagnetic at and above room temperature.
25 Ferromagnetic (super magnet) As ferromagnetic materials are heated or vibrated alignment of the atomic magnetic moments decreases saturation magnetization also decreases paramagnetic
26 Ferromagnetic (super magnet) Curie temperature, TC transition temperature of ferro para Fe : 770 C Co :1131 C Ni : 358 C
27 Ferromagnetic (super magnet) Magnetic moment alignment Parallel magnetic moment alignment
28 Ferrimagnetic Only observed in compounds, which have more complex crystal structures than pure elements. Parallel alignment of atoms in some of the crystal sites and anti-parallel alignment of others. Ferrimagnetic materials usually have lower saturation magnetizations than ferromagnetic materials
29 Ferrimagnetic Barium ferrite (BaO.6Fe 2 O 3 ) The unit cell contains 64 ions barium and oxygen ions have no magnetic moment 16 Fe 3+ ions have moments aligned parallel
30 Ferrimagnetic Barium ferrite (BaO.6Fe 2 O 3 ) 8 Fe 3+ aligned anti-parallel giving a net magnetization parallel to the applied field, only ⅛ of the ions contribute to the magnetization of the material.
31 Ferrimagnetic Magnetic moment alignment Parallel magnetic moment in one site and anti-parallel in the other site
32 Antiferromagnetic Very similar to ferromagnetic materials The exchange interaction between neighboring atoms are anti-parallel alignment
33 Antiferromagnetic The magnetic field cancelled out Appears to behave in the same way as a paramagnetic material
34 Antiferromagnetic Only chromium is antiferromagnetic at room temperature Néel temperature, TN. transition temperature of antiferro para Cr: 37ºC
35 Antiferromagnetic Magnetic moment alignment Anti-parallel magnetic moment with neighboring atoms
36 Summary of different types of magnetic behavior Type of Magnetism Diamagnetism Susceptibility, Example Small & negative Au (-2.74x10-6 ) Atomic Behaviour Atoms have no magnetic moment
37 Summary of different types of magnetic behavior Type of Magnetism Paramagnetism Susceptibility, Example Small & positive Cu (0.77x10-6 ) β-sn (0.19x10-6 ) Pt (21.04x10-6 ) Mn (66.10x10-6 ) Atomic Behaviour Atoms have randomly oriented magnetic moments
38 Summary of different types of magnetic behavior Type of Magnetism Ferromagnetism Susceptibility, Example Large & positive function of applied magnetic moments field, microstructure dependent Fe (~100,000) Atomic Behaviour Atoms have parallel aligned
39 Summary of different types of magnetic behavior Type of Magnetism Antiferro -magnetism Susceptibility, Example Small & positive Cr (3.6x10-6 ) Atomic Behaviour Atoms have anti-parallel aligned
40 Summary of different types of magnetic behavior Type of Magnetism Ferrimagnetism Susceptibility, Example Large & positive function of applied magnetic moments field, microstructure dependent Ba ferrite (~3) Atomic Behaviour Atoms have mixed parallel and anti-parallel aligned magnetic moments
41 Problem: Cr, Mo and W locate in the same group (group 6 or group VIB) Radius of: 24 Cr = 128 pm 42 Mo = 139 pm 74 W = 139 pm Explain the radius phenomena of this group.
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