Chapter 1. Chemical Foundations
|
|
- Drusilla Harris
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 1 Chemical Foundations
2 Chapter 1 Table of Contents (1.1) (1.2) (1.3) (1.4) (1.5) (1.6) (1.7) Chemistry: An atoms-first approach The scientific method The early history of chemistry Fundamental chemical laws Dalton s atomic theory Early experiments to characterize the atom The modern view of atomic structure: An introduction
3 Chapter 1 Questions to Consider How do chemicals in a battery cause the production of electricity? Why is lead harmful for human consumption? How do hormones influence human behavior? How does nail polish remover work?
4 Section 1.1 Chemistry: An Atoms-First Approach Importance of Studying About Atoms It provides a better understanding about: Macroscopic structures and their behavior Formation of different molecules Attraction between molecules Study of chemistry is based on a proper understanding of atoms Forms the basis of solutions to many problems
5 Section 1.1 Chemistry: An Atoms-First Approach Figure Atoms Seen through an STM Microscope
6 Section 1.1 Chemistry: An Atoms-First Approach Understanding Atoms The macroscopic world comprises objects such as cars, glass, rocks, oceans, etc Made of atoms Understanding the structure and behavior of different atoms helps in a better purview of the macroscopic world
7 Section 1.1 Chemistry: An Atoms-First Approach Figure Grains of Sand on a Beach
8 Section 1.1 Chemistry: An Atoms-First Approach Understanding Atoms There are only about 100 different types of atoms They combine in various proportions to form all known substances Properties of a substance are determined by the arrangement of its atoms
9 Section 1.1 Chemistry: An Atoms-First Approach Atoms vs. Molecules Matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms Atom - The smallest part of an element that is still that element Molecule - Two or more atoms joined and acting as a unit
10 Section 1.1 Chemistry: An Atoms-First Approach Diatomic Molecules Chemical elements that naturally possess two atoms
11 Section 1.1 Chemistry: An Atoms-First Approach
12 Section 1.1 Chemistry: An Atoms-First Approach A Chemical Reaction One substance changes to another by reorganizing the way the atoms are attached to each other
13 Section 1.2 The Scientific Method Fundamental Steps of the Scientific Method A sequence that scientists use in the study of nature Helps solve problems effectively Mastery of the scientific approach makes for excellent problem solvers
14 Section 1.2 The Scientific Method Science A framework for gaining and organizing knowledge A set of facts with a plan of action A procedure for processing and understanding certain types of information Scientific method: The basis on which a scientific enquiry is conducted It varies according to the nature of the problem encountered
15 Section 1.2 The Scientific Method Scientific Models Theory (model): Set of tested hypotheses that gives an overall explanation of some natural phenomenon Observation A witnessed phenomenon that can be recorded Interpretation A possible explanation of the reason behind the phenomenon
16 Section 1.2 The Scientific Method Scientific Methods Natural law: An observation that applies to many different systems Law of conservation of mass: The total mass of materials is not affected by a chemical change in those materials A law is a statement on how a particular phenomenon occurs A theory is an attempt to explain why a phenomenon occurs
17 Section 1.3 The Early History of Chemistry Early History of Chemistry Greeks were the first to attempt to provide a reason behind chemical equations They believed that all matter was composed of earth, air, fire, and water Alchemy was prevalent for the next 2000 years Several elements were discovered Methods to prepare mineral acids were developed Robert Boyle was the first chemist Quantified the relationship between pressure and air Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 17
18 Section 1.3 The Early History of Chemistry Robert Boyle and Other Pioneers of Chemistry Introduced quantitative physics and chemistry Declared that elements cannot be further broken down Phased out the Greek system of describing elements All views were not accurate Metals were not true elements Georg Stahl Suggested the existence of phlogiston Joseph Priestly discovered the existence of oxygen
19 Section 1.4 Fundamental Chemical Laws Three Important Laws Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither created nor destroyed Stated by Antoine Lavosier Law of definite proportion E.g., CH 4 + 2O 2 CO 2 + 2H 2 0 A given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass Stated by Joseph Proust
20 Section 1.4 Fundamental Chemical Laws Three Important Laws Law of multiple proportions When two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with 1 gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers Stated by John Dalton
21 Section 1.4 Fundamental Chemical Laws Example Illustrating the Law of Multiple Proportions The following data were collected for several compounds of nitrogen and oxygen Show how these data illustrate the law of multiple proportions
22 Section 1.4 Fundamental Chemical Laws Solution For the law of multiple proportions to hold, the ratios of the masses of nitrogen combining with 1 gram of oxygen in each pair of compounds should be small whole numbers. Therefore, the ratios can be computed as follows A = = B B = = C A = = C
23 Section 1.5 Dalton s Atomic Theory Dalton s Atomic Theory (1808) Each element is made up of tiny particles called atoms The atoms of a given element are identical The atoms of different elements are different in some fundamental way or ways Chemical compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine with each other A given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 23
24 Section 1.5 Dalton s Atomic Theory Dalton s Atomic Theory Chemical reactions involve reorganization of the atoms changes in the way they are bound together Atoms themselves are not changed in a chemical reaction
25 Section 1.5 Dalton s Atomic Theory Dalton s Atomic Theory Dalton prepared the first table of atomic masses Also called atomic weights Most of his masses were not accurate Incorrect assumptions about the formulas of certain compounds
26 Section 1.5 Dalton s Atomic Theory Concept Check Which of the following statements regarding Dalton s atomic theory are still believed to be true? I. Elements are made of tiny particles called atoms II. III. All atoms of a given element are identical A given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms IV. Atoms are indestructible
27 Section 1.5 Dalton s Atomic Theory Joseph Gay-Lussac and Avogadro ( ) Joseph Gay-Lussac Measured the volumes of gases that reacted with each other Identical conditions of temperature and pressure were used Avogadro s hypothesis At the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain the same number of particles Applies if the distance between gas particles is very great
28 Section 1.5 Dalton s Atomic Theory Figure Combining Gas Volumes
29 Section 1.5 Dalton s Atomic Theory Figure Combining Gases at the Molecular Level
30 Section 1.6 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom J. J. Thomson Conducted experiments using cathode-ray tubes High voltage applied to partially evacuated tubes Assumed that the cathode ray comprised of electrons Determined the charge-to-mass ratio of an electron e 8 = C/g m e is the charge of the electron in coulombs m is the mass in grams
31 Section 1.6 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom Figure The Cathode-Ray Tube
32 Section 1.6 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom The Plum Pudding Model Hypothesized by Thomson Atoms are made of a positively charged cloud Negative electrons are embedded at random
33 Section 1.6 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom Determining the Charge of an Electron Robert Millikan Performed experiments involving charged oil drops Determined the magnitude of the charge on a single electron Calculated the mass of the electron kg
34 Section 1.6 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom Figure 1.14 (a) - Determining the Charge of an Electron
35 Section 1.6 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom Radioactivity Accidentally discovered by Henri Becquerel A uranium-containing mineral produced its image on a photographic plate in the dark Types of radioactive emission Gamma rays (γ) - High-energy light Beta particles (β) - High-speed electrons Alpha particles (α) - Possess a charge twice that of the electron, with the opposite sign
36 Section 1.6 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom The Nuclear Atom Discovered by Ernest Rutherford in 1911 Alpha particles were made to pass through foil and hit a detector Some particles were deflected and never hit the detector Deflection of α particles was attributed to a highly concentrated center of positive charge, which was termed the nucleus
37 Section 1.6 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom Figure 1.17 (a) and (b) - Expected and Actual Results of the Metal Foil Experiment
38 Section 1.7 The Modern View of Atomic Structure Composition of an Atom Protons: Found in the nucleus Positive charge equal in magnitude to the electron s negative charge Electrons: Found outside the nucleus Negatively charged Neutrons: Found in the nucleus No charge Virtually the same mass as a proton
39 Section 1.7 The Modern View of Atomic Structure Composition of an Atom The nucleus is: Small compared to the overall size of the atom Extremely dense Accounts for almost all of the atom s mass A pea-sized nucleus would have a mass of 250 million tons
40 Section 1.7 The Modern View of Atomic Structure All Atoms have the Same Components but Different Chemical Properties Caused by differences in: The number of electrons The arrangement of electrons Electrons of different atoms intermingle to form molecules The degree of interaction in an atom is determined by the number of electrons it possesses
41 Section 1.7 The Modern View of Atomic Structure Isotopes Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons 23 Na is the atomic number (Z) Number of protons 23 is the mass number (A) Total number of protons and neutrons
42 Section 1.7 The Modern View of Atomic Structure Figure Two Isotopes of Sodium
43 Section 1.7 The Modern View of Atomic Structure Interactive Example Writing the Symbols for Atoms Write the symbol for the atom that has an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19 How many electrons and how many neutrons does this atom have?
44 Section 1.7 The Modern View of Atomic Structure Solution The atomic number 9 means the atom has 9 protons. This element is called fluorine, symbolized by F. The atom is represented as: 19 9 F It is called fluorine nineteen. Since the atom has 9 protons, it also must have 9 electrons to achieve electrical neutrality. The mass number gives the total number of protons and neutrons, which means that this atom has 10 neutrons
45 Section 1.7 The Modern View of Atomic Structure Ions Atoms are electrically neutral Atoms can be assigned a net charge by either removing or adding an electron Charged atoms are called ions
46 Section 1.7 The Modern View of Atomic Structure Assigning a Charge to an Atom Atoms are turned into positive ions when they are stripped of an electron They are called cations Consider removing an electron from sodium Na Na + e +
47 Section 1.7 The Modern View of Atomic Structure Assigning a Charge to Atoms Atoms are turned into negative ions when an electron is added They are called anions Consider adding an electron to chlorine Cl + e Cl
Chapter Two: Early History of Chemistry. Three Important Laws. Dalton s Atomic Theory (1808) Three Important Laws (continued) Greek Explanation
Greek Explanation Chapter Two: ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS Notes 2.1 In the Greek model they theorized there were four elements earth, water, air, and fire. These elements were characterized by the following
More informationChapter 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Section 2.1 The Early History of Chemistry Early History of Chemistry Greeks were the first to attempt to explain why chemical changes occur. Alchemy dominated for
More informationCHAPTER #2 - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
CHAPTER #2 - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 2.1 The Early History of Chemistry - Ancient Greeks - thought matter was composed to 4 substances earth, air, fire, water ( vs. ) Alchemy - (discovered many elements;
More informationAtomic Structure. Chemistry Timeline #1 B.C. 400 B.C. Demokritos and Leucippos use the term "atomos. Chemistry Timeline #2
Atomic Structure Ch 2 Atomic Structure and Periodicity Big Idea #1: The chemical elements are fundamental building materials of matter, and all matter can be understood in terms of arrangements of atoms.
More informationChapter 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Chapter 2 Table of Contents (2.1) (2.2) (2.3) (2.4) (2.5) (2.6) (2.7) (2.8) The early history of chemistry Fundamental chemical laws Dalton s atomic theory Early experiments
More informationAP* Chapter 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. Monday, September 16, 13
AP* Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions AP Learning Objectives LO 1.1 The student can justify the observation that the ratio of the masses of the constituent elements in any pure sample of that compound
More informationChapter 2 Atoms, Ions, and the Periodic Table. Law of Conservation of Mass. Law of Conservation of Mass
Chapter 2 Atoms, Ions, and the Periodic Table Dalton s Atomic Theory Structure of the Atom Ions Atomic Mass The Periodic Table Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction
More informationChapter 2 Atoms and Elements
1 Chapter 2 Atoms and Elements Sec 2.3 Modern Atomic Theory and the Laws That Led to it Law of conservation of mass states that in a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed. Law of definite
More informationRhonda Alexander IC Science Robert E. Lee
Rhonda Alexander IC Science Robert E. Lee Atom The smallest particle of an element that retains all of the chemical properties of the element. The Theory & Evidence for John Dalton s Atomic Theory: Around
More informationChapter 4 (part 1) Chemical Foundations: Elements, Atoms, and Ions. Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 1
Chapter 4 (part 1) Chemical Foundations: Elements, Atoms, and Ions Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 1 Section 4.1 The Elements 118 known: 88 found in nature, others are made in laboratories.
More informationEarly Atomic Theory. Alchemy. The atom
Early Atomic Theory Chapter 3 Democritus 460 BC- ~ 370 BC Nothing exists except atoms and empty space; everything else is opinion. Matter is composed of small indivisible particles, atomos meaning Indivisible
More informationA = number of protons + number of neutrons Z = number of protons
Worksheet 3 Fundamentals Objectives To understand and be able to apply the fundamental laws. The Law of Conservation of Mass Mass can be neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. The Law of
More informationChemistry Chapter 3. Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter
Chemistry Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter I. From Philosophical Idea to Scientific Theory History of the Atom The Ancient Greeks were the first to come up with the idea of the atom. Democritus
More information4.1 Structure of the Atom
4.1 Structure of the Atom How do atoms differ from each other? What are atoms composed of? What are the subatomic particles? 2-1 Structure of the Atom Atoms actually are divisible. They are composed of
More informationChapter 2. Atoms and Ions
Chapter 2 Atoms and Ions A History of Atomic Models 400 B.C.E. (Democritus, a early atomist) 1804 (Dalton) Law of Conservation of Mass Antoine Lavoisier 1743-1794 In a chemical reaction, matter is neither
More informationAP Atomic Structure Models
AP Atomic Structure Models What is a Model? On a scrap piece of paper, write down your definition of a model with at least two examples. A model is a representation of an object, idea, action, or concept.
More informationEarly Atomic Theories and the Origins of Quantum Theory. Chapter 3.1
Early Atomic Theories and the Origins of Quantum Theory Chapter 3.1 What is Matter Made of? People have wondered about the answer to this question for thousands of years Philosophers Matter is composed
More informationAtoms, Molecules, and Ions
Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, l and Ions Chapter 2 Table of Contents 2.1 The Early History of Chemistry 2.2 Fundamental Chemical Laws 23 2.3 Dalton s Atomic Theory 2.4 Early Experiments to Characterize the
More informationGet out your diagram from your research paper. Get out a sheet of paper to take some notes on.
Bellwork: Get out your diagram from your research paper. Get out a sheet of paper to take some notes on. Fill in the Following Table in your notes (assume an atom unless otherwise stated: Symbol Protons
More informationGlencoe: Chapter 4. The Structure of the Atom
Glencoe: Chapter 4 The Structure of the Atom Section One: Early Ideas about Matter Atomists and Democritus : 400 B.C. From Thrace in Greece. Atoms- Uncut-Table Indivisible parts which cannot be broken
More informationChapter 2. Atoms and the Periodic Table. Chemistry: Atoms First Julia Burdge & Jason Overby
Chemistry: Atoms First Julia Burdge & Jason Overby Chapter 2 Atoms and the Periodic Table Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2 Atoms and the
More informationChapter 4: Atomic Structure Section 4.1 Defining the Atom
Chapter 4: Atomic Structure Section 4.1 Defining the Atom Early Models of the Atom atom the smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction Democritus s Atomic Philosophy
More informationNuclear Chemistry. Atomic Structure Notes Start on Slide 20 from the second class lecture
Nuclear Chemistry Atomic Structure Notes Start on Slide 20 from the second class lecture The Birth of an Idea Democritus, 400 B.C. coined the term atom If you divide matter into smaller and smaller pieces,
More informationChapter 2 Atoms and Elements
Chapter 2 Atoms and Elements Law of Conservation of Mass in a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed total mass of the materials you have before the reaction must equal the total mass
More informationTopic III Quest Study Guide
Topic III Quest Study Guide A. Early Concepts: Democritus: Democritus: Greek Philosopher 400 B.C. Matter is composed of atoms, which move through empty space Atoms are solid, homogeneous indestructible
More informationAccelerated Chemistry Study Guide Atomic Structure, Chapter 3
Accelerated Chemistry Study Guide Atomic Structure, Chapter 3 Terms and definitions atom ion law of constant composition isotope atomic theory of matter mass number cathode ray tube atomic mass electron
More informationEarly Atomic Models. Atoms: the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element.
Chapter 5 Early Atomic Models Atoms: the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element. (Greek: atomos = indivisible) Democritus (Greek teacher in the 4 th century BC) First
More informationChapter 4 Atomic Structure. Chemistry- Lookabaugh Moore High School
Chapter 4 Atomic Structure Chemistry- Lookabaugh Moore High School Section 4.1 Defining the Atom Democritus (460 B.C 370 B.C.) first used the term atomon to describe the smallest particle of matter possible.
More informationAtoms and their structure
Atoms and their structure History of atomic theory Not the history of atom, but the idea of the atom Original idea Ancient Greece (400 B.C..) Democritus and Leucippus Greek philosophers Another Greek Aristotle
More information7.1 Development of a Modern Atomic Theory
7.1 Development of a Modern Atomic Theory Development of the Atomic Theory Many scientists in different countries have contributed to the understanding of matter - atoms John Dalton Credited with developing
More informationChapter 3. Chapter 3. Objectives. Table of Contents. Chapter 3. Chapter 3. Foundations of Atomic Theory, continued. Foundations of Atomic Theory
Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter Table of Contents Philosophical Idea to Scientific Theory Objectives Explain the law of conservation of mass, the law of definite proportions, and the law of multiple
More informationChapter 4. History of the atom. History of Atom Smallest possible piece? Atomos - not to be cut. Atoms and their structure
Chapter 4 Atoms and their structure History of the atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of the atom. Original idea Ancient Greece (400 B.C.) Democritus and Leucippus Greek philosophers. Looked at
More informationTHE BIG IDEA: ELECTRONS AND THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS
HONORS CHEMISTRY - CHAPTER 4 ATOMIC STRUCTURE OBJECTIVES AND NOTES - V10 NAME: DATE: PAGE: THE BIG IDEA: ELECTRONS AND THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS Essential Questions 1. What components make up an atom? 2.
More informationChapter 2. Atoms, Ions, and the Periodic Table. Chapter 2 Topics. 2.1 Dalton s s Atomic Theory. Evidence for Atoms. Evidence for Atoms
Chapter 2 Atoms, Ions, and the Periodic Table Chapter 2 Topics 1. Dalton s s Atomic Theory 2. Structure of the Atom 3. Ions 4. Atomic Mass 5. The Periodic Table Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
More informationEarly Models of the Atom
Early Models of the Atom An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction. Although early philosophers and scientists could not observe individual atoms,
More informationCHEMISTRY - ZUMDAHL 2E CH.1 - CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: MATTER Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes, with the being its basic functional unit. When two or more of these elements chemically bond together
More informationChapter 2 : Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Chapter 2 : Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Parmenides (BC 515? BC 445?) : < 있는것 ( 토에온 )> 은있고 < 없는것 ( 토메에온 )> 은없다고하는전제 ( 前提 ) 에서불생불멸 불가분 불변부동이며, 완결된둥근공과비슷하다고하는 < 있는것 > 의속성을끌어내고, < 있는것 > 을우리에게보여주는이성만이진리를포착하며생성
More informationChapter 2 Atoms, Molecules and Ions
Sec$on 2.1 The Early History of Chemistry Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules and Ions Sec$on 2.1 The Early History of Chemistry Early History of Chemistry Greeks were the first to a?empt to explain why chemical
More informationDo Now: Recall 1. What is an atom? What have you learned about the word atom so far this semester?
Chemistry Ms. Ye Name Date Block Do Now: Recall 1. What is an atom? What have you learned about the word atom so far this semester? Atoms Video: 1. Proper Portioned Giant Atom Model of Science: Structure
More information2 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
CHEMISTRY & YOU Chapter 4 Atomic Structure 4.1 Defining the Atom 4.2 Structure of the Nuclear Atom How did scientists determine the structures that are inside an atom? X-rays are used to see structures
More informationUnit 2 continued-chemical Foundations Atoms, Ions, &Elements
Unit 2 continuedchemical Foundations Atoms, Ions, &Elements The Elements Most abundant elements in/on Earth: Oxygen 49.2% Silicon25.7% Most abundant in the human body: Oxygen65.0% Carbon18.0 % Hydrogen10.0%
More informationName: Block Unit 3- The Atom
Name: Block Unit 3- The Atom DEMOCRITUS 1. Was Democritus a scientist? Notes 2. In what time of history did he live? 3. Describe Democritus thoughts about gold. 4. What was Democritus word for something
More informationCHAPTER 3. Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter
CHAPTER 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter Origins of the Atom Democritus: Greek philosopher (460 BC - 370 BC) Coined the term atom from the Greek word atomos Democritus believes that atoms were indivisible
More informationUpdating the Atomic Theory
Updating the Atomic Theory Three major differences between modern atomic theory and Dalton s atomic theory 1. Atoms are NOT indivisible. They are made up of smaller particles: electrons, protons and neutrons.
More information3.01 Understanding Atoms
3.01 Understanding Atoms The Events Leading to the Discovery of the Building Block of Matter Dr. Fred Omega Garces Chemistry 111 Miramar College 1 3.02 Atomic Evolution Environmental Problems in our Lifetime
More informationATOMS AND ELEMENTS. Democritus 400 B.C. Atomic Theory of Matter. Dalton s Postulates (1803) Page 1
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS Democritus 400 BC Believed that matter was composed of invisible particles of matter he called atoms According to Democritus, atoms could not be broken into smaller particles Atomic
More informationCh. 4 Notes THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM NOTE: Vocabulary terms are in boldface and underlined. Supporting details are in italics.
Ch. 4 Notes THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM NOTE: Vocabulary terms are in boldface and underlined. Supporting details are in italics. I. Early Ideas About Matter A. atom the smallest particle of an element retaining
More informationChapter 3. Table of Contents. Section 1 The Atom: From Philosophical Idea to Scientific Theory. Section 2 The Structure of the Atom
Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter Table of Contents Section 1 The Atom: From Philosophical Idea to Scientific Theory Section 2 The Structure of the Atom Section 1 The Atom: From Philosophical Idea to
More informationChapter 2. Conservation of Mass. Law of Definite Proportions. Group Activity. Draw you idea of what an atom looks like.
Group Activity Draw you idea of what an atom looks like. Chapter 2 Answer the following questions: How do you know what an atom looks like at the atomic level? How do scientists know what at atom looks
More informationThe History of the Atom. How did we learn about the atom?
The History of the Atom How did we learn about the atom? The Atomic Theory of Matter All matter is made up of fundamental particles. What does fundamental mean? The Greek Philosophers, 400 B.C. Democritus
More informationCHAPTER 3. Chemical Foundations
CHAPTER 3 Chemical Foundations 3.1 THE ELEMENTS 118 elements in 92 occur naturally, the rest are synthesized All matter in the universe can be chemically broken down into elements Compounds are made by
More informationChapter 3: Atomic Theory
Chapter 3: Atomic Theory and Elements, Atoms, Compounds & Ions A. The Elements All of the materials in the universe can be chemically broken down into about 100 different elements. 1. Element can have
More informationThe Atom. protons, neutrons, and electrons oh my!
The Atom protons, neutrons, and electrons oh my! What s an Atom? An atom is the smallest physical particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element. How Big is an Atom? At sea level,
More informationChapter 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Chapter 2 Table of Contents (2.1) (2.2) (2.3) (2.4) (2.5) (2.6) (2.7) (2.8) The early history of chemistry Fundamental chemical laws Dalton s atomic theory Early experiments
More informationChapter 3 https://youtu.be/thndxfdkzzs?list=pl8dpuualjx tphzzyuwy6fyeax9mqq8ogr
Chapter 3 https://youtu.be/thndxfdkzzs?list=pl8dpuualjx tphzzyuwy6fyeax9mqq8ogr The smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element. Regions: Nucleus: very small region
More informationDemocritus 460 BC 370 BC. First scholar to suggest that atoms existed. Believed that atoms were indivisible and indestructible.
Democritus 460 BC 370 BC First scholar to suggest that atoms existed. Believed that atoms were indivisible and indestructible. Democritus 460 BC 370 BC Problems with theory: 1. Did not explain chemical
More informationThe Structure of the Atom
Main Ideas Atoms contain positive and negative particles. Atoms have small, dense, positively-charged nuclei. A nucleus contains protons and neutrons. The radii of atoms are expressed in picometers. FIGURE
More informationHistory of Atomic Theory
Unit 2 The Atom History of Atomic Theory A. Democritus and Aristotle Democritus named the "atom" - means indivisible Dalton (with work of Lavoisier, Proust, and Gay-Lussac) 1. atomic theory - first based
More informationCH4 HOMEWORK : ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Name Date Class 4 CH4 HOMEWORK : ATOMIC STRUCTURE SECTION 4.1 DEFINING THE ATOM (pages 101 103) This section describes early atomic theories of matter and provides ways to understand the tiny size of individual
More informationPassing an electric current makes a beam appear to move from the negative to the positive end.
Chapter 4 Atoms and their structure History of the atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of the atom. Original idea Ancient Greece (400 B.C.) Democritus and Leucippus Greek philosophers. Smallest
More informationCHEMISTRY. Matter and Change. Table Of Contents. Section 4.1 Early Ideas About Matter. Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay
CHEMISTRY 4 Table Of Contents Matter and Change Section 4.1 Early Ideas About Matter Chapter 4: The Structure of the Atom Section 4.2 Section 4.3 Section 4.4 Defining the Atom How Atoms Differ Unstable
More information1. Based on Dalton s evidence, circle the drawing that demonstrates Dalton s model.
Various models of the ATOM Dalton Model John Dalton developed the first atomic model in 1808. Before him people, mostly philosophers, had speculated about the smallest unit of matter and two theories prevailed.
More informationp38 Chapter Two: ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS
p38 Chapter Two: ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS 2-1 The Early History of Chemistry p39 2-2 Fundamental Chemical Laws p41 Three Important Laws Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither created nor destroyed
More informationAtomic Theory. Democritus to the Planetary Model
Atomic Theory Democritus to the Planetary Model Democritus Greek philosopher (460-370 BCE) Believed in the philosophy of materialism With Leucippus, they though that matter can not be divided infinitely.
More informationCHEMISTRY - TRO 4E CH.2 - ATOMS & ELEMENTS.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: GROUP NAMES AND CLASSIFICATIONS Ever wonder where did this periodic table ever come from? At the end of the 18 th century, Lavoisier compiled a list of the 23 elements known
More informationCHEMISTRY - MCMURRY 7E CH.2 - ATOMS, MOLECULES AND IONS.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: GROUP NAMES AND CLASSIFICATIONS Ever wonder where did this periodic table ever come from? At the end of the 18 th century, Lavoisier compiled a list of the 23 elements known
More informationChapter 4. Atomic Structure
Chapter 4 Atomic Structure Warm Up We have not yet discussed this material, but what do you know already?? What is an atom? What are electron, neutrons, and protons? Draw a picture of an atom from what
More informationCHAPTER 4 Atomic Structure
CHAPTER 4 Atomic Structure 4.1 Early Theories of Matter Earth, Water, Air, Fire Matter was thought to be infinitely divisible No method was available to test theories Democritus (460 B.C. 370 B.C.) First
More informationDemocritus of Abdera. John Dalton. Dalton s Atom. Dalton s Atomic Theory Ancient Greece - 4th century BC. Eaglesfield, England
Democritus of Abdera Ancient Greece - 4th century BC first suggested the existence of tiny fundamental particles that make up matter. atoms = indestructible did not agree with the current sci theory -
More informationMemorial to a Scientist
Memorial to a Scientist 1. My Question of Inquiry: Use this sheet to outline how you will collect and present the information to the class. My Group s Scientist: 1 Part I: Memorial to a Scientist: John
More informationChapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. Honors Chemistry 412
Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter Honors Chemistry 412 Foundations of Atomic Theory Democritus Greek Philosopher 460-370 B.C. Stated Matter could be divided into smaller & smaller particles
More informationATOMIC STRUCTURE. Name: Period: Date: 1) = a generalization of scientific observations that what happens (does explain)
ATOMIC STRUCTURE Name: Period: Date: I. LAW vs. THEORY: 1) = a generalization of scientific observations that what happens (does explain) 2) (model) = a set of assumptions used to explain observations
More information9/23/2012. Democritus 400 B.C. Greek philosopher Proposed that all materials are made from atoms. Coined Greek word atmos, meaning indivisible.
Mr. Sudbury Atoms are too small to see with your eyes. Atoms are too small to see with the most powerful microscopes. Scientist use models to explain atoms. A scientific model is an representation containing
More information4-1 Notes. Defining the Atom
4-1 Notes Defining the Atom Early Models of the Atom All matter is composed of atoms Atoms are the smallest particles of an element that retains their identity in a chemical reaction Greek philosopher
More informationAtomic Structure and Nuclear Chemistry Multiple Choice Questions PSI Chemistry
Atomic Structure and Nuclear Chemistry Multiple Choice Questions PSI Chemistry Name: 1. What was the first particle discovered inside an atom? A. Proton C. Electron 2. What characteristic of cathode rays
More informationAtomic Structure. For thousands of years, people had many ideas about matter Ancient Greeks believed that everything was made up of the four elements
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction. Although early philosophers and scientists could not observe individual atoms, they were still able to propose
More informationDescribeDemocritus s Democritus s ideas
Atomic Structure Section 4.1 Defining the Atom DescribeDemocritus s Democritus s ideas about atoms. Section 4.1 Defining the Atom Explain Dalton s atomic theory. Section 4.1 Defining the Atom Identifywhat
More informationAn atom is the smallest physical particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element.
Unit 3.1 An atom is the smallest physical particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element. At sea level, one cubic centimeter of air (size of a sugar cube, or marble) will have
More informationNotes:&&Unit&4:&Atomics& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
Name: RegentsChemistry:Mr.Palermo Notes:Unit4:Atomics! www.mrpalermo.com Name: $ Key$Ideas$ Themodernmodeloftheatomhasevolvedoveralongperiodoftimethroughtheworkofmany scientists.(3.1a) Eachatomhasanucleus,withanoverallpositivecharge,surroundedbyoneormorenegatively
More informationAtomic Structure. ppst.com
Atomic Structure ppst.com Defining the Atom The Greek philosopher (460 B.C. 370 B.C.) was among the first to suggest the existence of atoms (from the Greek word ) He believed that atoms were and His ideas
More informationDo Now: Recall 1. What is an atom? What have you learned about the word atom so far this semester?
Chemistry Ms. Ye Name Date Block Do Now: Recall 1. What is an atom? What have you learned about the word atom so far this semester? Atoms Video: 1. Proper Portioned Giant Atom Model of Science: Structure
More informationChapter 5. Early Atomic Theory and Structure
Chapter 5 Early Atomic Theory and Structure Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry 10e John Wiley & Sons, Inc Morris Hein, Scott Pattison, and Susan Arena Lightning occurs when electrons move
More informationChapter 2. Atoms and the Periodic Table. Chemistry: Atoms First Third Edition Julia Burdge and Jason Overby
Chemistry: Atoms First Third Edition Julia Burdge and Jason Overby Chapter 2 Atoms and the Periodic Table Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter
More informationSmoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later. Which of the above statements is an opinion and which is a theory?
Preview Lesson Starter Objectives Foundations of Atomic Theory Law of Conservation of Mass Law of Multiple Proportions Dalton s Atomic Theory Modern Atomic Theory Section 1 The Atom: From Philosophical
More informationParticle Charge Mass Location Proton + 1 In nucleus Neutron O 1 In nucleus Electron -- Small fraction of proton 1/1837
ATOM UNIT NOTES: Building Blocks of Matter: The atom is the smallest piece that keeps the properties/characteristics of that type of particle. They are the building blocks of matter. Atoms are made of
More informationTitle: Chem Review 2 TOPIC: DISCOVERY OF ATOM
Title: Chem Review 2 TOPIC: DISCOVERY OF ATOM EQ: How were the 3 subatomic particles discovered? Title and Highlight Topic: EQ: Date Reflect Question: Reflect on the material by asking a question (its
More informationReview #4. Elements, Atoms, and Ions. Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 4 1
Review #4 Elements, Atoms, and Ions Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 4 1 How many of the currently known elements occur naturally? 1. all of them 2. none of them 3. 110 4. 88 Copyright
More informationAn Introduction to Atomic Theory. VCE Chemistry Unit 1: The Big Ideas of Chemistry Area of Study 1 The Periodic Table
An Introduction to Atomic Theory VCE Chemistry Unit 1: The Big Ideas of Chemistry Area of Study 1 The Periodic Table From Democritus to Dalton Two thousand years ago, Democritus proposed that matter consisted
More informationDemocritus & Leucippus (~400 BC) Greek philosophers: first to propose that matter is made up of particles called atomos, the Greek word for atoms
AP Chemistry Ms. Ye Name Date Block The Evolution of the Atomic Model Since atoms are too small to see even with a very powerful microscope, scientists rely upon indirect evidence and models to help them
More informationUnderstanding the Atom
Name Date Period 3.1 Discovering Parts of an Atom Directions: On the line before each statement, write correct if the statement is correct or not correct if the statement is not correct. If the statement
More informationOrigins of the Atom. Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. Let s Get Ready to Rumble. Aristotle s Theory of the Atom CHAPTER 3
Origins of the Atom CHAPTER 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter Let s Get Ready to Rumble The idea of the atom was met with great skepticism, especially among great thinkers. The most vocal critic of
More informationAtomic Theory of Matter
Atomic Theory of Matter The theory that atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter John Dalton (1766-1844) Postulates of Dalton s Theory 1) Each element is composed of extremely small particles
More informationAtomic Theory Timeline
Atomic Theory Timeline Democritus 450 B.C. Democritus was a Greek philosopher who came to the conclusion that everything was made up of tiny particles. He used the term atomos. Unfortunately, since Democritus
More informationDevelopment of Atomic Theory Elements of chemistry- Atoms, the building blocks of matter Video
Development of Atomic Theory Elements of chemistry- Atoms, the building blocks of matter Video 2 CH 4- Atoms 1 Discovering the Atom In this lesson we will take a look at the scientists who explored the
More informationChapter 3. Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
Chapter 3 Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter Atom: means, from Democritus (Greek, 400BC) Atom: smallest particle of an element that retains the of that element Chemical Reaction: transformation of substances
More informationUpdating the Atomic Theory
Updating the Atomic Theory On the basis of Dalton s Atomic Theory: An atom is the basic unit of an element that can enter into chemical combination. Three major differences between modern atomic theory
More informationWhat is matter? Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Matter is made up of atoms.
Matter What is matter? Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Matter is made up of atoms. Is it matter? Can you measure the object? Does it take up space? Does the object have a mass? Come
More informationtomic tructure Chapter 3
tomic tructure Chapter 3 Early Theories of Matter 460 BC Democritus Proposed the matter was not infinitely divisible. Believed matter composed of particles called atoms. Early Theories of Matter Aristotle
More informationJJ Thompson (1897) Robert Millikan (1909)
Atomic Structure Matter Consists of Particles Aristotle Democritus John Dalton 183 I am a genius! Atomic Theory of Matter based on the following postulates: 1) Each element is composed of particles called
More information