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1 ACTIVITY SHEETS PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2 nd ESO) NAME:. READING 1 The atom Lesson 4. JOURNEY TO THE INTERIOR OF MATTER Wise men and women of the great ancient civilisations thought a long time ago about what constitutes the smallest part of matter. They asked themselves: May a piece of matter, for instance, a stone, be divided into smaller pieces forever? Or else, is there a point in which matter cannot be divided? In Europe, the ancient Greeks that were called philosophers tried to give an answer to these questions. Some of them said that matter could be divided forever, others thought that there was a limit. This was the answer given 2500 years ago by a Greek philosopher called Democritus. He said that matter cannot be divided into smaller pieces forever and he called ATOM the smallest piece of matter that can exist. The word atom means indivisible in Greek language. As a curiosity, you have to know that some philosophers thought that matter was made up of four elements: Air, Water, Earth and Fire, which combined in different proportions, made up the matter that we can see. Very estrange indeed! Wise men in other ancient cultures in Egypt, Babylonia, Japan, China or India had similar lists of elements. Scales of the Universe 1

2 ACTIVITY 1 Scales of observation 1.-Look at the diagram above and answer the questions. a) How big is The Sun compared to Jupiter? b) And the Sun to the Earth? c) And the Milky Way to the Solar System? d) And a cell to an atom? e) And a cell to the atomic nucleus? READING 2 The atomic model of Dalton The atomic theory of Democritus did not succeed because ancient Greek philosophers and, later, scientists could not prove the existence of atoms. Several centuries had to pass until an English scientist called John Dalton recovered the idea of the atom and published in 1808 the so-called ic Theory of Dalton, which is based on experiments in the laboratories. This theory states: Matter is made up of atoms. s are indivisible and tiny particles. When atoms of the same kind link the substance formed is called element. For instance: O 2, H 2 However, when the linking atoms are different the substance formed is called compound. For instance: H 2 O A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms. For instance: O 2 + H 2 H 2 O ACTIVITY 2 The scientific theories change by the time 1.-Answer the following questions: a) Do you think John Dalton was absolutely right? b) Do you think the scientific theories change by the time?. c) Why was the Dalton s atomic theory modified? d) What is the name of the particles that form the atom?. READING 3 Subatomic particles Every substance in our world is made up of atoms, which were defined by Dalton as the smallest and indivisible particles. Yet even atoms themselves are made up of still smaller particles called subatomic particles. According to Rutherford, at the centre of an atom is a tiny nucleus. The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons. The electrons move around the nucleus. Question 1.-Why do electrons keep moving around the atomic nucleus without escaping? Question 2.-s are neutral particles. How is it possible if they are made up of positively and negatively charged particles? Question 3.-Do you think the mass of the three subatomic particles (p +, e, n o ) is the same? 2

3 ACTIVITY 3 How can we identify an atom? 1.-Define: a) ic number b) Mass number c) Isotopes 2.-Is the mass of protons smaller or bigger than the mass of neutrons? 3.-Are neutrons positively charged? 4.-Write two differences between electrons and protons. 5.-Complete the table below Z ic number A Mass number Symbol Helium 2 5 Chlorine 17 Iron 6.-Taking into account question 5, answer the following questions: a) How many protons does the atom of Helium have? b) How many neutrons does the atom of Helium have? c) How many protons does the atom of Chlorine have? d) How many electrons does the atom of Chlorine have? e) How many neutrons does the atom of Iron have? f) How many electrons does the atom of Iron have? READING 4 Isotopes As you learned above, isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. Many elements are mixtures of isotopes. For example, hydrogen is a mixture of three isotopes and the three have one proton, but the most abundant has no neutrons, the second has one neutron and the third has two neutrons. Some isotopes such as Hydrogen-3 are radioactives. This means that its nucleus is unstable and so it breaks down over the time and produces radioactivity. Although radioactive isotopes can be harmful, they have many uses in medicine, industry and for military purposes. Questions Mass Number Number Number number of p + [Z] of n o of e a) What is the mass number? b) Draw the three isotopes of hydrogen. Hydrogen 1 0 c) When is radioactivity produced? Hydrogen 1 d) What is radioactivity used for? e) Complete the table: Carbon

4 READING 4 The periodic table You already know that the number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number and that every atom of the same element has the same number of protons. Hydrogen has one proton in its nucleus, so its atomic number is 1, sodium has 11 protons, so its atomic number is 11. In the Periodic Table of elements the elements are arranged in order of their atomic number. The elements in the same column have similar chemical and physical properties. 1H 2He 3Li 4Be 5B 6C 7N 8O 9F 10Ne 11Na 12 Mg 13Al 14Si 15P 16S 17Cl 18Ar 19K 20Ca 31Ga 32Ge 33As 34Se 35Br 36Kr ACTIVITY 4 The Periodic Table 1.-How many elements exist? 2.-How are organized the elements in the periodic table in order of their increasing mass number (A) or in order of their increasing atomic number (Z). 3.-What do the elements of the same column have in common? 4.-Look up in a big periodic table the element Iodine (symbol I ). a) What is its atomic number? b) What other elements are similar in properties? ACTIVITY 5 Revision of some concepts What is the meaning of 82 Pb? 2.-Complete the table below: Mass number Number of p + Number of n o Hydrogen Number of e Sodium Gold Look up in a periodic table in order to know how many protons have the atoms of Al (aluminium), F (fluorine) P (phosphorus) and Ag (silver). 4.-Choose the words: mass number, atomic number, A, protons, neutrons and Z to complete the following sentences in your notebook: a) The letter stands for, which is the number of an atom has. b) The letter stands for, which is the number of and an atom has. 4

5 5.-Complete the table below: Mass Number Number number of p + of n o Hydrogen 1 0 Number of e Nitrogen Iron Complete the next paragraphs with the words electrons, protons and neutrons. a) s are made up of tiny particles. They are, which have a positive charge,, which have a negative charge and, which have no charge. b) The mass of is much bigger than the mass of, but it is very similar to the mass of the. 7.-The the atom of oxygen has 8 electrons. How many protons does it have in its nucleus? 8.-Draw and atom containing five protons, five electrons and three neutrons. What atom is it? Find out in a Periodic table. 9.-One student represented the atom of oxygen like this: 5 8 O. Was it right? Why? 10.-The atom of oxygen has 8 electrons and A = 15. How many protons and neutrons are there in the oxygen atom nucleus? READING 5 The elements around us You are made up of matter and matter is around you, and you already know that matter is made up of atoms that can link to each other forming either elements, like oxygen or nitrogen, or compounds, like water or proteins. The most abundant element in the Universe is hydrogen. This is logical because hydrogen is the simplest atom that can be formed, one proton and one electron. Stars are spheres of fire made up of hydrogen. But, what about our planet, The Earth? The most abundant element is oxygen, about 50 % of the total mass, and then, silicon, about 30 %, and aluminium, about 10 %. The rest are mainly the elements iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium. The ground beneath your feet, the Earth s crust, is a mixture of chemical compounds made up of silicon and oxygen known as silicates. Where is the origin of these elements? All of them are or were made in the interior of the stars. In there, hydrogen is little by little converted into other elements and when a star dies, because there is no longer hydrogen to combust, it may explode and the elements are thrown away into the space. By the time and because of gravitational forces, an increasingly amount of these elements come closer and closer, end up joining together and forming a new star and planets moving around it. That is to say, a Solar System has been created. If ideal environmental conditions exist, live could surge in some of this planets like it happened in the Earth a long time ago. The living beings in the Earth, you, a plant or a fly, are formed mainly of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. The structure of a living being is basically made of macromolecules of proteins, lipids and carbon hydrates, which are made of large chains of carbon. Questions a) What is the most abundant element in the Universe? Why? b) What is a star made of? c) What happens in the interior of a star? d) What happens when a star dies? e) Do you think that, before our Sun, another star existed? 5

6 f) What are the three main elements in the Earth? g) What are the four mainly elements that form the living beings? ACTIVITY 6 Molecules and crystals 1.-Which drawings from one to six in point 3.1 represent: a) An element or a compound b) A solid, a liquid or a gas. 2.-Write five examples of elements and five examples of compounds 3.-Classify these substances as elements or compounds and indicate the number of atoms in case they are compounds. a) Cl 2 c) H 2 SO 4 e) O 3 b) S 8 d) H 3 PO 4 f) HF 6

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