An Overview of Spintronics in 2D Materials

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1 An Overview of Spintronics in 2D Materials Wei Han ( 韩伟 ) ICQM

2 Outline I. Introduction to spintronics (Lecture I) II. Spin injection and detection in 2D (Lecture I) III. Putting magnetic moment in 2D (Lecture II) IV. Spin Hall effect and spin orbit torque in 2D (Lecture II) V. Acknowledgement 2

3 Summary of Lecture I History Magnetic structure Spin 1988 年 GMR Electron present MRAM TMR Low R ~1997 年 Hard drive High R 3

4 Summary of Lecture I Graphene is a very good candidate material for spin channels Large spin signal (with tunnel barrier) Long spin lifetime (6.2 ns in BLG) Long spin diffusion length (> 10 micro meters at RT) Easy to manipulate (Gate) Electrical detection of spin --momentum locking in TI Graphene wins the match for tunnel barrier 4

5 Outline I. Introduction to spintronics (Lecture I) II. Spin injection and detection in 2D (Lecture I) III. Putting magnetic moment in 2D (Lecture II) IV. Spin Hall effect and spin orbit torque in 2D (Lecture II) V. Acknowledgement 5

6 Outline I. Introduction to spintronics (Lecture I) II. Spin injection and detection in 2D (Lecture I) III. Putting magnetic moment in 2D (Lecture II) Graphene Topological insulator 6

7 Why make graphene magnetic 7

8 How to make graphene magnetic Adatom and molecule doping of graphene Ferromagnetic oxides/graphene Doping effect Examples: Mn doped GaAs ZnO Proximity effect Examples: Co-Pt (Magnetism in Pt) 8

9 Making graphene magnetic H vacancy 9 Yazyev and Helm, PRB (2007)

10 Making graphene magnetic Ferromagnetic?? 10 Cervenka, et al, Nature Physics (2009)

11 Making graphene magnetic Paramagnetic?? F doped Defects 11 Nair, et al, Nature Physics (2012)

12 Making graphene magnetic Question Ferromagnetic?? Paramagnetic?? vacancy 12

13 Making graphene magnetic charge current I INJ pure spin current V NL Nonlocal spin transport geometry graphene spin injector spin detector With magnetic moment pure spin current Magnetic moment could scatter pure spin current through exchange interaction: H ex = A ex S e S M Localized measurement Direct coupling of spin to magnetic moment 13

14 Making graphene magnetic All measurements done in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) Atomic hydrogen source Compare immediately before and after hydrogen doping I V + - Hydrogen Graphene spin valve device SiO 2 Si (backgate) 14

15 Making graphene magnetic Aha! A dip in the nonlocal spin signal. This may be the magnetic moment! 15

16 Making graphene magnetic Orange arrows = amount of spin at the spin detector pure spin current At zero field At high field H ex = A ex S e S M S e and S M decouple! Due to exchange coupling, pure spin current is scattered by magnetic moment Fewer spins at detector Scattering by exchange coupling is suppressed More spins at detector 16

17 Making graphene magnetic Doping effect H vacancy Paramagnetic!! 17 McCreary, et. al, PRL (2012)

18 Making graphene magnetic Proximity effect with EuO T C = 69 K T. Santos, et. al., PRL 101, (2008) nm rms 0.2 nm rms 0.5 nm rms

19 Making graphene magnetic Proximity effect with EuO Graphene on SiO 2 5 nm EuO on Graphene on SiO 2 No success of observing magnetic graphene/euo in our group 19 A. Swartz, et. al, ACS Nano (2012)

20 Making graphene magnetic The first observation of Proximity effect in graphene with YIG 20 Wang, et al, PRL (2015)

21 Making graphene magnetic What if we try harder on EuO/Graphene??? 5 nm EuO on Graphene However, there is NO if. 21 Note: Sometimes, you are so close to the peak. Just try harder and move one more step!!

22 Making graphene magnetic 22 Note: Sometimes, you are so close to the peak. Just try harder and move one more step!

23 Making graphene magnetic Moving forward 23 Wei Yuan, Yuelei Zhao, Chi Tang, Tang Su, Qi Song, Jing Shi*, and Wei Han*, Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, (2015).

24 Why make TI magnetic Quantum Anomalous Hall effect 24

25 How to make TI magnetic Doping effect by Cr/V Observation of the QAH Chang, et al, Science (2013) 25 More information, please see the results of Q. Xue group (Tsinghua University), K. Wang group (UCLA), J. Moodera (MIT), etc

26 How to make TI magnetic Proximity effect 26 Wei, et al, PRL (2013)

27 Outline I. Introduction to spintronics (Lecture I) II. Spin injection and detection in 2D (Lecture I) III. Putting magnetic moment in 2D (Lecture II) IV. Spin Hall effect and spin orbit torque in 2D (Lecture II) V. Acknowledgement 27

28 Introduction to spin-orbit torque Spin transfer torque t ST = ħ 2 ( ) Brataas, et al. Nature Mater. 11, (2012) 28

29 Introduction to spin-orbit torque Experimental observation of the spin transfer torque Charge Current + Spin Current 29 Ralph, D. C. & Stiles, JMMM. 320, (2008).

30 Introduction to spin-orbit torque Disadvantage Charge Current Heat!!! 30 Ralph, D. C. & Stiles, JMMM. 320, (2008).

31 Introduction to spin-orbit torque How about pure spin current? Spin orbit coupling (spin Hall effect) D'yakonov, M. I. & Perel', J. Exp. Theor. Phys. Lett. 13, , (1971). Hirsch, J. E. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, , (1999). Zhang, S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, , (2000). 31

32 Introduction to spin-orbit torque The first observation of spin Hall effect 32 Kato et al., Science 306 (5703) 2004

33 Introduction to spin-orbit torque Materials with large spin orbit couplings high Z materials Low Large 33

34 Introduction to spin-orbit torque Materials with large spin orbit couplings high Z materials Spin Hall current torque to FM FM M t ST NM J C 34 t ST = ħ 2 ( )

35 Introduction to spin-orbit torque Spin Hall current torque to FM 35 Liu et al., PRL 109, (2012)

36 The main Challenge How to get larger spin orbit torque? FM Increase the Efficiency of the SOT Pt J C Search for larger SOT in quantum materials 36

37 Introduction to spin-orbit torque Interface transparency of the spin current FM Pt J C Question: 100%? 37

38 Efficient spin orbit torque in Pt/Co and Pt/Py Our approach Py Co Pt J C Pt J C eg: Different spin density states Book: Magnetic Multilayers and Giant Magnetoresistance (editor: Uwe Hartmann & R. Coehoorn ) 38 E F (ev)

39 Spin Torque FerroMagnetic Resonance ST-FMR Liu et al., PRL 106, (2011) z y x t H H ext M t ST J C V 30 Pt/FM Au Photolithography Ion Beam etching/deposition V mix (µv) GHz 10GHz 11GHz 12GHz 13GHz H ext (Oe)

40 Spin torque ferromagnetic resonance Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation = external effective field + damping t H t ST + ħ, ( ) spin torque t ST torque from RF field t H V mix ( V) Data fit S A Symmetric Component: Spin Hall torque Antisymmetric Component: Torque from RF field H ext (Oe)

41 Efficient spin orbit torque in Pt/Co and Pt/Py Spin torque Field torque t H M t ST M J C J C Symmetric Component Antisymmetric Component V mix ( V) 10 0 V mix ( V) H ext (Oe) H ext (Oe) 41 = ħ [1 + (4 / )] /

42 Efficient spin orbit torque in Pt/Co and Pt/Py Py t Co t Pt J C d Pt J C d nm Pt/6 nm Py 0.12 Ɵ SH 0.08 Ɵ SH Freq (GHz) nm Pt/6 nm Co Freq (GHz) 13 42

43 Interface transparency x z y FM Pt J C t d z = 0 In Pt layer: = 2, = + In FM layer: 0 = = ( ) e h 43

44 Interface transparency x z y FM Pt J C t d z = 0 The continuity of the spin current density at the interface (z = 0, and z = -d) = (2 ), tanh 2 sinh sinh 2 0 cosh + 2 sinh 2 =, ( ) coth + h 2 44

45 Interface transparency model FM t Pt J C d Interface transparency of the spin current = = tanh ( 2 ) coth + h 2 : intrinsic spin mixing conductance λ: spin diffusion length of Pt σ: conductivity of Pt 45

46 Interface transparency Spin diffusion length 0.08 d Pt/6 nm Py 0.06 ( ) = 1 sech Data =1.2 nm =1.4 nm =1.6 nm d (Å) = 1.4 nm 46

47 Interface transparency Intrinsic mixing conductance Damping parameters for FM and Pt/FM obtained from conventional FMR 6 Pt/t Py, Co Pt/Py Pt/Co G eff (10 19 m -2 ) 1.52± ±

48 Interface transparency Intrinsic mixing conductance Pt/Py Pt/Co G eff (10 19 m -2 ) 1.52 ± ± 0.39 σ Pt (µω*cm) 15 ± 1 15 ± 1 1 = h 2 (nm) 1.4 ± ± 0.2 (10 19 m -2 ) 2.4 ± ± 3.1 T 0.25 ± ± 0.06 = = tanh ( 2 ) coth + h 2 SHA of Pt ~

49 Interface transparency SHA of Pt in 6 nm Pt- 6 nm Co 1-x Ni x 0.15 = = tanh ( 2 ) coth + h Co Ni x 49 higher G larger T higher SHA

50 Interface transparency Interface transparency plays an important role for spin orbit torque Py Co Pt J C Pt J C W. Zhang*, Wei Han*, Xin Jiang, See-Hun Yang, Stuart Parkin, Nat Phys. (2015) 50

51 The main Challenge How to get larger spin orbit torque? FM Increase the Efficiency of the SOT Pt J C Search for larger SOT in 2D Quantum materials 51

52 1) Large SHE in 2D Ir-Mn Motivated by a recent theoretical work of AHE in IrMn 3 Large spin orbit coupling of Ir transfer to Mn. Non-collinear antiferromagnetism 52

53 1) Large SHE in 2D Ir-Mn Ir 1-x Mn x PM PM L1 0 AFM c/a=1 L1 2 AFM c/a>1 Mn Ir Ir 47 Mn 53 Ir 25 Mn 75 Ir 14 Mn 86 53

54 1) Large SHE in 2D Ir-Mn Ir 1-x Mn x Grown on SiO2/Si substrates Related work on Ir 20 Mn 80 and IrMn have also been seen by other groups. IrMn: Zhang, W. et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, , (2014). Ir 20 Mn 80 : Mendes, J. B. S. et al. Phys. Rev. B 89, , (2014) 54

55 1) Large SHE in 2D Ir-Mn Ir 1-x Mn x Grown on SiO2/Si substrates Related work on Ir 20 Mn 80 and IrMn have also been seen by other groups. IrMn: Zhang, W. et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, , (2014). Ir 20 Mn 80 : Mendes, J. B. S. et al. Phys. Rev. B 89, , (2014) 55

56 1) Large SHE in 2D Ir-Mn Facet dependent SHE 56

57 1) Large SHE in 2D Ir-Mn Facet dependent SHE SHA (100) IrMn 3 (111) IrMn 3 p-irmn d (A) 57 W. Zhang*, Wei Han*, Xin Jiang, See-Hun Yang, Stuart Parkin, under review

58 2) Spin orbit Torque in Topological insulators 58

59 2) Spin orbit Torque in Topological insulators Bi 2 Se 3 Spin Hall angle: Mellink, et al. Nature (2014)

60 Spin orbit Torque in Topological insulators (Bi 0.5 Sb 0.5 ) 2 Te 3 T=1.9 K SHA > Fan, et al, Nature Mater. (2014)

61 Current Status of Spin orbit Torque Materials Effective SHA Research group Semiconductor GaAs UCSB (Awschalom) Metal Pt 0.19 PKU (Han) & IBM (Parkin) Cornell (Ralph & Burhman) β-ta 0.15 Cornell (Ralph & Burhman) β-w 0.3 Cornell (Ralph & Burhman) Bi doped Cu 0.24 Japan (Otani) & France (Fert) Quantum Materials TI (~500?) Cornell (Ralph & Burhman) >100 (1.9 K) UCLA (Wang) IrMn 3 ~0.3 PKU (Han) & IBM (Parkin) 61

62 Summary of Lecture II Doped graphene, Paramagnetic moment H vacancy FM in graphene by proximity effect 62

63 Summary of Lecture II Doped TI, QAH FM in TI by proximity effect 63

64 Summary of Lecture II Interface Transparency for SOT Py Co Pt J C Pt J C Facet dependent SOT in IrMn 3 TI has very large SOT SHA (100) IrMn 3 (111) IrMn 3 64 p-irmn d (A)

65 Summary of Lecture II Questions still to be answered: FM in graphene by doping QAH in Graphene heterostructures Robust QAH at higher temperature More effective SOT in quantum materials 65

66 Acknowledgement To the mentors for my research life 66

67 Acknowledgement To the mentors for my research life Roland K. Kawakami Stuart. S. P. Parkin 67

68 Acknowledgement The good 68

69 Summary 69

70 Summary Thank you for your attention! 70

71 71

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