2. Observe the physical properties of the elements on display at each lab table, and record observations in the Data Table.

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1 EXPERIMENT 8 Periodic Trends INTRODUCTION The modern periodic law states that when the chemical elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, chemical and physical properties repeat periodically. A horizontal row on the Periodic Table in called a period or series. Atoms of these elements all have the same energy level as their outer shell, but their physical and chemical properties vary widely. A column on the Periodic Table is called a group or family. Atoms of these elements all have the same number of outer shell electrons, thus making their physical and chemical properties similar. In this experiment you will observe the physical and chemical properties of various elements ranging across the Periodic Table, and attempt to deduce trends in these properties. PROCEDURE 1. Except for the laboratory handout, remove all books, purses, and such items from the laboratory bench top, and placed them in the storage area by the front door. For laboratory experiments you should be wearing closed-toe shoes. Tie back long hair, and do not wear long, dangling jewelry or clothes with loose and baggy sleeves. Open you lab locker. Put on your safety goggles, your lab coat, and gloves. PART A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS 2. Observe the physical properties of the elements on display at each lab table, and record observations in the Data Table. PART B - ACTIVITIES OF METALS 3. Demonstration. Observe the video of a piece of sodium metal being added to water. If a change is seen, record R in your Data Table for Reaction, and describe the change. If no change is observed, record NR in your Data Table for No Reaction. 4. Half-fill 2 medium test tubes with deionized water. To the first test tube add one small piece of magnesium metal, and to the second test tube add one small piece of copper metal. If a change is seen, record R in your Data Table for Reaction, and describe the change. If no change is observed, record NR in your Data Table for No Reaction. Pour out the water into the sink, but save the pieces of metal for step Place 3 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid in two medium test tubes. To the first test tube add one small piece of magnesium metal, and to the second test tube add one small piece of copper metal. If a change is seen, record R in your Data Table for Reaction, and describe the change. If no change is observed, record NR in your Data Table for No Reaction. The acids can be disposed of down the sink. Metals that did not react can be rinsed off, dried, and returned to their reagent bottles. Metals that did react may be disposed of in the trash can. 59

2 PART C - ACTIVITIES OF NONMETALS 6. Add 3 ml of chlorine water and 1 ml of heptane each to 2 medium test tubes. CAUTION: Avoid breathing the halogen vapors, and do not use your finger to stopper the tube since a halogen can give you a bad chemical burn. CAUTION: Heptane is flammable, do not use around open flames. Set a vortex mixer to auto and to a speed setting of 6. Press one of the test tubes into the rubber cup, allowing the contents of the test tube to be mixed for 30 seconds, as shown below. Do the same for the other test tube. The heptane will float on top of the water solution. Record the color of the chlorine in the heptane layer. 7. To the first test tube add 2 ml of sodium bromide solution, and to the second test tube add 2 ml of sodium iodide solution. Mix each in the vortex mixer for 30 seconds. Record in your Data Table the color in the heptane layer and look for any change in color. If the heptane layer underwent no change in color, record NR in your Data Table for No Reaction. Save all liquids from Part C in a beaker on your lab bench. 8. Add 3 ml of bromine water and 1 ml of heptane each to 2 medium test tubes, and mix each in the vortex mixer for 30 seconds. Record the color of the bromine in the heptane layer. 9. To the first test tube add 2 ml of sodium chloride solution, to the second test tube add 2 ml of sodium iodide solution, and mix each in the vortex mixer for 30 seconds. Record in your Data Table the color in the heptane layer and look for any change in color. If the heptane layer underwent a change, record R in your Data Table for Reaction, and describe the change. If the heptane layer underwent no change in color, record NR in your Data Table for No Reaction. Save all liquids from Part C in a beaker on your lab bench. 10. Add 3 ml of iodine water and 1 ml of heptane each to 2 medium test tubes, and mix each in the vortex mixer for 30 seconds. Record the color of the iodine in the heptane layer. 11. To the first test tube add 2 ml of sodium chloride solution, to the second test tube add 2 ml sodium bromide solution, and mix each in the vortex mixer for 30 seconds. Record in your Data Table the color in the heptane layer and look for any change in color. If the heptane layer underwent a change in color, record R in your Data Table for Reaction, and describe the change. If the heptane layer underwent no change in color, record NR in your Data Table for No Reaction. Save all liquids from Part C in a beaker on your lab bench. 12. Dispose of all liquids from Part C in the bottle for Liquid Waste in Fume Hood A. 13. Once your working area has been checked your lab report can then be turned in to the instructor. 60

3 EXPERIMENT 8 LAB REPORT Name: Student Lab Score: _ Date: Lab Station Number: _ DATA TABLE PART A Elements Symbol Physical State Color Metal or Nonmetal. Cobalt Hydrogen Lead Magnesium Manganese Neon Oxygen Sulfur Tin Zinc 61

4 PART B Metal Activity With Water With Hydrochloric Acid Sodium Magnesium Copper PART C Nonmetal Activity Halogen s Color In Heptane Layer With Sodium Chloride With Sodium Bromide With Sodium Iodide Chlorine Bromine Iodine 62

5 POSTLAB QUESTIONS 1. From your results in Part B, arrange the metals sodium, magnesium, and copper in order of decreasing activity. Most active of the three metals: Least active of the three metals: 2. From your results in Part C, arrange the nonmetals chlorine, bromine, and iodine in order of decreasing activity. Most active of the three nonmetals: Least active of the three nonmetals: 3. What is the general trend in types of elements (more metallic or more nonmetallic) when: 4. Give the most likely ionic charge for ions of each of the following representative elements: Ions of Sodium Ions of Magnesium Ions of Aluminum Ions of Phosphorus Ions of Sulfur Ions of Chlorine 5. What is the general trend in atomic radii (increases or decreases) when: 6. Write the equation for the removal of an electron from a sodium atom: 63

6 7. What is the general trend in ionization energy (increases or decreases) when: 8. Write the equation for the addition of an electron to a chlorine atom: 9. What is the general trend in electron affinity (increases or decreases) when: 10. Give the orbital notation for each of the following atoms: (a) Boron (B) (b) Sulfur (S) 11. Give the electron configuration notation for each of the following atoms: (a) Gallium (Ga) (b) Osmium (Os) 12. Give the electron dot notation for each of the following atoms: (a) Strontium (Sr) (b) Antimony (Sb) 64

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