Migrations of Fines in Porous Media

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1 Migrations of Fines in Porous Media by Kartic C. Khilar Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India and H. Scott Fogler Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT/ BOSTON / LONDON

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE XI 1 PRACTICAL CONSEQUENCES OF RELEASE AND MIGRATION OF FINES IN POROUS MEDIA Migration of Fine Particles in Porous Media: An Introduction Practical Consequences in Petroleum Engineering Importance in Geotechnical Engineering Effects in Environmental Engineering Importance in Chemical Engineering 7 2 CHARACTERIZATION OF PORE SPACE AND FINES Pore Structure Pore Constriction and Chamber Size Distributions Pore Connectivity Porosity and Permeability Pore Surface Surface Characterization of Pore Surface Colloidal Characterization of Pore Surface Chemical Characterization of Pore Surface Fines Geometrical Characterization-Fines Colloidal Characterization of Fines Chemical Characterization of Fines 26 3 COLLOIDALLY INDUCED RELEASE OF FINES IN POROUS MEDIA The Statics of the Release Process Electric double layer repulsion London-van der Waals attraction Born repulsion 36

3 vill TABLE OF CONTENTS AB (Acid Base) Interaction Hydrodynamic Forces Total energy of interactions Condition for the release of fines: The concept of critical salt concentration, CSC Critical total ionic strength (CTIS) for mixed salt system Some important effects on the energy of interaction The Dynamics (Rate) of the Release Process Theoretical models for the release of Brownian fines Some considerations on the release of non-brownian fines An empirical equation for the rate of release of fines HYDRODYNAMICALLY INDUCED RELEASE OF FINES IN POROUS MEDIA The Statics of the Release Process Mechanism of hydrodynamic detachment Critical hydrodynamic stress and critical flow velocity The Rate (Dynamics) of the Release Process 69 5 ENTRAPMENT OR PIPING OF FINES DURING MIGRATION Analysis of Factors Affecting Entrapment or Piping of Fines Pore structure Size of fines Concentration of fines Hydrodynamic conditions Colloidal conditions Mathematical Models for Entrapment or Piping of Fines Application to the Phenomenon of Soil Erosion Application to Sand Filtration'" Application to Water sensitivity of Berea Sandstone 88 6 MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR PERMEABILITY REDUCTIONS DUE TO MIGRATION OF FINES The Release and Capture Mechanism Rate of Equations for the Release of Fine Particles Rate Equations for the Entrapment/Capture of Fine Particles Mass and Population Balance Equations for Fine Particles at Different Sites 99

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS j x 6.5 Correlation between Entrapment and Permeability Reduction Solution Procedures, Results and Comparisons with Experimental Measurements The model of Gruesbeck and Collins for hydrodynamically induced migration of fines The model of Khilar and Fogler for colloidally induced migration of fines The model of Sharma and Yortsos for colloidally induced migration of fines USE OF NETWORK MODELS FOR PREDICTION OF PERME- ABILITY REDUCTION DUE TO FINES ENTRAPMENT Need for network models Network Models Network Construction and Lattice Arrangements Fluid transport through the network Use of network models for studying particle capture Application of network models for prediction of permeability reduction due to straining dominated fines entrapment Network construction Calculation of flow distribution in the network Particle movement within a network Effect of network size Ability of network models to account for poly disperse particles and pores Comparison of model predictions with experiments Accounting for particle deposition in network models Improved network models for prediction of permeability reduction ^ METHODS TO PREVENT THE RELEASE OF FINES Enhancement of Force of Adherence/Attachment Reduction of Force of Detachment Minimization of Fines Release: Enhancing the Attachment Forces and Reducing the Detachment Forces SOIL POLLUTION DUE TO MIGRATION OF FINES Facilitated Contaminants Transport due to Migration of Fines. 141

5 X TABLE OF CONTENTS Sorption of Hydrophobic Contaminants on Fines in Soil Masses Modeling of Transport of Contaminants Facilitated by Migration of Fine Particles Migration of Biocolloidal Contaminants Characteristics of Biocollidal Contaminants Modeling the Migration of Biocolloidal Fines 149 REFERENCES 155 INDEX 169

A Novel Workflow to Model Permeability Impairment through Particle Movement and Deposition in Porous Media

Transp Porous Med (2011) 86:867 879 DOI 10.1007/s11242-010-9658-9 A Novel Workflow to Model Permeability Impairment through Particle Movement and Deposition in Porous Media Amirmasoud alantari Dahaghi