1 Compounds and Molecules
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1 CAPTER 6 1 Compounds and Molecules SECTION The Structure of Matter KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What holds compounds and substances together? What determines the properties of a substance? What Are Chemical Bonds? Table salt and sugar look similar, but they have very different tastes. Their similarities and differences are partly due to the way their atoms or ions are joined. Recall that compounds are substances that are made of two or more elements. Chemical bonds are forces that hold atoms or ions together in a compound. The chemical bonds can break and re-form during chemical changes. READING TOOLBOX Define As you read this section, write down any science terms you do not understand. Find the definitions of these terms in earlier chapters and write them in the sidebar. 1. Define What is a chemical bond? Oxygen gas, O 2 ydrogen gas, 2 Water vapor, 2O When a mixture of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas is heated, chemical bonds break and atoms rearrange. New bonds form and water is produced. The properties of water are very different from the properties of the original gases. What Is a Chemical Structure? A chemical formula tells you which atoms are in a compound, but not how they are connected. The structure of a building is the way its parts fit together. Similarly, a chemical structure is the way the atoms in a compound are bonded. Just as a blueprint represents the structure of a building, a chemical structure represents the structure of a compound. Discuss In a small group, talk about different ways you can represent structures such as buildings, roads, the solar system, etc. What are some advantages of using models like these? What are some disadvantages? Interactive Reader 107 The Structure of Matter
2 ow Are Chemical Structures Represented? Scientists use different chemical models to show different characteristics of compounds. Some models show the position of atoms in the molecule. Other models show the relative sizes of each atom in the compound. Ball-and-stick and space-filling models are two of the most commonly used chemical models. Ball-and-stick model Space-filling model 2. Compare What does the space-filling model of a water molecule tell you about the relative size of the atoms? O º 95.8 pm Oxygen atom ydrogen atoms The ball-and-stick model shows angles between bonds more clearly than the space-filling model does. owever, the space-filling model shows the relative sizes of atoms more clearly than the ball-and-stick model does. 3. Explain ow do structural formulas differ from ball-and-stick models? BALL-AND-STICK MODELS Scientists use two terms to describe the relative positions of atoms in a compound. Bond length is the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms. Bond angle is the angle formed by two bonds connected to the same atom. A molecule must have three or more atoms to have a bond angle. A ball-and-stick model uses balls to represent atoms and sticks to represent chemical bonds. This type of model is useful because it shows clearly the bonds and angles between atoms. A ball-and-stick model shows you how the atoms or ions are arranged in a compound. Look again at the balland-stick model for water above. ydrogen and oxygen atoms bond to form a molecule that appears bent. The molecule looks more like a boomerang than a straight line. You can also use structural formulas to show the structure of a compound. Structural formulas are similar to ball-and-stick models. owever, in a structural formula, chemical symbols represent the atoms. Interactive Reader 108 The Structure of Matter
3 Structural formula O SPACE-FILLING MODELS A space-filling model shows the relative amount of space each atom takes up. In other words, a space-filling model can show relative sizes of atoms. owever, unlike ball-and-stick or structural models, space-filling models do not show bond lengths clearly. REPRESENTING BONDS Bonds are not really like sticks in a ball-and-stick model. Although bonds hold atoms tightly together, most bonds can bend, stretch, and rotate without breaking. Thus, you can think of bonds as flexible springs rather than rigid sticks. 4. Identify What is one disadvantage of space-filling models? 5. Explain Why are bonds more like springs than like sticks? Scientists generally use a straight, solid line to show a bond between two atoms. owever, bonds are actually flexible like springs. ow Does Chemical Structure Affect Chemical Properties? The chemical structure of a compound determines the compound s properties. Some substances, such as quartz, are made up of large networks of bonded atoms. Other substances, such as table salt, are made up of networks of positive and negative ions. Some substances, such as water or sugar, are made of separate molecules. The compounds that make up different substances join together in different ways when the substances are solids. The atoms in some substances, such as quartz, are connected strongly. These compounds tend to form strong or hard solids. Interactive Reader 109 The Structure of Matter
4 6. Identify ow does the chemical structure of quartz make the substance rigid? The bonds that hold oxygen and silicon atoms together are very strong. The strength of the bonds between atoms makes quartz hard and rigid. 7. Explain Why do substances such as sugar dissolve more easily than substances such as quartz? The molecules of substances such as sugar are bonded together more weakly. For example, atoms within each molecule of sugar are strongly attracted to each other, but individual molecules are not. Thus, sugar and similar substances tend to be softer and melt more easily. Each grain of sugar is made up of many sugar molecules, C O 11. Substances made of ions, such as sodium chloride, NaCl, are joined together by attractions between ions. The ions form a regular repeating network held together by strong bonds between ions with opposite charges. The strong attractions between ions give ionic compounds high melting and boiling points. 8. Explain Why do ionic compounds tend to have high melting and boiling points? Chloride ion, Cl Sodium ion, Na + Each grain of table salt, or NaCl, is made of a tightly packed network of ions. Interactive Reader 110 The Structure of Matter
5 ow Are Attractions Between Particles Related to State? At room temperature, attractions between particles in a solid are stronger than those between particles of a liquid. Therefore, sugar molecules attract one another more strongly than water molecules do. Similarly, particles in a liquid attract one another more strongly than particles in a gas do. What Are ydrogen Bonds? The chemical structures of water and dihydrogen sulfide are similar. Why, then, does water have much higher melting and boiling points than dihydrogen sulfide does? Water molecules are pulled together by attractions called hydrogen bonds. In a hydrogen bond, oxygen atoms and hydrogen atoms of different water molecules are attracted to one another. Although hydrogen bonds can pull water molecules together, hydrogen bonds are not as strong as chemical bonds. Strong bonds within each water molecule Weaker attractions between water molecules 9. Compare ow does the strength of attraction among particles differ in solids and liquids? 10. Compare Which is stronger a hydrogen bond or a chemical bond? Water is a liquid at room temperature instead of a gas because hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together. Interactive Reader 111 The Structure of Matter
6 Section 1 Review SECTION VOCABULARY bond angle the angle formed by two bonds to the same atom bond length the distance between two bonded atoms at their minimum potential energy; the average distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms chemical bond the attractive force that holds atoms or ions together chemical structure the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule 1. Explain Why do scientists use different types of models to represent compounds? 2. Identify Which type of chemical model shows the bond angle and bond length between atoms in the compound? ow does this type of model represent a compound? 3. Interpret Draw a ball-and-stick model of a boron trifluoride molecule. In this molecule, three fluorine atoms are attached to a boron atom. Each F-B-F bond angle is 120, and all B-F bonds are the same length. 4. Predict Which molecules are more strongly attracted to one another C 3 8 O molecules that make up liquid rubbing alcohol or C 4 molecules that make up methane gas? Explain your answer. 5. Apply Concepts What can you infer about the attraction between particles in a substance with a low melting point? Interactive Reader 112 The Structure of Matter
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