MONDAY (12/5) TUESDAY (12/6) WEDNESDAY (12/7) THURSDAY (12/8) FRIDAY (12/9) Converting between moles and grams

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1 Homework Activities Name: Date: Period: This week, we will be learning about solutions and how to calculate the concentration of the solutions. We will then study special solutions acids and bases and will explore their properties and learn how to calculate the amount of ions in each. These skills will then lead up to our discussion about acid rain and its effects on the environment, which will talk about in the next week. CLASS Quiz MONDAY (12/5) TUESDAY (12/6) WEDNESDAY (12/7) THURSDAY (12/8) FRIDAY (12/9) Introduction to the next two weeks on acids & bases What is a solution? The dissolving process from a molecular perspective Introduction to a new unit- MOLES Calculating the concentration of solutions in grams/liter and with molarity. Which concentration of juice tastes the best? Converting between moles and grams Practice with calculating the concentration of solutions in grams/liter and in molarity. Properties of acids & bases (stations) Early Release Practice with molarity Acids & Bases in solution what do they look like on a molecular level? Measuring the strength of acids & bases using the ph scale Practice with logs The ph scale on a molecular level Calculating the concentration of H+ and OH- ions from the ph and poh and vice versa Introduction to logarithmic functions p. 8-9 p (do every other problem odd #s) p (do every other problem odd #s) p. 29 p. 37 p (just the odd numbers) p (even numbers) p

2 Warmup- Properties of Water Below is a water molecule. Use the picture of the water molecule to help you answer the warm-up questions. 1.) What elements make up water? 2.) Using the Periodic Table square that you see, draw the Bohr diagram for hydrogen (just draw the electrons.) a.) b.) How many electrons are in hydrogen s outer shell? c.) What is hydrogen going to do with its electrons to become happy? d.) So, is hydrogen going to lose or gain an electron?. What charge are electrons? So what charge do you think hydrogen will become positive or negative?? 3.) Using the Periodic Table square that you see, draw the Bohr diagram for oxygen (just draw the electrons). a.) b.) How many electrons are in oxygen s outer shell? c.) What is oxygen going to do with electrons to become happy? or full? d.) So, is oxygen going to lose or gain electrons?. What charge are electrons? So what charge do you think hydrogen will become positive or negative?? 2

3 Understanding Solutions & Measuring the Concentration of Solutions Part 1: What is a Solution? Definition: A solution is a. There are 2 parts: 1.) SOLVENT: 2.) SOLUTE For the following examples, identify which substance is the solvent and which is/are the solute(s). 1.) A gaseous solution (air) SOLVENT: SOLUTE(S): 2.) Gas-liquid solution (soda) made of water, carbonation (carbon dioxide), sweeteners, other flavors SOLVENT: SOLUTE(S): 3

4 3.) Solid-liquid solution (lemonade) SOLVENT: SOLUTE(S): 4.) Solid-solid solution (brass) common brass is made of 63% copper, 37% zinc SOLVENT: SOLUTE(S): 4

5 PART 2: THE DISSOLVING PROCESS Why do solutes seem to disappear when you mix them in a solvent? If you had a microscope powerful enough to look at the solution s particles, what would you see? First, we need to understand what IONS are. To do this, we are going to explore how salt (NaCl) forms. 1.) Draw the Bohr model (just electrons) for sodium and chlorine. 2.) a.) How many outer electrons does sodium have? b.) What s it going to do with its electron to be happy? c.) What charge do you think sodium will become? 3.) a.) How many outer electrons does chlorine have? b.) What s it going to do to be happy? c.) What charge do you think chlorine will become? IONS are simply. 5

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7 So, when an ionic solid (solid made of ions like NaCl for example) mixes with water, the ions split apart and are attracted to water and its polar (positive or negative) charges. Steps in the Dissolving Process 7

8 Homework Answer the following questions. 1.) What is a solution? Explain what parts make up a solution. 2.) What are ions? Explain how Sodium (Na) becomes an ion. Explain how Chlorine (Cl) becomes an ion. 3.) Explain what happens when a substance, like Sodium Chloride (NaCl/table salt) dissolves in water. 4.) Name how many electrons each element will gain or lose in forming an ion. Then, tell me the charge of the ion. Use the Periodic Table. If you need one use the one on your agenda or on my DP (under General Class Links & Resources). Ex. Iodine (I) because it has 7 valence electrons, Iodine gains 1 electron to get a full shell and Iodine then has a -1 charge, so the answer would be I -1 a.) calcium (Ca) c.) aluminum (Al) e.) lithium (Li) g.) sulfur (S) b.) fluorine (F) d.) oxygen (O) f.) magnesium (Mg) h.) chlorine (Cl) 8

9 5.) Look at these ions. Tell me how many electrons were gained or lost to make these ions. Ex. Ba 2+ because the charge is 2+, it means that Ba lost 2 electrons (got rid of 2 negatives) a.) As 3- c.) F - e.) Mg 2+ g.) N 3- b.) Cu 2+ d.) Na + f.) K + h.) O 2-6.) Fill out this chart. Ion Did these atoms lose or gain electrons? How many electrons do they gain or lose? Ion Did these atoms lose or gain electrons? How many electrons do they gain or lose? 1. As 3-4. Cu K + 5. Mg F - 6. O 2-7.) Write the name and symbol of the ion formed and then name the ion: a.) A potassium atom loses one electron b.) A cadmium atom loses two electrons c.) A zinc atom loses two electrons d.) A bromine atom gains one electron e.) A fluorine atom gains one electron f.) A oxygen atom gains two electrons g.) A calcium atom loses two electrons h.) A iodine atom gains one electron 9

10 Warmup Introduction to Moles Today you are going to learn about a new unit- the MOLE. In chemistry, we deal a lot of atoms and molecules, which are tiny tiny particles that we can hardly see. Therefore, scientists created a new counting unit called the MOLE. 1 MOLE (mol) = particles ( ) *Amadeo Avogadro was an Italian physics professor that proposed in 1811 that equal volumes of different gases at the same temperature contain the same number of particles. Converting From Moles to Particles EX: How many gummy bears are 2 mols of gummi bears? EX: How many M&Ms are 5 mols of M&Ms? EX: How many molecules is 2.12 moles of C 3 H 8 (propane)? Converting From Particles to Moles EX: There are approximately 2.43 x molecules of water in the Pacific Ocean. How many moles of water is this? EX: The average American drinks 6,000 sodas a year. How many moles of soda is this? EX: How many moles of magnesium is 3.01 x atoms of magnesium? 10

11 Measuring Concentrations of Solutions Yesterday, we learned that a solution is composed of a solvent (does the dissolving) and solute(s) (substances that are dissolved). We know that different solutions have different amounts of solutes and solvents in them. So how do we measure how much solute is in a solvent (called the concentration) of a solution? To measure the concentration of a solution, you simply compare the amount of solute to the amount of solvent. There are many ways of measuring concentration: 1.) grams of solute/liters of solution 2.) how many parts of solute per million parts of solution 3.) percentage (%) of solute to solution 4.) molarity (moles of solute/liters of solution) ***In this class, we will only use the two ways that are in bold print. Concentration Calculations Method #1: Grams/Liters 1.) Find the grams of solute 2.) Find the liters of solution 3.) Divide the grams of solute by the liters of solution EX #1: 0.5 grams of sodium chloride is dissolved in water to make 0.05 liters of solution. Find the concentration of the solution in g/l. EX #2: 15 grams of Kool-Aid powder is dissolved in water to make 2.5 liters of Kool-Aid. Find the concentration of this solution in g/l. 11

12 Which concentration of juice tastes the best? You are now going to try 4 different concentrations of juice to figure out which one tastes the best! Trial # Grams of juice powder (solute) Liters of solution Concentration (g/l) Which concentration was the best-tasting? 12

13 Concentration Calculations Method #2: Moles/Liters Molarity = Moles/Liters, units are M or mol/l 1.) Find the moles of solute 2.) Find the liters of solution 3.) Divide the moles of solute by the liters of solution 4.) Put M on the end for units EX #1: 0.5 moles of sodium chloride is dissolved to make 0.05 liters of solution. What is the concentration of this solution/the molarity (M)? EX #2: How many moles of calcium chloride would you need to make 450 ml of a 0.25 M solution? 13

14 Homework Mole-Particle Conversions 1. How many moles of magnesium is 3.01 x atoms of magnesium? 2. How many molecules are there in 4.00 moles of glucose, C 6 H 12 O 6? 3. How many moles are 1.20 x atoms of phosphorous? 4. How many atoms are in moles of zinc? 5. How many molecules are in moles of N 2 O 5? 14

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16 Calculate the concentrations (in g/l) for the following solutions: 1.) What is the concentration of a solution made when you dilute 35 grams of sodium carbonate to a volume of 3,400 ml? 2.) 0.5 grams of sodium chloride is dissolved to make 0.05 ml of solution. 3.) 734 grams of lithium sulfate are dissolved to make 2500 ml of solution. 4.) 6.7 x 10-2 grams of Pb(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 4 are dissolved to make 3.5 ml of solution. Calculate the molarity (mol/l) of each of the following solutions: 5.) Suppose we had 1.00 mole of sucrose (it's about grams) and proceeded to mix it into some water. It would dissolve and make sugar water. We keep adding water, dissolving and stirring until all the solid was gone. We then made sure that when everything was well-mixed, there was exactly 1.00 liter of solution. What would be the molarity of this solution? 6.) Suppose you had 2.00 moles of solute dissolved into 1.00 L of solution. What's the molarity? 16

17 7.) What is the molarity when 0.75 mol is dissolved in 2.50 L of solution? 8.) grams of sucrose (1 mole of sucrose is equal to g) is dissolved in 1.50 L of solution. What is the molarity? (HINT: first change grams to moles!) 9.) 49.8 grams of Potassium Iodide (KI) is dissolved in enough water to make 1.00 L of solution. One mole of KI is equal to 166 grams. What is the molarity? 10.) Calcuate the molarity when 75.0 grams of MgCl 2 is dissolved in ml of solution. One mole of MgCl 2 is equal to grams. 17

18 Warmup Converting Between Moles and Grams **In a lab, it is too difficult to count out 6.02 x particles of a substance every time you want to measure out a mole. Instead, you can quickly figure out a mole of a substance by finding its molar mass (or how much 1 mole of a substance weighs). 1 MOLE (mol) = Molar Mass = Finding the Molar Mass of Elements & Compounds 1.) C 2.) Cu 3.) CO 2 4.) Cu 2 CO 3 (OH) 2 Converting Moles to Grams 1.) How many grams are 2 moles of oxygen? 2.) How many grams are 3.5 moles of water? 3.) How many grams is 2.4 moles of vinegar (CH 3 COOH)? 18

19 4.) How many grams is 0.6 moles of salt (NaCl)? Converting Grams to Moles 1.) How many moles are in 28 grams of CO 2? 2.) Find the number of moles of argon in 452 g of argon. 3.) Find the grams in 1.26 x 10-4 mol of HC 2 H 3 O 2. Calculating Molarity 1.) Calculate the molarity (mol/l) of 25.0 grams of KBr dissolved in ml. (HINT: change grams of KBr to moles, then find the molarity) 2.) 80.0 grams of glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) is dissolved in enough water to make 1.00 L of solution. What is its molarity? 19

20 Properties of Acids & Bases Today you will be exploring particular types of solutions acids and bases. In this activity, you will go around and investigate different properties of acids and bases. Station 1: TASTE & FEEL TASTE: Try the following foods at your table. Below, please describe how they taste to you. Lemons, sour gummy bears ACIDS Tonic water BASES Try to list at least 3 more foods that you think are acidic: Try to list at least 1 more food that you think is basic: TOUCH: Touch the following items at your table and describe what they feel like to you in the chart below. After you are done, go wash your hands at the sink. Lemon Juice ACIDS Soap BASES Property #1: 1.) Acids taste. Bases taste. 2.) Acids feel like. Bases feel. Station 2: REACTION WITH METALS & CARBONATES In this station, you will test to see how acids and bases react with a metal strip. 1.) Make sure you have gloves on!! 2.) Stick one piece of metal in each the acid (hydrochloric acid) and in the base (bleach). 20

21 3.) Don t stick the metal in for too long. Just put it in for about 20 seconds and then pull them out. 4.) Stick them in the beaker of water and rinse them off with the towel. 5.) Write down your observations. ACIDS Observations with metal and hydrochloric acid BASES Observations with metal and bleach Next, you will test how carbonates (materials that contain a CO 3 group), specifically calcium carbonate, react with acids and bases. 1.) Make sure you have gloves and goggles on!! 2.) Stick a half-spoonful of calcium carbonate in each the acid (hydrochloric acid) and in the base (bleach). 3.) Observe what happens. 4.) Write down your observations. ACIDS Observations with carbonate and hydrochloric acid BASES Observations with carbonate and bleach Property #2: 1.) Acids (pick one: do/do not) react with metals by. 2.) Acids (pick one: do/do not) react with carbonates (CO 3 ) by. 3.) Bases (pick one: do/do not) react with metals. 4.) Bases (pick one: do/do not) react with carbonates (CO 3 ). 21

22 Station 3: Reaction with Litmus Paper At this station, you will test to see what kind of reaction acids and bases have to litmus paper. You will test some common household items like lemon juice, vinegar and hydrochloric acid (acids), water (neutral neither an acid or base), baking soda solution, bleach and detergent (bases). 1.) Make sure you have gloves and goggles on!!! 2.) For each solution, dip a red and a blue litmus paper in there. Keep in solution for about 10 seconds. 3.) Then pull out the litmus paper. Observe the color it turned. Record your observations. 4.) When you are completely done, throw away the litmus papers. Solutions 1.) lemon juice 2.) vinegar 3.) hydrochloric acid 4.) water 5.) baking soda solution 6.) bleach 7.) detergent What color does the red litmus paper become? What color does the blue litmus paper become? Property #3: 1.) Acids always turn litmus paper. 2.) Bases always turn litmus paper. 3.) Neutral solutions that are neither acid or base turn RED litmus paper and BLUE litmus paper. Station 4: USES At this station, you will simply read and annotate the Uses of Acids & Bases section in your packet. Then fill out the following table: ACIDS Write down at least 3 uses of acids BASES Write down at least 3 uses of bases 22

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25 HOMEWORK Molar Mass Do the following practice problems below. 25

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27 Molarity Calculations Calculate the molarities of the following solutions: 1) 2.3 moles of sodium chloride in 0.45 liters of solution. 2) 1.2 moles of calcium carbonate in 1.22 liters of solution. 3) 0.09 moles of sodium sulfate in 12 ml of solution. 4) 0.75 moles of lithium fluoride in 65 ml of solution. 5) 0.8 moles of magnesium acetate in 5 liters of solution. 6) 120 grams of calcium nitrite in 240 ml of solution. 7) 98 grams of sodium hydroxide in 2.2 liters of solution. 8) 1.2 grams of hydrochloric acid in 25 ml of solution. 9) 45 grams of ammonia in 0.75 L of solution. 27

28 Explain how you would make the following solutions. You should tell how many grams of the substance you need to make the solution, not how many moles. 10) 2 L of 6 M HCl 11) 1.5 L of 2 M NaOH 12) 0.75 L of 0.25 M Na 2 SO 4 13) 45 ml of 0.12 M sodium carbonate 14) 250 ml of 0.75 M lithium nitrite 15) 56 ml of 1.1 M iron (II) phosphate 16) 6.7 L of 4.5 M ammonium nitrate 17) 4.5 ml of 0.05 M magnesium sulfate 18) 90 ml of 1.2 M BF 3 28

29 You ve just stumbled upon a mystery liquid! Assuming you can touch and taste it without getting hurt and you have all the resources you need, what are some tests you can run on this mystery liquid to figure out if it is an acid or a base? Write a detailed paragraph below explaining all the tests you could do to figure out if something is an acid or a base. Please also explain how the results from the tests would indicate if something is an acid or a base. 29

30 Warmup Practice with Molarity Find the molarity of the following solutions: 1) 0.5 moles of sodium chloride is dissolved to make 0.05 liters of solution. 2) 0.5 grams of sodium chloride is dissolved to make 0.05 liters of solution. 3) 0.5 grams of sodium chloride is dissolved to make 0.05 ml of solution. 4) 734 grams of lithium sulfate are dissolved to make 2500 ml of solution. 5) 6.7 x 10-2 grams of Pb(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 4 are dissolved to make 3.5 ml of solution. 30

31 Acids & Bases in Solution Today we are going to take a look at what happens to acid and base solutions on a molecular level. I. Acids & Bases at a Molecular Level *At the molecular level, ACIDS are compounds that break into and. EX: *At the molecular level, BASES are compounds that break into and. EX: II. Strengths of Acids & Bases Acids and bases can be strong or weak. Strength can be an indicator of how safe an acid or base can be to use. In general, the most dangerous acids are the strongest acids and the most dangerous bases are the strongest bases. Strength of an acid or base is. EX: 31

32 III. The ph scale To figure out the strength of an acid or a base, you measure the concentration of ions. To describe this concentration of ions, scientists use the ph scale. The ph scale ranges from The ph scale measures. Low ph means: High ph means: A ph of 7 means: Range of Acids/Bases Strong Acid: Strong Base: Weak Acid: Weak Base: Neutral: 32

33 Introduction to Logarithms If we know the ph of a certain solution, then we can figure out the concentration of H+ (hydrogen) ions and OH (hydroxide) ions and vice versa. To be able to do these calculations, we first need to learn what logarithms are. Part 1: Reviewing Exponents Solve for x in the following problems. You can use your calculator. 1.) 2 3 = x x = 6.) 10-3 = x 2.) 5 2 = x 7.) 7 5 = x 3.) 5-2 = x 8.) = x 4.) 5 0 = x 9.) 6 1/2 = x 5.) 8 8 = x 10.) 7 1/3 = x Part 2: More Exponent Practice If you were given the base and the answer to one of those equations above, how would you be able to figure out what the exponent was? Try the examples below. Solve for x. 1.) 2 x = 8 7.) 10 x = ) 2 3 = 2 x 8.) 4 x = 4,096 3.) x 3 = ) 5 x = ) 3 x = ) 2 x = ) 10 x = 10, ) 108 x = 1 6.) 3 x = ) 6 x =

34 Part 3: An Ancient Puzzle Parts (a)-(f) below are similar to a puzzle that is more than 2100 years old. Mathematicians first created the puzzle in ancient India in the 2 nd century BC. More recently, about 700 years ago, Muslim mathematicians created the first tables allowing them to find answers to this type of puzzle quickly. Tables similar to them appeared in school math books until recently. Here are some clues to help you figure out how the puzzle works: log 2 8 = 3 log 3 27 = 3 log 5 25 = 2 log 10 10,000 = 4 Use the clues to find the missing pieces of the puzzles below (solve for x): a.) log 2 8 = 3 c.) log 2 32 = x b.) log x 100 = 2 d.) log 5 x = 3 c.) log x 81 = 4 e.) log = x So what do you think a log is? Try to rewrite parts (a) (c) in a different way to might make more sense. So what is a logarithim? Definition: A logarithm (called a log for short) is an exponent. EX: log 2 (32) means.. Another way to write it is like.. y = log b (x) is the same thing as 34

35 Practice 1.) Find each of the values below, and then justify your answers by writing the equivalent exponential form and writing in words what everything means. (BEWARE: one might be a trick question!) # Logarithmic Form Exponential Form Solve for x What does it mean in writing? ex Log 5 (25) = x 5 x = 25 X = 2 Log, with base 5, of 25 is 2 a. log 2 (32)= x b. log 2 (1/2) = x c. log 2 (4) = x d. log 2 (0) = x e. log 2 (x) = 3 f. log 2 (x) = 1/2 g. log 2 (1/16) = x h. log 2 (x) = 0 35

36 2.) Rewrite the following logarithmic or exponential expressions. Logarithmic Expression Exponential Expression a.) y = log 9 (x) b.) y = 10 x c.) y = log 6 (x+1) d.) y = 5 2x 3.) Practice your logarithm fluency by calculating each of the following, without changing the expression to exponential form. Be ready to explain your thinking. a.) log 7 49 = b.) log = d.) log 3 81 = e.) log = c.) log 2 2 w+3 = 36

37 Homework Concentration Worksheet 1) How many grams of beryllium chloride are needed to make 125 ml of a M solution? 2) How many grams of beryllium chloride would you need to add to 125 ml of water to make a M solution? 3) Explain how to make at least one liter of a 1.25 M ammonium hydroxide solution. How many grams do you need? 4) What is the molarity of a solution in which 0.45 grams of sodium nitrate are dissolved in 265 ml of solution. 5) What will the volume of a 0.50 M solution be if it contains 25 grams of calcium hydroxide? 8) How many grams of ammonia are present in 5.0 L of a M solution? 37

38 Practice with Logs 38

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40 Warmup Practice with Logs For each of these, solve for x and then use your calculators (and the LOG button) to solve for x. Compare the results. Part 1: Log with Base 2 a.) log 2 16 = x b.) log 2 1,024 = x c.) log 2 4 = x d.) log 2 1 = x e.) log 2 32 = x Log Solve for x Calculator results Did your answers and the calculator answers match up? Why or why not? Part 2: Log with Base 5 a.) log 5 1 = x b.) log 5 5 = x c.) log = x d.) log 5 25 = x e.) log = x Log Solve for x Calculator results Did your answers and the calculator answers match up? Why or why not? Part 3: Log with Base 10 a.) log 10 1 = x b.) log = x c.) log = x d.) log 10 1,000 = x e.) log ,000 = x Log Solve for x Calculator results 40

41 The ph and poh Scale Yesterday we learned that the ph scale tells us how strong or weak an acid or a base is. The ph scale can also tell us the concentration of H+ ions. We can also use the poh scale to tell use the concentration of OH- ions in a solution. The formulas to calculate ph and poh are: ph = poh= The relationship between ph and poh is: Let s Practice! The ph Scale ph Strong or weak acid or base or neither? Concentration of Hydrogen Ions [H+]

42 The poh scale poh Calculate the ph Strong or weak acid or base or neither? Concentration of Hydroxide Ions [OH-]

43 Homework Use your calculator to solve the following logs: 1.) log 81 = 2.) log 8 = 3.) log (1/9) = 4.) log (9/2) = 5.) log 36 = 6.) log (1/2000) = 7.) log (20/9) = 8.) log 3 = 9.) log 900 = 10.) log 162 = ph Practice Worksheet 1) What is the ph of a solution that contains 25 grams of hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissolved in 1.5 liters of water? 2) What is the ph of a solution that contains 1.32 grams of nitric acid (HNO 3 ) dissolved in 750 ml of water? 43

44 3) What is the ph of a solution that contains 1.2 moles of nitric acid (HNO 3 ) and 1.7 moles of hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissolved in 1000 liters of water? 4) If a solution has a [H + ] concentration of 4.5 x 10-7 M, is this an acidic or basic solution? Explain. 5) An acidic solution has a ph of 4. If I dilute 10 ml of this solution to a final volume of 1000 ml, what is the ph of the resulting solution? 44

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