Solutions. Solutions. Water Basics 10/24/ Water Properties

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Marianna Patterson
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0/24/206 O Water Basics Polar: part of a molecule is

negative Oxygen hogs electrons from hydrogen; results

hydrogen + + 2 6 5 2 3 reates hydrogen bonds where one

- White = ydrogen (positive) + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + - - + + + + - - + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + - -

needed to break water bonds elps to maintain a constant

other polar water molecules Adhesion: polar water

K O O L A I D Solution: mixture where substance

substance that dissolves Atoms, ions, molecules 2)

Usually water Solutions Solution: mixture where

Plasma (watery part of blood) Solutes: arbs, proteins,

1 0/24/206 O Water Basics Polar: part of a molecule is slightly positive, while another part is slightly negative Oxygen hogs electrons from hydrogen; results in negative charge on oxygen and positive charge on hydrogen reates hydrogen bonds where one water sticks to another 4 - Red = Oxygen (negative) White = ydrogen (positive) Water Properties Why can this insect walk on water? 7ml 6.8ml It is not heavy enough to break the bonds that hold the water molecules together. igh specific heat: Resists temp changes Much energy needed to break water bonds elps to maintain a constant body temp ohesion: polar water molecules attracted to other polar water molecules Adhesion: polar water sticks to other molecules Solutions Solution S U G A R K O O L A I D Solution: mixture where substance dissolves in another 2 parts to a solution ) Solute: substance that dissolves Atoms, ions, molecules 2) Solvent: substance in which the solute is dissolved Usually water Solutions Solution: mixture where substance dissolves in another 2 parts to a solution ) Solute: substance that dissolves Atoms, ions, molecules 2) Solvent: substance in which the solute is dissolved Usually water Ex: uman blood Solvent: Plasma (watery part of blood) Solutes: arbs, proteins, sugars, etc

0/24/206 p Scale More + Acid Base neutral Few + Few O- More O- Lemons Soft drink Milk Blood Baking soda Ammonia p scale measures the amount of + ions Some molecules release + ions when dissolved

blood B) Which substance has the fewest + ions? Ammonia ) Which is the strongest acid?

dissolved bases (p=8 to 4) Solution is neutral when + = O- (p= 7) p Scale Basic (alkaline) Solution O- O- O- O- O- Substance O- B O- O- O- p Scale p balance vital to life Ex: Blood p (7.

2 0/24/206 p Scale More + Acid Base neutral Few + Few O- More O- Lemons Soft drink Milk Blood Baking soda Ammonia p scale measures the amount of + ions Some molecules release + ions when dissolved acids (p= to 6) p Scale Acidic Solution p scale measures the amount of + ions in a solution minute: Discuss with your neighbor: A) Which base has the most + ions? blood B) Which substance has the fewest + ions? Ammonia ) Which is the strongest acid? Lemons Substance + + A + + p scale measures the amount of + (hydrogen) ions Some molecules release + ions when dissolved acids (p= to 6) Some molecules release O- (hydroxide) ions when dissolved bases (p=8 to 4) Solution is neutral when + = O- (p= 7) p Scale Basic (alkaline) Solution O- O- O- O- O- Substance O- B O- O- O- p Scale p balance vital to life Ex: Blood p (7.4): Proteins break down outside normal p Blood p Review O O- + Normally: Balance of + and O- ions in blood (7.4 p) Alcohol abuse: Excess alcohol lowers blood p (+ ions accumulate) Kidney removes excess + an lead to kidney damage O- + + O- + + O- + O- + + O O- + O- O- + O- + ) Vocabulary: Polar, Adhesion, ohesion, igh Specific eat, Solution, Solute, Solvent, p 2) Name 4 basic features of water. 3) Which water property explains that one atom is positively charged, while another is negatively charged? 4) ow does cohesion and adhesion differ? 5) Which is a stronger acid? Substance A with a p of 5 or substance B with a p of 3? 6) Which has more + ions? Substance A with a p of 5 or substance B with a p of 3? 7) Which has more O- ions? Substance A with a p of 5 or substance B with a p of 3? 8) ow does a solute differ from a solvent? 9) What is the solute and solvent of blood? 2

0/24/206 Organic Molecules 6 electrons 6 protons arbon = building block of organic molecules arbon is unique

organic molecules arbon is unique Unstable: 2 nd level not full Will bond up to four times Monomer: Small

electrons in its outer layer? So what do atoms do when they are unstable?

dash = 2 electrons Problem: Drawing dot diagrams is time consuming. Try this instead!

3 0/24/206 Organic Molecules 6 electrons 6 protons arbon = building block of organic molecules arbon is unique Unstable: 2 nd level not full Will bond up to four times Organic Molecules arbon = building block of organic molecules arbon is unique Unstable: 2 nd level not full Will bond up to four times Monomer: Small carbon molecules Ex: Amino acid Polymer: chain of linked s Ex: Protein Polymer Is arbon stable with 4 electrons in its outer layer? So what do atoms do when they are unstable? Is ydrogen stable with electron in its layer? dash = 2 electrons Problem: Drawing dot diagrams is time consuming. Try this instead! The Same Thing dash = 2 electrons arbon creates 4 bonds to be stable ow many electrons? ow many electrons? ow many electrons? ow many electrons? ow many electrons? Single bonds Very complex Double bonds Triple bonds Ring structures Dash = 2 electrons 3

0/24/206 Glucose (monosaccharide) arbohydrates Readily available food source : 2 : O ratio Ex: Glucose = 6 2 O 6 Monomer:

(monosaccharide) arbohydrate Polymers: Polysaccharide glucose glucose glucose glucose Polysaccharides: Long chain of

ellulose: made by plants; used by plants to make cell walls Review ) ow many electrons does arbon have in the st energy level?

3) If a carbohydrate has 8 carbon atoms, how many oxygen and hydrogen atoms will it most likely contain?

6) Which polymer is stored by animals? 7) Which polymer is stored by plants?

Glycerol & Phosphate Tails = 2 Fatty acids Function: Make up the cell membrane Triglyceride: Structure (2 parts): ead = Glycerol

4 0/24/206 Glucose (monosaccharide) arbohydrates Readily available food source : 2 : O ratio Ex: Glucose = 6 2 O 6 Monomer: Monosaccharides Simple sugars Bond to form larger sugars Polymer: Polysaccharide omplex sugars Sucrose (Polysaccharide) Fructose (monosaccharide) arbohydrate Polymers: Polysaccharide glucose glucose glucose glucose Polysaccharides: Long chain of monosaccharides Ex: Starch: excess plant sugar converted & stored Ex: Glycogen: made by animals; stored in liver & muscles Ex: ellulose: made by plants; used by plants to make cell walls Review ) ow many electrons does arbon have in the st energy level? 2 nd energy level? 2) Which type of organic molecule is most commonly used as energy for cells? 3) If a carbohydrate has 8 carbon atoms, how many oxygen and hydrogen atoms will it most likely contain? 4) What are the s of carbohydrates called? 5) What are the polymers of carbohydrates called? 6) Which polymer is stored by animals? 7) Which polymer is stored by plants? Lipid Structure Fats, Oils, holesterol, Waxes Monomer: Fatty Acid Polymer: Lipid Phospholipid: Structure (3 parts): ead = Glycerol & Phosphate Tails = 2 Fatty acids Function: Make up the cell membrane Triglyceride: Structure (2 parts): ead = Glycerol Tails = 3 Fatty acids Function: Provide energy for cells, insulation holesterol: Gives cell membrane flexibility Glycerol molecule Saturated Fatty Acids Long chain of - bonds (all single bonds) Each is saturated with atoms ommon in animal fats Think ealth Alert! Solid at room temps; more likely to clog veins 4

0/24/206 Unsaturated Fatty Acids Saturated vs.

bonds makes the chain crooked Unsaturated: Less space for atoms ommon in plants Think

Liquid at room temps; Less likely to clog veins Normally, blood flows freely through a

RB RB RB Reduced circulation Blood clots igh blood pressure holesterol & saturated fats

b. Which part are the tails? ow many? 2) What are the 2 parts of a triglyceride called? a. Which part is the head?

5 0/24/206 Unsaturated Fatty Acids Saturated vs. Unsaturated hain with = bonds (double bonds) Double bonds prevents from attaching Double bonds makes the chain crooked Unsaturated: Less space for atoms ommon in plants Think ealth Alert! Liquid at room temps; Less likely to clog veins Normally, blood flows freely through a vein Too much saturated fats Blood vein Blood vein RB RB RB RB RB RB RB RB RB RB RB RB RB RB RB RB Reduced circulation Blood clots igh blood pressure holesterol & saturated fats holesterol levels Review Lipids ) What are the three parts of a phospholipid called? a. Which part is the head? b. Which part are the tails? ow many? 2) What are the 2 parts of a triglyceride called? a. Which part is the head? b. Which part are the tails? ow many? 3) ow do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ? 4) Which lipid gives cells their flexibility? 5) Why are saturated fats less healthy? 5

0/24/206 Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acid Basics ontain instructions to build proteins 2 types: DNA RNA omposed of smaller

Monomer of nucleic acid Nucleotides are made of three parts: A sugar Phosphate group Nitrogen base (either): Adenine

Discuss with your neighbor. ow many nucleotides are pictured? Six 2.

Nucleic acid Sugar deoxyribose (sugar) T 4. What are these individual s called?

What will these instructions be used to create?

6 0/24/206 Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acid Basics ontain instructions to build proteins 2 types: DNA RNA omposed of smaller units called nucleotides Monomer: Nucleotide Polymer: Nucleic acid Nucleotide Structure What is a nucleotide? Monomer of nucleic acid Nucleotides are made of three parts: A sugar Phosphate group Nitrogen base (either): Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), ytosine () A phosphate group nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base A G T min: Discuss with your neighbor. ow many nucleotides are pictured? Six 2. What is this long chain (polymer) of nucleotides called? 3. Name the blue shaped pentagon molecule. Nucleic acid Sugar deoxyribose (sugar) T 4. What are these individual s called? Nucleotides Nucleotides combine to make nucleic acids Instructions for cell to make proteins G 5. What will these instructions be used to create? Protein Deoxyribonucleic Acid Double elix: 2 chains of nucleotides Four nitrogen bases: Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine hargaff s Rules: A pairs with T pairs with G (can you predict the missing bases?) Stores the info needed to make a protein Gene: section of DNA that codes for a protein T A G

0/24/206 RNA Single chain of nucleotides RNA bases: Adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine Function: elp cells with the creation of proteins opies the DNA code Delivers code to ribosome to create protein

Nucleic acid Nucleotide Review ) Vocabulary: Monomer, Polymer, Nucleotide, Double helix, Nitrogen base 2) Name the of nucleic acids. 3) ow are the four nitrogen bases of DNA abbreviated? RNA?

7 0/24/206 RNA Single chain of nucleotides RNA bases: Adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine Function: elp cells with the creation of proteins opies the DNA code Delivers code to ribosome to create protein U U G A min: Discuss with your neighbor Monomer Polymer arbohydrates A? B? monosaccharide polysaccharide Proteins? Protein Lipids Amino acid D? Lipid Nucleic acids Fatty acid E? Nucleic acid Nucleotide Review ) Vocabulary: Monomer, Polymer, Nucleotide, Double helix, Nitrogen base 2) Name the of nucleic acids. 3) ow are the four nitrogen bases of DNA abbreviated? RNA? 4) Name the three parts to a nucleotide. 5) What does the phosphate molecule of a nucleotide bond with? 6) If the DNA nitrogen bases were TAGGAT, how would the attached DNA strand read? 7) ow are DNA and RNA different? Same? Proteins Protein Basics leucine valine glycine alanine leucine leucine valine leucine glycine alanine leucine leucine Amino acid () leucine valine glycine alanine leucine leucine histidine histidine asparagine asparagine = protein Used in variety of cellular functions Made of smaller amino acids Monomer: Amino acid Polymer: Protein Only 20 amino acids but thousands of proteins Exact arrangement of amino acids determines the protein serine proline = protein A serine proline = protein B. Amino Acid Structure 5 basic parts ) entral atom 2) Amino group (N 2 ) 3) 4) arboxyl group (OO) 5) R group Only 20 amino acids Each has different R group 7

0/24/206 Amino Acid Structure Amino Acid Structure Amino acid: Glycine R O N O 5 basic parts ) entral atom 2) Amino group (N 2 ) 3) 4) arboxyl group (OO) 5) R group Amino acid: Alanine R O N O 5

Structure R O O 5 basic parts ) entral atom 2) Amino group (N 2 ) 3) 4) arboxyl group (OO) 5) R group Only 20 amino acids What differs between these 6 amino acids?

8 0/24/206 Amino Acid Structure Amino Acid Structure Amino acid: Glycine R O N O 5 basic parts ) entral atom 2) Amino group (N 2 ) 3) 4) arboxyl group (OO) 5) R group Amino acid: Alanine R O N O 5 basic parts ) entral atom 2) Amino group (N 2 ) 3) 4) arboxyl group (OO) 5) R group Only 20 amino acids Only 20 amino acids Each has different R group Each has different R group N Amino Acid Structure R O O 5 basic parts ) entral atom 2) Amino group (N 2 ) 3) 4) arboxyl group (OO) 5) R group Only 20 amino acids What differs between these 6 amino acids? Amino acid: Valine Each has different R group Each R group is different Review ) What are the smaller s that make proteins called? 2) ow many different amino acids exist? 3) ow does each amino acid differ? 4) The N 2 part of the amino acid is called the group. 5) The OO part of the amino acid is called the group. 8

0/24/206 hemical Reactions Reactants Products hange substances into different ones by breaking and forming chemical bonds Reactants are

Products are the substances made by a chemical reaction Activation Energy: amount of energy needed to start a reaction ontrolled Settings

6 F an t raise body temp to start reactions Internal reactions would be too slow to sustain life without a catalyst Ex: Saliva Breaks down

Enzyme Structure Activation energy usually comes from an increase in temp Slow process atalyst: substance that decreases the activation

reaction and increases reaction rate Enzyme shape allows specific reactants to bind together Reactants = Substrate Ex: Amylase & starch:

9 0/24/206 hemical Reactions Reactants Products hange substances into different ones by breaking and forming chemical bonds Reactants are the substances changed during a chemical reaction. Products are the substances made by a chemical reaction Activation Energy: amount of energy needed to start a reaction ontrolled Settings uman body ~98.6 F an t raise body temp to start reactions Internal reactions would be too slow to sustain life without a catalyst Ex: Saliva Breaks down starch,000,000x faster with amylase ow Do Enzymes elp? Enzyme Structure Activation energy usually comes from an increase in temp Slow process atalyst: substance that decreases the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction Speeds up reaction Enzymes reduce energy needed (activation energy) to start a chemical reaction and increases reaction rate Enzyme shape allows specific reactants to bind together Reactants = Substrate Ex: Amylase & starch: Starch is the substrate because it binds to amylase Substrates bind to activation sites on the enzyme (key fitting into a lock) Once bonded to enzyme, substrates bonds weaken and break Substrates re-bond to each other and new product is formed Enzymes Enzyme amylase Another Enzyme Structure glucose glucose glucose glucose atalyst is reusable Type of protein so sensitive to p, temp, ionic conditions ex: If high fever: enzymes lose ability to work 9

10 0/24/206 Review ) ow do enzymes speed up chemical reactions? 2) What are the molecules called that react with enzymes? 3) Given the following chemical formula list the products and reactants: 6O O 6 6O O 4) What are the substances that are changed during a chemical reaction called? 5) What is another term for a catalyst? 6) Why can t the human body raise its temperature to allow chemical reactions to happen quicker? 0

Name: Date: Period: Biology Notes: Biochemistry Directions: Fill this out as we cover the following topics in class

Name: Date: Period: Biology Notes: Biochemistry Directions: Fill this out as we cover the following topics in class Part I. Water Water Basics Polar: part of a molecule is slightly, while another part