Scintillators Definitions - 1!
|
|
|
- Leo Walton
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Scintillators!
2 Scintillators Definitions - 1! Luminescence: Emission of photons (visible light, UV, X ray) after absorption of energy. Energy depostion in the material by! Light Photoluminescence! Heat Thermoluminescence! Sound Sonoluminescence! Electric energy Elektrolumineszenz! Mechanical deformation Triboluminescence! Chemical reactions Chemoluminescence! Living organism Bioluminescence! Scintillation: Emission of photons following the excitation of atoms and molecules by radiation (γ, or particle radiation).! Manfred Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 78!
3 Scintillators Definitions - 2! Fluorescence: emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or another electromagnetic radiation of a different wave length. In most cases the emitted light has a longer wavelength. The emission follows shortly after (appr. 10 ns).! Phosphorescence: Similar to Fluorescence, however the re-emission is not immediate. The transition between energy levels and the photon emission is delayed (ms up to hours).! Manfred Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 79!
4 Scintillating Materials and Applications! Scintillating materials:! Inorganic crystals! Organic crystals! Organic liquids! Plastic scintillators! Nobel gases (gaseous and liquid)! Scintillating glases! Various scintillators:! Applications in nuclear- and particle physics:! Trigger detectors for slow detectors (e.g. drift chambers)! Time of flight counters (TOF-Counter)! Calorimeters! Position detectors (scintillating fibres)! Detection and spectroscopy of thermal and fast neutrons! Neutrino detectors (liquid scintillators)! Manfred Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 80!
5 Scintillators Properties! Advantages:! Fast response time (especially organic scintillators, ~ ns)! Sensitive to deposited energy! Construction and operation simple cheap and reliable! Disadvantages:! In combination with the optical readout sensitive to magnetic fields (e.g. when using photo multipliers)! Aging (especially plastic scintillators)! Radiation damage (especially plastic scintillators)! Hygroscopic (especially inorganic crystals)! Low light output (especially gaseous scintillators)! Manfred Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 81!
6 Scintillators Light output! Only a few percent of the deposited energy is transferred into light. The remaining is used up by ionisation, etc.! Mean energy loss to create a photon:! Anthracen (C 14 H 10 ): ~ 60 ev! NaI:Tl:* ~ 25 ev! BGO (Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 ): ~ 300 ev! * Sodiom iodide doped! with Thallium! In addition photons are lost in the scintillator itself (re-absorption) and in the light guide.! Quantum efficiency of the photo detectors also only about 30%! Manfred Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 82!
7 Scintillators Material properties of some important scintillators! Material! Typ! Density [g/cm 3 ]]! max. emission λ [nm]! Light output [% Anthracen]! Decay time* [ns]! NaI:Tl! Inorgan. Cristal! 3.67! 413! 230! 230! CsI! Inorgan. Cristal! 4.51! 400! 500! 600! BGO (= Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 )! Inorgan. Cristal! 7.13! 480! 35 45! 350! PbWO 4! Inorgan. Cristal! 8.28! ! 2.5! 5 15! Anthracen! Organ. Cristal! 1.25! 440! 100! 30! trans-stilben! Organ. Cristal! 1.16! 410! 50! 4.5! p-terphenyl! t-pbd! PPO! In liquid solution, plastic! In liquid solution, plastic! In liquid solution, plastic!! 440! 58! 5!! 360!! 1.2!! 355!!?! *main component! at T = 77 K! C. Grupen, Teilchendetektoren, B.I. Wissenschaftsverlag, 1993;! W.R. Leo, Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments, Springer 1987! Manfred Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 83!
8 Inorganic Scintillators Overview! Different types of inorganic scintillators:! Inorganic crystals! Glasses! Noble gases (gaseous or liquid)! Scintillation mechanism is different for inorganic crystals, glasses and noble gases. The consequence are very different response times.!! inorganic crystals, glasses: rather slow (compared to organic crystals)!! noble gases: fast! Inorganic scintillators are relative radiation resistant.! In the following I discuss only inorganic crystals.! Manfred Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 84!
9 Inorganic Crystals Properties! Important inorganic crystals are:! NaI,CsI: as pure crystal or doped with Thallium ((NaI:Tl),(CsI:Tl))! BGO: Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12! GSO: Gadolinium silicate (Gd 2 SiO 5 ), usually doped with Cer! BaF 2, CeF 3, PbWO 4! Emitted light usuall at nm. (NaI: 303 nm, CsI:Tl : 580 nm)! Advantages:! High density, short radiation length! High light output : 100% 400% of Anthracen! relative radiation resistant: especially: CeF 3, GSO (bad: BGO)! Disadvantages:! Usually slower than organic Szintillatoren: Decay times a few hundred ns, Phosporescence. Exception: CsF 2 ~ 5 ns and PbWO 4 ~ 5 15 ns.! Some are hygroscopic: especially: NaI. BGO, PbWO 4,CeF3 are not hygroscopic.! Manfred Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 85!
10 Inorganic Crystals Scintillation mechanism! Inorganic crystals feature a band structure. The band gap between valance and conduction band is about 5-10 ev (Isolator).! Absorbed energy excites electrons to the conduction band.! Recombination causes the emission of a photon.! The transition probability is in increased by activator centres (add. discrete energy levels).! Electrons could also be bound as excitons (coupled e-hole pairs). De-excitation causes also the emission of photons.! Manfred Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 86!
11 Inorganic Crystals Emission spectra! Emission spectra of various inorganic crystals (right axis) and spectral sensitivity of two typical photo multipliers (left axis):! W.R. Leo, Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments, Springer, 1987! Manfred Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 87!
12 Inorganic Crystals Application! The light output of inorganic crystals is in good approximation linear to the energy deposited by high energy particles.! Inorganic crystals are perfect devices for homogeneous calorimeters (see chapter calorimeter).! Examples:! Electromagnetic calorimeter of L3: BGO crystals, short radiation length (1.11 cm), very sensitive to temperate (-1,5% variation per C)! Electromagnetic calorimeter of CMS:! PbWO4 crystals, also short radiation! length, fast and very radiation hard.! Manfred Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 88!
13 Organic Scintillators Overview! Different types of organic scintillators:! Organic crystals! Plastic scintillators! Organic liquids (not discussed further)! Organic scintillators are aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (containing benzene ring compounds)! The scintillation mechanism is due to the transition of electrons between molecular orbitals organic scintillators are fast ~ few ns.! Liquid- und Plastic scintillators are usually composed of 2 3 components:! Primary scintillator! Secondary scintillator as wave length shifting component (optional)! Supporting material! Organic crystals consist of only one component! Manfred Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 89!
14 Organic Scintillators Light output! The dependence of light output from energy deposition is usually not linear in organic scintillators.!!a high density of excited molecules along the particle track causes deexcitation without photon emission (quenching effect).!! Light output becomes saturated! Light output described by Birks law:! dl dx = A de dx 1 + K B de dx dl/dx!!light output per path length! de/dx!!energy loss per path length! A!!absolute scintillation efficiency! K B!!Birks constant! Typical values K B : g/(cm 2 MeV). Empirical value determined from data.! Manfred Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 90!
15 Organic Crystals Examples! Important organic scintillating crystals:! Naphtalen (C 10 H 8 )! Anthracen (C 14 H 10 )! trans-stilben (C 14 H 12 )! Advantages: Fast fluorescence: few ns (exeption: Anthracen ~ 30 ns)!!!mechanically strong (exeption: Stilben brittle)! Disadvantages: anisotropic light output: channeling effect in crystals!!!mechanically difficult to process.! e.g. Anthracen:! Absorption spectrum:! Emission spectrum:! generated with PhotoChemCAD! (H. Du, R. A. Fuh, J. Li, A. Corkan, J. S. Lindsey, Photochemistry and Photobiology,68, , (1998)).! Manfred Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 91!
16 Plastic Scintillators Overview! Plastic scintillators used in numerous applications in particle and nuclear physics.! Advantages:! Fast fluorescence: 3 ns! Any kind of shape possible! Easy to machine, cheap! Disadvantage:! Not very radiation resistant! The support structure is a polymere matrix containing a primary scintillator! matrix materials: Polyvinyltoluol, Polyphenylbenzol, Polystyrol, PMMA! Primary scintillators: p-terphenyl, PPO, t-pbd,! Wave length shifter: POPOP, BBQ,! Manfred Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 92!
17 Wave Length Shifter! Wave length shifter absorb photons of a certain wave length and re-emit photons at a different wave length (usually larger) to better match the scintillator light to the read out device.! Important wave length shifter materials:! POPOP (1,4-bis-[2-(5-Phenyloxazolyl)]-Benzen; C 24 H 16 N 2 O 2 )! bis-msb (1,4-bis(2-Methylstyryl)-Benzen; C 24 H 22 )! BBQ (Benzimidazo-Benzisochinolin-7-on)! Wave length shifter can be mixed into the scintilator or integrated into the light guide.! Manfred Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 93!
18 Wave Length Shifter Example POPOP Structure und Spectra! Chemical formula and structure of POPOP (1,4-bis-[2-(5-Phenyloxazolyl)] -Benzen; C 24 H 16 N 2 O 2 )! Spectra for absorbtion (left) and fluorescence emision (right)! POPOP (disolved in Cyclohexan).! Absorption spectrum:! Emission spectrum:! Excitation wave length: 300 nm! Quantum efficency: 0.93! generated with PhotoChemCAD! (H. Du, R. A. Fuh, J. Li, A. Corkan, J. S. Lindsey, Photochemistry and Photobiology,68, , (1998)).! Manfred Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 94!
19 Light Guides! Often scintillators cannot be directly coupled to the read out device for space constraints or magnetic fields. The shape of the scintillator also rarely matches the shape of the photo detector use light guides for coupling!! Light is guided by total reflexion (surfaces polished and with reflective coating)! However, density of photons cannot be compressed (Liouville Theorem)! The maximum light transferred is proportional to the ratio of surface cross sections of light guide output to input.! I out I in A out A in (A out A in ) A I in!!surface cross section!!!total light intensity! The shape of the light guide is irrelevant. Sharp kinks have to be avoided.! Manfred Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 95!
20 Light Guide Example! Light guide: flat top couples to scintillator, round bottom to photo detector.! Manfred Krammer! Adiabatic light guide:! CERN Microcosm Ausstellung, Photo: M. Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 96!
21 Photo detectors: Photomultiplier! Photons hitting the photo cathode release electrons (photoelectric effect). The electrons are accelerated towards the 1 st dynode and produce secondary emission. This process is repeated at each dynode and finally the largely amplified electrons reach the anode.! Quantum efficiency 10 30% depending on wave length, entry window material, photo cathode.! Advantages: high amplification gains ! Disadvantage: sensitive to magnetic fields! Manfred Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 97!
22 Photo Detectors: APD, SiPM! Avalanche Photo Diodes (APDs) are silicon devices operated in reverse bias mode in the breakdown regime (Geiger mode). A single photon is able to trigger an avalanche breakdown.! SiPM are matrices of APDs:! Al! Front contact! R quenchi ng! ARC! D. Renker, Nucl. Instr. Methods A 571 (2007) 1-6! p + silicon wafer! Back contact! -V bias! SiPM become more and more popular as replacement for standard photo multiplier.! Manfred Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 98!
23 Photo Detectors: APD, SiPM Photon detection efficiency! Quantum efficiency: comparision PMT, APD, SiPM! P. Buzhan et al., Nucl. Instr. Methods A 504 (2003) 48! Low SiPM QE due to geometrical (in)effeciency.! Manfred Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 99!
24 Photo Detectors: APD, SiPM Advantages! APDs (operated in Geiger mode)! can detect single photons!! High gain in the range of 10 5 to 10 7! Work at low bias voltage ~50 V! Low power consumption! Insensitive to magnetic fields! Radiation hard! Tolerant against accidental illumination! Cheap! P. Buzhan et al., Nucl. Instr. Methods A 504 (2003) 48! Manfred Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 100!
25 Photo Detectors: Hybrid Photon Detector (HPD)! Photoelectrons are accelerated in vacuum (20 kv) and detected with a silicon hybrid pixel detector.! S. Eisenhardt, Nucl. Instr. Methods A 565 (2006) 234! Manfred Krammer! IPM school, Tehran, May 21-23, 2011! 101!
Scintillators. Detectors for Particle Physics Thomas Bergauer Institute of High Energy Physics, Vienna, Austria
Scintillators Detectors for Particle Physics Thomas Bergauer Institute of High Energy Physics, Vienna, Austria 5 Scintillators Content 5.1 General Introduction 5.2 Inorganic Scintillators 5.2.1 Inorganic
Platinum resistance. also wirewound versions. eg
Platinum resistance Platinum resistance Very stable and reproducible, wide T range (~ -200 C to 1000 C) T coefficient ~ +0.4%/ C Bulky and expensive for some applications (~ 2-3) need wires (R) or local
Scintillators General Characteristics
Scintillators General Characteristics Principle: de/dx converted into visible light Detection via photosensor [e.g. photomultiplier, human eye ] Main Features: Sensitivity to energy Fast time response
Scintillation Detectors
Scintillation Detectors J.L. Tain Jose.Luis.Tain@ific.uv.es http://ific.uv.es/gamma/ Instituto de Física Corpuscular C.S.I.C - Univ. Valencia Scintillation detector: SCINTILLATION MATERIAL LIGHT-GUIDE
PHYS 3446 Lecture #12
PHYS 3446 Lecture #12 Wednesday, Oct. 18, 2006 Dr. 1. Particle Detection Ionization Detectors MWPC Scintillation Counters Time of Flight 1 Announcements Next LPCC Workshop Preparation work Each group to
Scintillation Detectors Particle Detection via Luminescence. Kolanoski, Wermes
Scintillation Detectors Particle Detection via Luminescence Kolanoski, Wermes Scintillators General Characteristics Principle: de/dx converted into visible light Detection via photosensor [e.g. photomultiplier,
Chapter 4 Scintillation Detectors
Med Phys 4RA3, 4RB3/6R03 Radioisotopes and Radiation Methodology 4-1 4.1. Basic principle of the scintillator Chapter 4 Scintillation Detectors Scintillator Light sensor Ionizing radiation Light (visible,
SCINTILLATION DETECTORS AND PM TUBES
SCINTILLATION DETECTORS AND PM TUBES General Characteristics Introduction Luminescence Light emission without heat generation Scintillation Luminescence by radiation Scintillation detector Radiation detector
Scintillation Detectors
Radiation Measurement Systems Scintillation Detectors Ho Kyung Kim Pusan National University Scintillation detector = scintillator + light sensor Scintillators Inorganic alkali halide crystals Best light
Inorganic scintillators. Geometries and readout
Topics of this lecture K K Inorganic scintillators Organic scintillators K Geometries and readout K Fiber tracking K Photo detectors Particle Detectors Christian Joram III/1 Scintillation Scintillation
EEE4106Z Radiation Interactions & Detection
EEE4106Z Radiation Interactions & Detection 2. Radiation Detection Dr. Steve Peterson 5.14 RW James Department of Physics University of Cape Town steve.peterson@uct.ac.za May 06, 2015 EEE4106Z :: Radiation
Lecture 16 Light transmission and optical detectors
Lecture 6 Light transmission and optical detectors Charged particle traversing through a material can generate signal in form of light via electromagnetic interactions with orbital electrons of the atoms
Scintillation detectors
25 de dx Scintillation detectors excitation L25.pdf P627 YK 3/14/2012 detectable photons also by UV, or molecular collisions, chem. reactions, bubbles. etc. Detector building requirements (sometimes controversial):
Week 6: Ch. 8 Scintillation Counters
Week 6: Ch. 8 cintillation Counters Proportional Counters Principles of cintillation Counters -- organic materials --- light production -- inorganic materials --- light production -- light output, collection
Introduction to scintillators
Introduction to scintillators M. Kobayashi (KEK) 17 November, 2003 1. Luminescence, fluorescence, scintillation, phosphorescence, etc. 2. Scintillation mechanism 3. Scintillation efficiency 4. Main characteristics
DETECTORS. I. Charged Particle Detectors
DETECTORS I. Charged Particle Detectors A. Scintillators B. Gas Detectors 1. Ionization Chambers 2. Proportional Counters 3. Avalanche detectors 4. Geiger-Muller counters 5. Spark detectors C. Solid State
05 - Scintillation detectors
05 - Scintillation detectors Jaroslav Adam Czech Technical University in Prague Version 2 Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 1 / 39 Scintillation detector principles
Scintillation Detectors Particle Detection via Luminescence
Scintillation Detectors Particle Detection via Luminescence Scintillators General Characteristics Principle: de/dx converted into visible light Detection via photosensor [e.g. photomultiplier, human eye...]
Energetic particles and their detection in situ (particle detectors) Part II. George Gloeckler
Energetic particles and their detection in situ (particle detectors) Part II George Gloeckler University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI University of Maryland, College Park, MD Simple particle detectors Gas-filled
Detector technology. Aim of this talk. Principle of a radiation detector. Interactions of gamma photons (gas) Gas-filled detectors: examples
Aim of this tal Detector technology WMIC Educational Program Nuclear Imaging World Molecular Imaging Congress, Dublin, Ireland, Sep 5-8, 202 You can now the name of a bird in all the languages of the world,
Inorganic Scintillators
Inorganic Scintillators Inorganic scintillators are inorganic materials (usually crystals) that emit light in response to ionizing radiation NaI is the protypical example Scintillation mechanism is different
hν' Φ e - Gamma spectroscopy - Prelab questions 1. What characteristics distinguish x-rays from gamma rays? Is either more intrinsically dangerous?
Gamma spectroscopy - Prelab questions 1. What characteristics distinguish x-rays from gamma rays? Is either more intrinsically dangerous? 2. Briefly discuss dead time in a detector. What factors are important
Radioactivity. Lecture 6 Detectors and Instrumentation
Radioactivity Lecture 6 Detectors and Instrumentation The human organs Neither humans nor animals have an organ for detecting radiation from radioactive decay! We can not hear it, smell it, feel it or
Seminar talks. Overall description of CLAS12 (Jefferson Lab) MAPS. Talks on Feb. 6 th, (Contact JR) (Contact TS)
Seminar talks Overall description of CLAS12 (Jefferson Lab) (Contact JR) MAPS (Contact TS) Talks on Feb. 6 th, 2015 Review old ionization detectors: Emulsion, Cloud chambers, Ionization chambers, Spark
Radiation Detector 2016/17 (SPA6309)
Radiation Detector 2016/17 (SPA6309) Semiconductor detectors (Leo, Chapter 10) 2017 Teppei Katori Semiconductor detectors are used in many situations, mostly for some kind of high precision measurement.
Lecture # 3. Muhammad Irfan Asghar National Centre for Physics. First School on LHC physics
Lecture # 3 Muhammad Irfan Asghar National Centre for Physics Introduction Gaseous detectors Greater mobility of electrons Obvious medium Charged particles detection Particle information easily transformed
Contents. Charged Particles. Coulomb Interactions Elastic Scattering. Coulomb Interactions - Inelastic Scattering. Bremsstrahlung
Contents Marcel MiGLiERiNi Nuclear Medicine, Radiology and Their Metrological Aspects. Radiation in Medicine. Dosimetry 4. Diagnostics & Therapy 5. Accelerators in Medicine 6. Therapy Planning 7. Nuclear
Radiation Detectors. How do we detect ionizing radiation? What are these effects? Types of Ionizing Radiation Detectors
Radiation Detectors 1 How do we detect ionizing radiation? Indirectly, by its effects as it traverses matter? What are these effects? Ionization and excitation of the atoms and molecules Heat 2 Types of
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE, VOL. 55, NO. 4, AUGUST /$ IEEE
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE, VOL. 55, NO. 4, AUGUST 2008 2425 Optical and Scintillation Properties of Inorganic Scintillators in High Energy Physics Rihua Mao, Member, IEEE, Liyuan Zhang, Member,
Radionuclide Imaging MII Detection of Nuclear Emission
Radionuclide Imaging MII 3073 Detection of Nuclear Emission Nuclear radiation detectors Detectors that are commonly used in nuclear medicine: 1. Gas-filled detectors 2. Scintillation detectors 3. Semiconductor
Lectures Overview. Particle Detectors Detectors
Lectures 12 Particle Detectors Dec 2006, Lecture 12 Nuclear Physics Lectures, Dr. Armin Reichold 1 11.1 Detectors For photons only 11.0 Overview Photomultiplier and APD For charged particles and photons
Chapter 6: Basic radiation detectors
Chapter 6: Basic radiation detectors Set of 60 slides based on the chapter authored by C.W.E. VAN EIJK Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands of the publication
Calorimetry I Electromagnetic Calorimeters
Calorimetry I Electromagnetic Calorimeters Introduction Calorimeter: Detector for energy measurement via total absorption of particles... Also: most calorimeters are position sensitive to measure energy
Unit 2. Instrumentation. Experts Teaching from Practical Experience
Unit 2 Instrumentation Experts Teaching from Practical Experience Gas-Filled Detectors Gas-filled detectors measure the charge released when radiation interacts with the gas Three types: Ion Chambers,
Particle Detectors A brief introduction with emphasis on high energy physics applications
Particle Detectors A brief introduction with emphasis on high energy physics applications TRIUMF Summer Institute 2006 July 10-21 2006 Lecture I measurement of ionization and position Lecture II scintillation
General Information. Individual Study Projects. Muon Lifetime Experiment. Today s Agenda. Wednesday: We have a few more slots to fill
General Information Individual Study Projects We have a few more slots to fill Muon Lifetime Experiment We can use the experiment until April 18 Monday, April 8 we will go over the setup and take a look
Part III. Interaction of Photons with Matter. Photon Absorption Length λ. Intensity Attenuation. Three effects are important: Scintillators
Part III Interaction of Photons with Matter Scintillators Photodetectors Cherenkov detectors Transition radiation detectors Calorimeters - shower development - electromagnetic calorimeters - hadronic calorimeters
PHOTODETECTORS AND SILICON PHOTO MULTIPLIER
ESE seminar Photodetectors - Sipm, P. Jarron - F. Powolny 1 PHOTODETECTORS AND SILICON PHOTO MULTIPLIER ESE seminar Pierre Jarron, Francois Powolny OUTLINE 2 Brief history and overview of photodetectors
7 Particle Identification. Detectors for Particle Physics Manfred Krammer Institute of High Energy Physics, Vienna, Austria
7 Particle Identification Detectors for Particle Physics Manfred Krammer Institute of High Energy Physics, Vienna, Austria 7.0 Content 7.1 Methods for Particle Identification 7.2 Mass of Charged Particles
Introduction to Radiation Monitoring
Introduction to Radiation Monitoring Iain Darby Honorary Research Fellow, University of Glasgow iain.darby@glasgow.ac.uk https://at.linkedin.com/in/idarby https://www.facebook.com/iain.darby.662 Outline
Scintillators 1. YEAR, I. CYCLE. AUTHOR: BPhys. Manja Ščetinec ADVISOR/MENTOR: Prof. Boštjan Golob
Scintillators SEMINAR 1. YEAR, I. CYCLE AUTHOR: BPhys. Manja Ščetinec ADVISOR/MENTOR: Prof. Boštjan Golob Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University in Ljubljana Ljubljana, October 2017 Abstract In
Experimental Particle Physics
Experimental Particle Physics Particle Interactions and Detectors Lecture 2 2nd May 2014 Fergus Wilson, RAL 1/31 How do we detect particles? Particle Types Charged (e - /K - /π - ) Photons (γ) Electromagnetic
Lectures Overview Detectors (for photons only, PMT) Particle Detectors Detectors For photons only. End of Lecture 11)
Lectures 11 Particle Detectors 1 For photons only 11.0 Overview Photomultiplier and APD For charged particles and photons Scintillators Gas-counters Semi-conductors (GeLi, Si) 11.2 Example analysis of
Nuclear Physics Laboratory. Gamma spectroscopy with scintillation detectors. M. Makek Faculty of Science Department of Physics
Nuclear Physics Laboratory Gamma spectroscopy with scintillation detectors M. Makek Faculty of Science Department of Physics Zagreb, 2015 1 1 Introduction The goal of this excercise is to familiarize with
Particle Detectors and Quantum Physics (2) Stefan Westerhoff Columbia University NYSPT Summer Institute 2002
Particle Detectors and Quantum Physics (2) Stefan Westerhoff Columbia University NYSPT Summer Institute 2002 More Quantum Physics We know now how to detect light (or photons) One possibility to detect
Chemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 19 Chapter 12. Chem 4631
Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 19 Chapter 12 There are three major techniques used for elemental analysis: Optical spectrometry Mass spectrometry X-ray spectrometry X-ray Techniques include:
Experimental Particle Physics
Experimental Particle Physics Particle Interactions and Detectors 20th February 2007 Fergus Wilson, RAL 1 How do we detect Particles? Particle Types Charged (e - /K - /π - ) Photons (γ) Electromagnetic
Scintillation and Light Sensitive Detectors - I. Mark Chen Queen s University
Scintillation and Light Sensitive Detectors - I Mark Chen Queen s University How Particles Produce Light charged particles can produce light in materials Čerenkov radiation scintillation in some materials
Particle Energy Loss in Matter
Particle Energy Loss in Matter Charged particles loose energy when passing through material via atomic excitation and ionization These are protons, pions, muons, The energy loss can be described for moderately
Scintillation Detector
Scintillation Detector Introduction The detection of ionizing radiation by the scintillation light produced in certain materials is one of the oldest techniques on record. In Geiger and Marsden s famous
Particle Detectors Tools of High Energy and Nuclear Physics Detection of Individual Elementary Particles
Particle Detectors Tools of High Energy and Nuclear Physics Detection of Individual Elementary Particles Howard Fenker Jefferson Lab May 31, 2006 Outline of Talk Interactions of Particles with Matter Atomic
Experimental Particle Physics
Experimental Particle Physics Particle Interactions and Detectors Lecture 2 17th February 2010 Fergus Wilson, RAL 1/31 How do we detect particles? Particle Types Charged (e - /K - /π - ) Photons (γ) Electromagnetic
Content. Introduction. Interaction of Radiation with Matter. Definitions Detectors for Ionizing Particles
Introduction Overview of detector systems Sources of radiation Radioactive decay Cosmic Radiation Accelerators Content Interaction of Radiation with Matter General principles Charged particles heavy charged
Gamma and X-Ray Detection
Gamma and X-Ray Detection DETECTOR OVERVIEW The kinds of detectors commonly used can be categorized as: a. Gas-filled Detectors b. Scintillation Detectors c. Semiconductor Detectors The choice of a particular
Large Size LYSO Crystals for Future High Energy Physics Experiments
Large Size LYSO Crystals for Future High Energy Physics Experiments Jianming Chen, Liyuan Zhang, Ren-Yuan Zhu California Institute of Technology October 18, 2004 IEEE NSS04, Rome 1 Scintillating Crystals
3 Gaseous Detectors. Detectors for Particle Physics Manfred Krammer Institute for High Energy Physics, Vienna, Austria
3 Gaseous Detectors Detectors for Particle Physics Manfred Krammer Institute for High Energy Physics, Vienna, Austria 3 Gaseous Detectors Content 3.1 Basic Principles 3.2 Diffusion and Drift 3.3 Amplification
Survey of the performance of scintillation materials at low temperatures
Survey of the performance of scintillation materials at low temperatures Biswas Sharma University of Tennessee, Knoxville 4/5/2017 Particle Physics and Astro-Cosmology Seminar 1 Motivation Versatility
Single Photon detectors
Single Photon detectors Outline Motivation for single photon detection Semiconductor; general knowledge and important background Photon detectors: internal and external photoeffect Properties of semiconductor
PoS(TIPP2014)033. Upgrade of MEG Liquid Xenon Calorimeter. Ryu SAWADA. ICEPP, the University of Tokyo
ICEPP, the University of Tokyo E-mail: sawada@icepp.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp The MEG experiment yielded the most stringent upper limit on the branching ratio of the flavorviolating muon decay µ + e + γ. A major
Interaction of particles in matter
Interaction of particles in matter Particle lifetime : N(t) = e -t/ Particles we detect ( > 10-10 s, c > 0.03m) Charged particles e ± (stable m=0.511 MeV) μ ± (c = 659m m=0.102 GeV) ± (c = 7.8m m=0.139
Radioactivity and Ionizing Radiation
Radioactivity and Ionizing Radiation QuarkNet summer workshop June 24-28, 2013 1 Recent History Most natural phenomena can be explained by a small number of simple rules. You can determine what these rules
Scintillation Detectors
Scintillation Detectors Introduction Components Scintillator Light Guides Photomultiplier Tubes Formalism/Electronics Timing Resolution Elton Smith JLab 2006 Detector/Computer Summer Lecture Series Experiment
Detector Design Studies For High Precision Particle Physics Experiment
Detector Design Studies For High Precision Particle Physics Experiment UTA-HEP-IF0001 May 11, 2013 Timothy Blake Watson High Energy Physics Group Department of Physics The University of Texas at Arlington
Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics
Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics PHY-30 Dr. E. Rizvi Lecture 4 - Detectors Binding Energy Nuclear mass MN less than sum of nucleon masses Shows nucleus is a bound (lower energy) state for this configuration
Scintillation Detectors
Scintillation Detectors Introduction Components Scintillator Light Guides Photomultiplier Tubes Formalism/Electronics Timing Resolution Elton Smith JLab 2009 Detecto Summer Lecture Series Experiment basics
CHAPTER 6. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands Radiation detectors complexity and relevance
CHAPTER 6 C.W.E. VAN EIJK Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands 6.1. INTRODUCTION 6.1.1. Radiation detectors complexity and relevance Radiation detectors are of
PARTICLES REVELATION THROUGH SCINTILLATION COUNTER
14-25 JUNE 2004 SUMMER STAGE PARTICLES REVELATION THROUGH SCINTILLATION COUNTER by Flavio Cavalli and Marcello De Vitis Liceo Scientifico Statale Farnesina Tutor: Marco Mirazita 1) COSMIC RAYS - The Muons
Crystals for the HHCAL Detector Concept Rihua Mao, Member, IEEE, Liyuan Zhang, Member, IEEE, and Ren-Yuan Zhu, Senior Member, IEEE
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE 1 Crystals for the HHCAL Detector Concept Rihua Mao, Member, IEEE, Liyuan Zhang, Member, IEEE, and Ren-Yuan Zhu, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract Crystal calorimeter has
Study of absorption and re-emission processes in a ternary liquid scintillation system *
CPC(HEP & NP), 2010, 34(11): 1724 1728 Chinese Physics C Vol. 34, No. 11, Nov., 2010 Study of absorption and re-emission processes in a ternary liquid scintillation system * XIAO Hua-Lin( ) 1;1) LI Xiao-Bo(
Synthesis of plastic scintillator. Ildefonso León Monzón Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa
Synthesis of plastic scintillator Ildefonso León Monzón Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa MUON BUNDLE triggered by plastic scintillator modules from ACORDE Plastic Scintillator how does it work? Excitation
Precision Crystal Calorimeters in High Energy Physics: Past, Present and Future
June 5, 2006 1 International Conference on Calorimetry in Particle Physics, Chicago, USA Precision Crystal Calorimeters in High Energy Physics: Past, Present and Future Ren-Yuan Zhu California Institute
IN the last decade, cerium doped silicate based heavy
Large Size LYSO Crystals for Future High Energy Physics Experiments Jiaming Chen, Liyuan Zhang Member, IEEE and Ren-yuan Zhu Senior Member, IEEE Abstract Because of high stopping power and fast bright
Radiation (Particle) Detection and Measurement
Radiation (Particle) Detection and Measurement Radiation detection implies that the radiation interacts (e.g. leaves at least part of its energy) in the material. A specific material is chosen, because
Because light behaves like a wave, we can describe it in one of two ways by its wavelength or by its frequency.
Light We can use different terms to describe light: Color Wavelength Frequency Light is composed of electromagnetic waves that travel through some medium. The properties of the medium determine how light
GLOSSARY OF BASIC RADIATION PROTECTION TERMINOLOGY
GLOSSARY OF BASIC RADIATION PROTECTION TERMINOLOGY ABSORBED DOSE: The amount of energy absorbed, as a result of radiation passing through a material, per unit mass of material. Measured in rads (1 rad
Photon Instrumentation. First Mexican Particle Accelerator School Guanajuato Oct 6, 2011
Photon Instrumentation First Mexican Particle Accelerator School Guanajuato Oct 6, 2011 Outline The Electromagnetic Spectrum Photon Detection Interaction of Photons with Matter Photoelectric Effect Compton
Radiation Dose, Biology & Risk
ENGG 167 MEDICAL IMAGING Lecture 2: Sept. 27 Radiation Dosimetry & Risk References: The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging, Bushberg et al, 2 nd ed. Radiation Detection and Measurement, Knoll, 2 nd Ed.
Chemistry 311: Instrumentation Analysis Topic 2: Atomic Spectroscopy. Chemistry 311: Instrumentation Analysis Topic 2: Atomic Spectroscopy
Topic 2b: X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Text: Chapter 12 Rouessac (1 week) 4.0 X-ray Fluorescence Download, read and understand EPA method 6010C ICP-OES Winter 2009 Page 1 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry Fundamental
08 - Miscellaneous and historical detectors
08 - Miscellaneous and historical detectors Jaroslav Adam Czech Technical University in Prague Version 2 Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_08, Miscellaneous and historical detectors Version 2 1 / 25 Streamer
Seminar. Large Area Single Photon Detectors
University of Ljubljana Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Department of Physics Seminar Large Area Single Photon Detectors Rok Dolenec Mentor: prof. dr. Peter Križan 3. February 2007 Abstract Today a
Reference literature. (See: CHEM 2470 notes, Module 8 Textbook 6th ed., Chapters )
September 17, 2018 Reference literature (See: CHEM 2470 notes, Module 8 Textbook 6th ed., Chapters 13-14 ) Reference.: https://slideplayer.com/slide/8354408/ Spectroscopy Usual Wavelength Type of Quantum
Photoelectron spectroscopy Instrumentation. Nanomaterials characterization 2
Photoelectron spectroscopy Instrumentation Nanomaterials characterization 2 RNDr. Věra V Vodičkov ková,, PhD. Photoelectron Spectroscopy general scheme Impact of X-ray emitted from source to the sample
Precision Crystal Calorimeters in High Energy Physics: Past, Present and Future
April 4, 2006 1 International Symposium on Detector Development, SLAC, USA Precision Crystal Calorimeters in High Energy Physics: Past, Present and Future Ren-Yuan Zhu California Institute of Technology
Notes for Nuclear Physics Laboratory
Notes for Nuclear Physics Lab - 1 - Notes for Nuclear Physics Laboratory Y. K. VIJAY and SARDAR SINGH Q. What are scintillations? Ans. Scintillations are flashes of light excited by absorption of nuclear
John Ellison University of California, Riverside. Quarknet 2008 at UCR
Cosmic Rays John Ellison University of California, Riverside Quarknet 2008 at UCR 1 What are Cosmic Rays? Particles accelerated in astrophysical sources incident on Earth s atmosphere Possible sources
"Neutron Flux Distribution"
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY DRESDEN Institute of Power Engineering Training Reactor Reactor Training Course Experiment "Neutron Flux Distribution" Instruction for Experiment Neutron Flux Distribution Content:
Detectors for the measurement of ionizing radiation
For the measurement of radiation, the following reactions during the irradiation of matter are predominantly utilized: Ionization in gases (Ionization chamber, proportional flow counter, release counter)
AIM AIM. Study of Rare Interactions. Discovery of New High Mass Particles. Energy 500GeV High precision Lots of events (high luminosity) Requirements
AIM AIM Discovery of New High Mass Particles Requirements Centre-of-Mass energy > 1000GeV High Coverage Study of Rare Interactions Requirements Energy 500GeV High precision Lots of events (high luminosity)
Factors Affecting Detector Performance Goals and Alternative Photo-detectors
XENON Experiment - SAGENAP Factors Affecting Detector Performance Goals and Alternative Photo-detectors Department of Physics Brown University Source at http://gaitskell.brown.edu Gaitskell Review WIMP
2.5 Physics of the Universe, Astrophysics, Nuclear Planetology Dark Matter and Double Beta Decay Study Planetary Nuclear
Contents 1 Scintillation and Inorganic Scintillators... 1 1.1 The Phenomenon of Scintillation... 1 1.1.1 What Is a Scintillator?... 1 1.2 Survey of Scintillation Mechanisms.... 7 1.3 Scintillation Radiating
Ionization Detectors. Mostly Gaseous Detectors
Ionization Detectors Mostly Gaseous Detectors Introduction Ionization detectors were the first electrical devices developed for radiation detection During the first half of the century: 3 basic types of
Energy Loss of Electrons. Detectors for Particle Physics Part III. Intensity Attenuation. Interaction of Photons with Matter
Detectors for Particle Physics Part III Interaction of electrons, photons and hadrons with matter Scintillators Photodetectors Cherenov Counters Transition radiation nergy Loss of lectrons In addition
Performance of high pressure Xe/TMA in GEMs for neutron and X-ray detection
Performance of high pressure Xe/TMA in GEMs for neutron and X-ray detection R. Kreuger, C. W. E. van Eijk, Member, IEEE, F. A. F. Fraga, M. M. Fraga, S. T. G. Fetal, R. W. Hollander, Member, IEEE, L. M.
2nd-Meeting. Ionization energy loss. Multiple Coulomb scattering (plural and single scattering, too) Tracking chambers
2nd-Meeting Ionization energy loss Multiple Coulomb scattering (plural and single scattering, too) Tracking chambers #2 -Particle Physics Experiments at High Energy Colliders John Hauptman, Kyungpook National
INORGANIC crystal scintillators are widely used in high
29 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record N32-5 Gamma Ray Induced Radiation Damage in and LSO/LYSO Crystals Rihua Mao, Member, IEEE, Liyuan Zhang, Member, IEEE, and Ren-Yuan Zhu, Senior Member,
Particle Energy Loss in Matter
Particle Energy Loss in Matter Charged particles, except electrons, loose energy when passing through material via atomic excitation and ionization These are protons, pions, muons, The energy loss can
Beam diagnostics: Alignment of the beam to prevent for activation. Accelerator physics: using these sensitive particle detectors.
Beam Loss Monitors When energetic beam particles penetrates matter, secondary particles are emitted: this can be e, γ, protons, neutrons, excited nuclei, fragmented nuclei... Spontaneous radiation and
Chemical Engineering 412
Chemical Engineering 412 Introductory Nuclear Engineering Lecture 26 Radiation Detection & Measurement II Spiritual Thought 2 I would not hold the position in the Church I hold today had I not followed
Chapter 6 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy
Chapter 6 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy Course Code: SSCP 4473 Course Name: Spectroscopy & Materials Analysis Sib Krishna Ghoshal (PhD) Advanced Optical Materials Research Group Physics Department, Faculty
Last Lecture 1) Silicon tracking detectors 2) Reconstructing track momenta
Last Lecture 1) Silicon tracking detectors 2) Reconstructing track momenta Today s Lecture: 1) Electromagnetic and hadronic showers 2) Calorimeter design Absorber Incident particle Detector Reconstructing