Non-proportionality of organic scintillators and BGO

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1 Winston-Salem June 4, 2007 Non-proportionality of organic scintillators and BGO A. Nassalski, M. Moszyński, A. Syntfeld-Każuch, Ł. Świderski, T. Szczęśniak. The Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, PL Świerk, Poland Antoni Nassalski

2 Motivations The non-proportionality of the light yield of scintillators appears to be the fundamental limitation of energy resolution [1]. A more profound studies of the non-proportional response of organic scintillators were performed in comparison to that of a BGO crystal [2]. The studies covered tests of: BC408 plastic, BC501A liquid scintillator, Anthracene organic crystal. We put the question whether we will observe the influence of much lower density of the organic scintillators on their nonproportionality?

3 Experimental Details Table I Main properties of the studied scintillators Scintillator BC408 BC501A Anthracene Light output 64% 78% 100% Peak emission [nm] Decay time [ns] Refr. Index Density [g/cm 3 ] Size [mm] φ40x50 φ50x50 φ50x25 Manufacturer St-Gobain St-Gobain Unknown PMT - Photonis XP5200 photomultiplier, Blue sensitivity of 13.3 µa/lmf, High quantum efficiency of 35% allows to observe: E γ, X < 122keV full energy peaks, E γ, > 122keV position of the Compton edges.

4 Results Cd 241 Am 10 5 CE 340 (511 kev) 22 Na 137 Cs Number of counts kev 59.9 kev 122 kev 57 Co Number of counts CE (662 kev) CE 1061 (1274 kev) Channel number Channel number The energy spectra recorded with the anthracene. Energy peak for 57 Co, well separated from Compton spectrum, photofraction ~ 1%.

5 C Number of counts kev CE (4438 kev) Amp MAX Amp C Amp 1/2 0 L MAX L C L 1/ Channel number The energy spectra recorded for the 238 Pu- 9 Be source, measured with the BC408 plastic. A typical broadened Compton spectrum: L max position of peak, L c true position of Compton edge, position of half-height of observed edge. L 1/2 The positions of Compton-edges were analyzed following the method described by Hawkes and Adams [3]. In the experiment L C was set as 0.66 of L MAX.

6 Table II Number of photoelectrons for MeV γ-rays. Crystal Size [mm³] N PHE/MeV BC408 φ40x ±200 BC501A φ50x ±90 Anthracene φ50x ±250 BGO φ9x4 1370±70 A factor two lower number for BC501A liquid scintillator than that of BC408 plastic. It is in contrary to the listed nominal light output given in Table I. It could be associated with: Scintillator Light output BC408 64% BC501A 78% Anthracene 100% aging effect in the BC501A, delivered about 10 years ago, scintillator diameter of φ50 mm, covers whole the photocathode of the 2 inches XP5200 PMT edge effects.

7 Non-proportionality BC408 BC501A Anthracene BGO Anthracene Energy [kev] Energy [kev] The non-proportionality curves, light yield relative to energy. 0.6 The measurements pointed out a much larger range of energies presenting non-proportional response compared to that known for inorganic scintillators [1]. BGO light yield saturates above 100 kev, while that of anthracene above 500keV. BC408 and BC501A scintillators present non-proportional character up to 4 MeV.

8 Absolut light output [phe] Anthracene BC408 BC501A BGO Anthracene crystal, scintillation response to electrons, protons and α-particles [4]. experimental data. theoretical curves following Birks [4] Energy [kev] Absolut light output as a function of the photon energy of the studied scintillators. Error bars are within point size. All the tested scintillators, appear to have a linear character of the light output dependence on γ-ray (electron) energy. It confirms non-proportionality and linearity discus by J. Valentine and P. Dorembos in More on the scintillation response of NaI(Tl). The measured characteristics of the non-proportionality do not differ of the old data collected in the past for organic scintillators.

9 Conclusions The study showed a much larger non-proportionality of the light yield of organic scintillators than that known for the inorganic crystals. The light yield of inorganic scintillators saturates at energies above 100 kev. In case of anthracene the non-proportional response is observed up to about 500 kev, while for the BC408 plastic and the BC501A liquid scintillators, the non-proportional character is measured up to 4 MeV energy lost by gamma quanta. The observed effect can be related to a strong quenching of the light for charged particles in organic scintillators [5], which is much larger than that observed in inorganic scintillators [6]. The larger non-proportionality found for BC408 plastic and BC501A liquid scintillators in comparison to anthracene suggests that the non-proportionality is also affected by the energy transfer process in organic scintillators.

10 Thank you References [1] M. Moszyński, Energy resolution of scintillation detectors, SPIE Proceedings, Vol. 5922, [2] M. Moszyński, M. Balcerzyk, W. Czarnacki, M. Kapusta, W. Klamra, A. Syntfeld, and M. Szawlowski, Intrinsic energy resolution and light yield nonproportionality of BGO, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 51, no. 3, pp , June [3] N. P. Hawkes, J. M. Adams, D.S. Bond, S Croft, O.N. Jarvis, N. Watkins, Measurements of the proton light output function of the organic liquid scintillator NE213 in several detectors, Nul. Instrum. Methods, vol. A 476, pp , [4] J. B. Birks, The theory and practice of scintillation counting, [5] J.B. Czirr, The α/β ratio of several organic scintillators, Nucl. Instrum. Meth., vol. 25, pp , Jan [6] E.V. Sysoeva, V.A. Tarasov, O.V. Zelenskaya, V.A. Sulyga, The study of α/γ ratio for inorganic scintillation detectors, Nucl. Instrum. Meth., vol. A414, no. 2-3, pp , Sept Non-proportionality of organic scintillators and BGO A. Nassalski, M. Moszyński, A. Syntfeld-Każuch, Ł. Świderski, T. Szczęśniak Submited to IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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