Scale, structure and behaviour

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Scale, structure and behaviour"

Transcription

1 Scale, structure and behaviour Lecture 2 MTX9100 Nanomaterjalid OUTLINE -How are crystals structured? -Why and how does nanoworld differ from the world we live in? -When does size matter?

2 What is the smallest particle in matter?

3 What are things made of? Everything is made of atoms. In the Bohr atomic model, there is a nucleus consisting of protons with a positive charge and a mass of kg; and neutrons with no charge but with the same mass as the protons. The nucleus is surrounded by electrons with a negative charge and a mass of kg that revolve around the nucleus in discrete orbits.

4 What is particular about electrons? (1) the number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom depends on the number of protons in the nucleus, (2) an electron will enter the orbital possessing the least possible energy, and (3) only two electrons can fit into any one of the energy states.

5 How do atoms bond together?

6 Energy of bonding

7 Ionic bonding Occurs between strongly electronegative and strongly electropositive atoms Electron(s) are transferred from electropostive atom to electronegative atom, thereby forming a cation (positively charged) and an anion (negatively charged)

8 Covalent bonding Atoms form stable electron structures, i.e. those of inert gases, by sharing of electrons with other atoms F2, Cl2, Group VII diatomic molecules Resulting bonds are strongly directional

9 Metal bonding Valence electrons ( in outer shell) leave atoms and form a sea of free electrons Positively charged ion cores are shielded from one another by the free electrons Free electron acts as the glue that hold positive cores together Non-directional High thermal and electrical conductivity

10 Van der Waals bonding Isolated Ar atom Due to statistical nature of electron motion, occasionally the center of negative charge is spatially different than the center of positive charge => temporary dipole Secondary bond Dipole moment produced by instantaneousasymme try of electron charge distribution Coulombic attraction occurs between positive end of one dipole and negatively charged end of another

11 Hydrogen bonding

12 Atomic interactions

13 Interatomic interactions energy

14 Interatomic forces

15 Energy Force

16 Crystal structure In solids, atoms are often arranged on a periodic lattice, forming 3D crystals with many atoms

17 Crystal structures of metals

18 Compounds structure

19 Materials Packing

20 Energy and packing

21 Polycrystalline structure Three-dimensional structures or bulk materials with a nanometer-sized microstructure are assembled of nanometer-sized building blocks or grains that are mostly crystallites.

22 Engineering materials There are currently over 50,000 engineering materials! Schematic classification of nano materials: (a) three dimensional structures; (b) two dimensional; (c) one dimensional; and (d) zero dimensional structures.

23 Classes of materials Metallic materials (consist principally of one or more metallic elements, although in some cases small additions of nonmetallic elements are present; When a particular metallic element dissolves well in one or more additional elements, the mixture is called a metallic alloy. Ceramic materials (are composed of at least two different elements). Polymeric materials (consist of long molecules composed of manyorganic molecule units) Composites (are formed of two or more materials with verydistinctive properties, which act synergistically to create propertiesthat cannot be achieved by each single material alone) Electronic materials Biomaterials Nanomaterials

24 Metals Characteristics: High electrical and thermal conductivity Ductile/malleable Moderate to high strength Atoms arranged on periodic lattice, i.e. crystalline

25 Ceramics and polymers Stoichiometric compounds made of electropositive (metallic) and electronegative (nonmetallic) elements Examples: Al2O3, SiC, ZrO2, WC Characteristics: Low electrical and thermal conductivity High melting point Very hard Brittle (flaw-sensitive) Made of long molecules, with very strong intramolecular bonds but weak intermolecular bonds. Examples: Polyethylene (PE), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA, aka acrylic or plexiglass), polystyrene (PS), polyvinylchloride (PVC), epoxy, elastomers Characteristics: Low electrical and thermal conductivity Low melting point Relatively weak (compared to metals and ceramics)

26 Composites Composite materials are made of two or more distinct phases, often from dissimilar material categories, e.g. polymer + ceramic, metal + ceramic Examples: Glass fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRP), carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP), WC/Co ( cermets ), C/C, nanotube reinforced composites Characteristics: Properties usually intermediate to those of the constituents

27 Scale changes everything There are enormous scale differences in our universe! At different scales Different forces dominate Different models better explain phenomena Four important ways in which nanoscale Four important ways in which nanoscale materials may differ from macroscale materials Gravitational forces become negligible and electromagnetic forces dominate Quantum mechanics is the model used to describe motion and energy instead of the classical mechanics model Greater surface area to volume ratios Random molecular motion becomes more important

28 Dominance of electromagnetic forces Because the mass of nanoscale objects is so small, gravity becomes negligible Gravitational force is a function of mass and distance and is weak between (low-mass) nanosized particles Electromagnetic force is a function of charge and distance is not affected by mass, so it can be very strong even when we have nanosized particles The electromagnetic force between two protons is times stronger than the gravitational force! Sources:

29 Quantum Effects Large ZnO particles Block UV light Scatter visible light Appear white Nanosized ZnO particles Block UV light So small compared to the wavelength of visible light that they don t scatter it Appear clear The following are among the most important things that quantum mechanical models can describe (but classical models cannot): Discreteness of energy The wave-particle duality of light and matter Quantum tunneling Uncertainty of measurement Sources: owders.com/images/zno/im_zinc_oxide_particles.jpg ;

30 Discreteness of energy It is the fact that electrons can only exist at discrete energy levels that prevents them from spiraling into the nucleus, as classical models predict. This quantization of energy, along with some other atomic properties that are quantized, give quantum mechanics its name. In 1901, Max Planck published an analysis that succeeded in reproducing the observed spectrum of light emitted by a glowing object. To accomplish this, Planck had to make an ad hoc mathematical assumption of quantized energy of the oscillators (atoms of the blackbody) that emit radiation. It was Einstein who later proposed that it is the electromagnetic radiation itself that is quantized, and not the energy of radiating atoms. In 1905, Albert Einstein provided an explanation of the photoelectric effect, a hitherto troubling experiment that the wave theory of light seemed incapable of explaining. He did so by postulating the existence of photons, quanta of light energy with particulate qualities.

31 Extended internal surface Surface to Volume Ratio Increases Since reactions occur at the interface of two substances, when a large percentage of the particles are located on the surface, we get maximum exposed surface area, which means maximum reactivity! So nanosized groups of particles can make great catalysts.

32 Random molecular motion is significant Tiny particles (like dust) move about randomly At the macroscale, we barely see movement, or why it moves At the nanoscale, the particle is moving wildly, batted about by smaller particles Analogy Imagine a huge (10 meter) balloon being batted about by the crowd in a stadium. From an airplane, you barely see movement or people hitting it; close up you see the balloon moving wildly. At the nanoscale, these motions can be on the same scale as the size of the particles and thus have an important influence on how particles behave.

1.1 The Fundamental Chemistry of life

1.1 The Fundamental Chemistry of life 1.1 The Fundamental Chemistry of life Matter makes up everything in the universe, including all living organisms. Matter is composed of elements, a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler

More information

Bonding forces and energies Primary interatomic bonds Secondary bonding Molecules

Bonding forces and energies Primary interatomic bonds Secondary bonding Molecules Chapter 2. Atomic structure and interatomic bonding 2.1. Atomic structure 2.1.1.Fundamental concepts 2.1.2. Electrons in atoms 2.1.3. The periodic table 2.2. Atomic bonding in solids 2.2.1. Bonding forces

More information

Primary bonding: e- are transferred or shared Strong ( KJ/mol or 1-10 ev/atom) Secondary Bonding: no e -

Primary bonding: e- are transferred or shared Strong ( KJ/mol or 1-10 ev/atom) Secondary Bonding: no e - Types of Bondings Primary bonding: e- are transferred or shared Strong (100-1000 KJ/mol or 1-10 ev/atom) Ionic: Strong Coulomb interaction among negative atoms (have an extra electron each) and positive

More information

ATOMIC BONDING Atomic Bonding

ATOMIC BONDING Atomic Bonding ATOMIC BONDING Atomic Bonding Primary Bonds Secondary Bonds Ionic Covalent Metallic van der Waals 1. IONIC BONDING q 11 Na & 17 Cl These two ions are attracted to eachother by the electrostatic force developed

More information

Atomic Structure & Interatomic Bonding

Atomic Structure & Interatomic Bonding Atomic Structure & Interatomic Bonding Chapter Outline Review of Atomic Structure Atomic Bonding Atomic Structure Atoms are the smallest structural units of all solids, liquids & gases. Atom: The smallest

More information

Atomic Structure. Atomic weight = m protons + m neutrons Atomic number (Z) = # of protons Isotope corresponds to # of neutrons

Atomic Structure. Atomic weight = m protons + m neutrons Atomic number (Z) = # of protons Isotope corresponds to # of neutrons Atomic Structure Neutrons: neutral Protons: positive charge (1.6x10 19 C, 1.67x10 27 kg) Electrons: negative charge (1.6x10 19 C, 9.11x10 31 kg) Atomic weight = m protons + m neutrons Atomic number (Z)

More information

Lecture 2: Atom and Bonding Semester /2013

Lecture 2: Atom and Bonding Semester /2013 EMT 110 Engineering Materials Lecture 2: Atom and Bonding Semester 1 2012/2013 Atomic Structure Fundamental Concept Atoms are the structural unit of all engineering materials! Each atoms consist of nucleus

More information

Chapter 2: Atomic structure and interatomic bonding. Chapter 2: Atomic structure and interatomic bonding

Chapter 2: Atomic structure and interatomic bonding. Chapter 2: Atomic structure and interatomic bonding Chapter 2: Atomic structure and interatomic bonding Fundamental concepts Electrons in atoms Periodic table Bonding forces and energies Chapter 2: Atomic structure and interatomic bonding Fundamental concepts

More information

Different states of a substance are different physical ways of packing its component particles:

Different states of a substance are different physical ways of packing its component particles: CHEM1011 Lecture 1 6 th March 2018 States of matter Different states of a substance are different physical ways of packing its component particles: solid (closely packed together and organized), liquid

More information

Electrons and Molecular Forces

Electrons and Molecular Forces Electrons and Molecular Forces Chemistry 30 Ms. Hayduk Electron Configuration Atomic Structure Atomic Number Number of protons in the nucleus Defines the element Used to organize the periodic table 1 Bohr

More information

ENGR 151: Materials of Engineering LECTURE #2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND ATOMIC BONDING

ENGR 151: Materials of Engineering LECTURE #2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND ATOMIC BONDING ENGR 151: Materials of Engineering LECTURE #2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND ATOMIC BONDING CHAPTER 1: INTRO Four components of MS field Processing, Structure, Properties, Performance Example: Aluminum Oxide different

More information

Stone Age (40,000 to 100,000 yrs ago): Stone tools, clay pots, skin

Stone Age (40,000 to 100,000 yrs ago): Stone tools, clay pots, skin UTM UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA COURSE LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduce the field of Materials Science and Engineering 1. INTRODUCTION & ATOMIC STRUCTURE Provide introduction to the classification of materials

More information

Chapter 2: Atomic Structure

Chapter 2: Atomic Structure Chapter 2: Atomic Structure Atom: Nucleus: protons and neutrons (neutral in charge) Electrons Electrons and protons are charged: e=1.6x10-19 Mass of protons and neutrons = 1.67x10-27 kg Mass of electron

More information

Atoms to Minerals CH 5.1

Atoms to Minerals CH 5.1 Atoms to Minerals CH 5.1 Objectives Identify the characteristics of matter Compare the particles that make up atoms of elements Describe the three types of chemical bonds Identify the characteristics of

More information

CHAPTER 1 Atoms and bonding. Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding van der Waals bonding

CHAPTER 1 Atoms and bonding. Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding van der Waals bonding CHAPTER 1 Atoms and bonding The periodic table Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding van der Waals bonding Atoms and bonding In order to understand the physics of semiconductor (s/c) devices,

More information

CHAPTER 2. Atomic Structure And Bonding 2-1

CHAPTER 2. Atomic Structure And Bonding 2-1 CHAPTER 2 Atomic Structure And Bonding 2-1 Structure of Atoms ATOM Basic Unit of an Element Diameter : 10 10 m. Neutrally Charged Nucleus Diameter : 10 14 m Accounts for almost all mass Positive Charge

More information

CHAPTER 2: BONDING AND PROPERTIES

CHAPTER 2: BONDING AND PROPERTIES CHAPTER 2: BONDING AND PROPERTIES ISSUES TO ADDRESS... What promotes bonding? What types of bonds are there? What properties are inferred from bonding? Chapter 2-1 Atomic Structure (Freshman Chem.) atom

More information

Ionic Bonding. Example: Atomic Radius: Na (r = 0.192nm) Cl (r = 0.099nm) Ionic Radius : Na (r = 0.095nm) Cl (r = 0.181nm)

Ionic Bonding. Example: Atomic Radius: Na (r = 0.192nm) Cl (r = 0.099nm) Ionic Radius : Na (r = 0.095nm) Cl (r = 0.181nm) Ionic Bonding Ion: an atom or molecule that gains or loses electrons (acquires an electrical charge). Atoms form cations (+charge), when they lose electrons, or anions (- charge), when they gain electrons.

More information

ENGINEERING MATERIALS SCIENCE (ME 370)

ENGINEERING MATERIALS SCIENCE (ME 370) ENGINEERING MATERIALS SCIENCE (ME 370) Chapter 1 Why Materials? Well, everything that surrounds us is made of some type of materials. After all, we live in a Materialistic Society. This synonym with Capitalistic

More information

-Atomic Bonding in Solids

-Atomic Bonding in Solids -Atomic Bonding in Solids Three different types of primary or chemical bond are found in solids ionic, covalent, and metallic. For each type, the bonding necessarily involves the valence electrons; furthermore,

More information

4/4/2013. Covalent Bonds a bond that results in the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms.

4/4/2013. Covalent Bonds a bond that results in the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms. A chemical bond is a mutual electrical attraction between the nucleus and valence electrons of different atoms that binds the atoms together. Why bond? As independent particles, atoms have a high potential

More information

Critical Temperature - the temperature above which the liquid state of a substance no longer exists regardless of the pressure.

Critical Temperature - the temperature above which the liquid state of a substance no longer exists regardless of the pressure. Critical Temperature - the temperature above which the liquid state of a substance no longer exists regardless of the pressure. Critical Pressure - the vapor pressure at the critical temperature. Properties

More information

Structure-Property Correlation [2] Atomic bonding and material properties

Structure-Property Correlation [2] Atomic bonding and material properties MME 297: Lecture 05 Structure-Property Correlation [2] Atomic bonding and material properties Dr. A. K. M. Bazlur Rashid Professor, Department of MME BUET, Dhaka Topics to discuss today... Review of atomic

More information

Physical Chemistry - Problem Drill 01: Chemistry and Physics Review

Physical Chemistry - Problem Drill 01: Chemistry and Physics Review Physical Chemistry - Problem Drill 01: Chemistry and Physics Review No. 1 of 10 1. Chemical bonds are considered to be the interaction of their electronic structures of bonding atoms involved, with the

More information

AIIMS,CBSE,AIPMT, AFMC,Bio.Tech & PMT, Contact : , Mail at :- by AKB

AIIMS,CBSE,AIPMT, AFMC,Bio.Tech & PMT, Contact : , Mail at :- by AKB 1 Splitting of spectral lines when atoms are subjected to strong electric field is called (a) Zeeman effect (b) Stark effect (c) Photoelectric effect (d) Compton effect 2 The velocity of photon is (a)

More information

Chapter 2 Chemistry. The World of Elements. Why are we studying chemistry? Models of atoms. The Basics. Atomic structure determines behavior

Chapter 2 Chemistry. The World of Elements. Why are we studying chemistry? Models of atoms. The Basics. Atomic structure determines behavior Chapter 2 Chemistry The World of Elements What? You thought you were all done with the Periodic Table? NEVER! Why are we studying chemistry? Biology has chemistry at its foundation Models of atoms Yeah,

More information

Atomic Bonding and Materials Properties

Atomic Bonding and Materials Properties MME131: Lecture 5 Atomic Bonding and Materials Properties A. K. M. B. Rashid Professor, Department of MME BUET, Dhaka Today s Topics What promote bonding? Classification and characteristics of atomic bond

More information

Elementary Materials Science Concepts - Interatomic Bonding. Interatomic Bonding

Elementary Materials Science Concepts - Interatomic Bonding. Interatomic Bonding Atomic Bonding in Solids Elementary Materials Science Concepts - Additional Information: See: Chapter 2 Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction, William D. Callister, Jr. 6th Ed or 7th Ed (Wiley,

More information

Ch(3)Matter & Change. John Dalton

Ch(3)Matter & Change. John Dalton Ch(3)Matter & Change John Dalton What is Matter? Matter is anything that contains mass & volume (takes up space) Energy, such as light, heat, and sound, is NOT matter. The Particle Theory of Matter 1.

More information

Materials Science and Engineering I

Materials Science and Engineering I Materials Science and Engineering I Chapter Outline Review of Atomic Structure Electrons, Protons, Neutrons, Quantum number of atoms, Electron states, The Periodic Table Atomic Bonding in Solids Bonding

More information

Chapter 6. Chemical Bonding

Chapter 6. Chemical Bonding Chapter 6 Chemical Bonding Section 6.1 Intro to Chemical Bonding 6.1 Objectives Define chemical bond. Explain why most atoms form chemical bonds. Describe ionic and covalent bonding. Explain why most chemical

More information

ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND BONDING. IE-114 Materials Science and General Chemistry Lecture-2

ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND BONDING. IE-114 Materials Science and General Chemistry Lecture-2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND BONDING IE-114 Materials Science and General Chemistry Lecture-2 Outline Atomic Structure (Fundamental concepts, Atomic models (Bohr and Wave-Mechanical Atomic Model), Electron configurations)

More information

BIOLOGY 101. CHAPTERS 1 and 2: Introduction, and The Chemical Context of Life:

BIOLOGY 101. CHAPTERS 1 and 2: Introduction, and The Chemical Context of Life: BIOLOGY 101 CHAPTERS 1 and 2: Introduction, and The Chemical Context of Life: BIOLOGY 101 CHAPTER 1: Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life Natural Selection and change: Focus What is science, and what

More information

Everything starts with atomic structure and bonding

Everything starts with atomic structure and bonding Everything starts with atomic structure and bonding not all energy values can be possessed by electrons; e- have discrete energy values we call energy levels or states. The energy values are quantized

More information

10/4/2011. Tells you the number of protons

10/4/2011. Tells you the number of protons Atomic Structure The arrangement of the subatomic particles within the atom determines the chemical properties of the elements How they interact with one another The types of ions and structures that they

More information

Chapter 2: Atomic structure and interatomic bonding

Chapter 2: Atomic structure and interatomic bonding Chapter 2: Atomic structure and interatomic bonding Fundamental concepts Electrons in atoms Periodic table Bonding forces and energies Chapter 2 - Chapter 2: Atomic structure and interatomic bonding Fundamental

More information

CHEMICAL BONDING [No one wants to be alone] The Marrying of Atoms (AIM)

CHEMICAL BONDING [No one wants to be alone] The Marrying of Atoms (AIM) CHEMICAL BONDING [No one wants to be alone] The Marrying of Atoms (AIM) Associate Degree in Engineering Prepared by M. J. McNeil, MPhil. Department of Pure and Applied Sciences Portmore Community College

More information

Molecules, Compounds and Mixtures. Crystallized Alexa Fluor organic fluorescent dye compound. Image was taken with 10x objective with a TRITC filter.

Molecules, Compounds and Mixtures. Crystallized Alexa Fluor organic fluorescent dye compound. Image was taken with 10x objective with a TRITC filter. Molecules, Compounds and Mixtures Crystallized Alexa Fluor organic fluorescent dye compound. Image was taken with 10x objective with a TRITC filter. Objectives Name the two atomic models cited in the chapter

More information

Chemistry 2 nd 6 Weeks

Chemistry 2 nd 6 Weeks NAME OF UNIT UNIT II ESTIMATED # OF DAYS 2 nd 6 Weeks_ Weeks 1 Weeks 2-3 Weeks 4-5 Components Unit Name IIA: Nuclear Chemistry IIB: Light, Energy, and Periodic Trends IIC: Bonding Short Descriptive Overview

More information

The Chemical Basis of Life

The Chemical Basis of Life The Chemical Basis of Life Chapter 2 Objectives Identify the four elements that make up 96% of living matter. Distinguish between the following pairs of terms: neutron and proton, atomic number and mass

More information

AP Biology. Why are we studying chemistry? Chapter 2. The Chemical Context of Life. The Basics. The World of Elements.

AP Biology. Why are we studying chemistry? Chapter 2. The Chemical Context of Life. The Basics. The World of Elements. Chapter 2. The Chemical Context of Life Why are we studying chemistry? Biology has chemistry at its foundation The Basics The World of Elements Everything is made of matter Matter is made of atoms Atoms

More information

NCSD HIGH SCHOOL CHEMISTRY SCOPE AND SEQUENCE

NCSD HIGH SCHOOL CHEMISTRY SCOPE AND SEQUENCE UNIT Atomic Structure & Properties Periodic Table Bonding Chemical Reactions Moles / Stoichiometry Acids and Bases 15 Days 11 Days 16 Days 16 Days 26 Days 9 Days S T A N D A R D S H.1P.1 Explain how atomic

More information

Chapter Outline Understanding of interatomic bonding is the first step towards understanding/explaining materials properties Review of Atomic

Chapter Outline Understanding of interatomic bonding is the first step towards understanding/explaining materials properties Review of Atomic Chapter Outline Understanding of interatomic bonding is the first step towards understanding/explaining materials properties Review of Atomic Structure: Electrons, Protons, Neutrons, Quantum mechanics

More information

CHAPTER 2 INTERATOMIC FORCES. atoms together in a solid?

CHAPTER 2 INTERATOMIC FORCES. atoms together in a solid? CHAPTER 2 INTERATOMIC FORCES What kind of force holds the atoms together in a solid? Interatomic Binding All of the mechanisms which cause bonding between the atoms derive from electrostatic interaction

More information

Chapter 10. Liquids and Solids

Chapter 10. Liquids and Solids Chapter 10 Liquids and Solids Chapter 10 Table of Contents 10.1 Intermolecular Forces 10.2 The Liquid State 10.3 An Introduction to Structures and Types of Solids 10.4 Structure and Bonding in Metals 10.5

More information

Chapter Test B. Chapter: Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms. possible angular momentum quantum numbers? energy level? a. 4 b. 8 c. 16 d.

Chapter Test B. Chapter: Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms. possible angular momentum quantum numbers? energy level? a. 4 b. 8 c. 16 d. Assessment Chapter Test B Chapter: Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms PART I In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question

More information

Course Goals for CHEM150

Course Goals for CHEM150 Course Goals for CHEM150 Students will use their understanding of electrostatics and Coulomb's Law to predict changes in potential energy for a given atomic/molecular system. Students will use their understanding

More information

Ionic Bonds. H He: ... Li Be B C :N :O :F: :Ne:

Ionic Bonds. H He: ... Li Be B C :N :O :F: :Ne: Ionic Bonds Valence electrons - the electrons in the highest occupied energy level - always electrons in the s and p orbitals - maximum of 8 valence electrons - elements in the same group have the same

More information

CHEMICAL BONDING SUTHERLAND HIGH SCHOOL GRADE 10 PHYSICAL SCIENCE TB. 103 K. FALING EDITED: R. BASSON

CHEMICAL BONDING SUTHERLAND HIGH SCHOOL GRADE 10 PHYSICAL SCIENCE TB. 103 K. FALING EDITED: R. BASSON CHEMICAL BONDING SUTHERLAND HIGH SCHOOL K. FALING EDITED: R. BASSON GRADE 10 PHYSICAL SCIENCE TB. 103 HOW DOES BONDING WORK? The chemical reaction between elements leads to compounds, which have new physical

More information

Ionic Compounds and Ionic Bonding

Ionic Compounds and Ionic Bonding Ionic Compounds and Ionic Bonding Definitions Review: Crystal Lattice - 3D continuous repeating pattern of positive and negative ions in an ionic solid Formula Unit- smallest possible neutral unit of an

More information

ATOMIC THEORY, PERIODICITY, and NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

ATOMIC THEORY, PERIODICITY, and NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY ATOMIC THEORY, PERIODICITY, and NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY Note: For all questions referring to solutions, assume that the solvent is water unless otherwise stated. 1. The nuclide is radioactive and decays by the

More information

ATOMIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRONS, AND PERIODICITY

ATOMIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRONS, AND PERIODICITY ATOMIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRONS, AND PERIODICITY All matter is made of atoms. There are a limited number of types of atoms; these are the elements. (EU 1.A) Development of Atomic Theory Atoms are so small

More information

3/30/2015. Third energy level. Second energy level. Energy absorbed. First energy level. Atomic nucleus. Energy released (as light)

3/30/2015. Third energy level. Second energy level. Energy absorbed. First energy level. Atomic nucleus. Energy released (as light) Chapter 2 An Introduction Chemistry Lecture 2: Energy Levels and Chemical Bonding Electrons are always moving Outside the nucleus in atomic orbitals Maybe usually Average distance from nucleus (size of

More information

Notes: Electrons and Periodic Table (text Ch. 4 & 5)

Notes: Electrons and Periodic Table (text Ch. 4 & 5) Name Per. Notes: Electrons and Periodic Table (text Ch. 4 & 5) NOTE: This set of class notes is not complete. We will be filling in information in class. If you are absent, it is your responsibility to

More information

Chemical bonds. In some minerals, other (less important) bond types include:

Chemical bonds. In some minerals, other (less important) bond types include: Chemical bonds Chemical bond: force of attraction between two or more atoms/ions Types of bonds in crystals: Ionic bond: electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions. This type of bond

More information

ATOMIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRONS, AND PERIODICITY

ATOMIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRONS, AND PERIODICITY ATOMIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRONS, AND PERIODICITY All matter is made of atoms. There are a limited number of types of atoms; these are the elements. (EU 1.A) Development of Atomic Theory Atoms are so small

More information

Enduring Understandings & Essential Knowledge for AP Chemistry

Enduring Understandings & Essential Knowledge for AP Chemistry Enduring Understandings & Essential Knowledge for AP Chemistry Big Idea 1: The chemical elements are fundamental building materials of matter, and all matter can be understood in terms of arrangements

More information

Electrons in Atoms. So why does potassium explode in water? Quantum Mechanics Periodic Trends Chemical Bonding

Electrons in Atoms. So why does potassium explode in water? Quantum Mechanics Periodic Trends Chemical Bonding Electrons in Atoms So why does potassium explode in water? Quantum Mechanics Periodic Trends Chemical Bonding 12.1 Development of Atomic Models Dalton s Thompson s Rutherford s Bohr s carbon Quantum Model

More information

Review Outline Chemistry 1B, Fall 2012

Review Outline Chemistry 1B, Fall 2012 Review Outline Chemistry 1B, Fall 2012 -------------------------------------- Chapter 12 -------------------------------------- I. Experiments and findings related to origin of quantum mechanics A. Planck:

More information

SBI4U BIOCHEMISTRY. Atoms, Bonding & Molecular Polarity

SBI4U BIOCHEMISTRY. Atoms, Bonding & Molecular Polarity SBI4U BIOCHEMISTRY Atoms, Bonding & Molecular Polarity 6 types of atoms make up 99% of all living organisms Naturally Occurring Elements in the Human Body Element Symbol Atomic # % of human body weight

More information

Intermolecular Forces I

Intermolecular Forces I I How does the arrangement of atoms differ in the 3 phases of matter (solid, liquid, gas)? Why doesn t ice just evaporate into a gas? Why does liquid water exist at all? There must be some force between

More information

Learning Objectives for Chemistry 173

Learning Objectives for Chemistry 173 Learning Objectives for Chemistry 173 Glenbrook North High School Academic Year, 2017-2018 This outline provides a comprehensive list of the topics and concepts you will learn in this course. For each

More information

DEFINITION. The electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions

DEFINITION. The electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions DEFINITION The electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions Usually occurs when a metal bonds with a non-metal Ions are formed by complete electron transfer from the metal atoms to

More information

Outlines. Types of bonds: - Ionic - Covalent - Metallic - Secondary bonding. Examples: - relation between bond energy and properties.

Outlines. Types of bonds: - Ionic - Covalent - Metallic - Secondary bonding. Examples: - relation between bond energy and properties. Outlines Types of bonds: - Ionic - Covalent - Metallic - Secondary bonding Examples: - relation between bond energy and properties Summary IONIC BONDING Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged

More information

Energy levels and atomic structures lectures chapter one

Energy levels and atomic structures lectures chapter one Structure of Atom An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms are

More information

Chemistry Semester Test (a): 1. Low electrical conductivity is a property of: A. ions in solutions B. metals C. molten salts D. molecular compounds

Chemistry Semester Test (a): 1. Low electrical conductivity is a property of: A. ions in solutions B. metals C. molten salts D. molecular compounds Chemistry Semester Test (a): Name Chapters 1-6 Period: Write the letter of the best answer in the space provided. 1. Low electrical conductivity is a property of: A. ions in solutions B. metals C. molten

More information

Chapter 8 Notes. Covalent Bonding

Chapter 8 Notes. Covalent Bonding Chapter 8 Notes Covalent Bonding Molecules and Molecular Compounds Helium and Neon are monoatomic, meaning they exist as single atoms Some compounds exist as crystalline solids, such as NaCl Others exist

More information

Chemistry 111 Syllabus

Chemistry 111 Syllabus Chemistry 111 Syllabus Chapter 1: Chemistry: The Science of Change The Study of Chemistry Chemistry You May Already Know The Scientific Method Classification of Matter Pure Substances States of Matter

More information

Unit 2 - Electrons and Periodic Behavior

Unit 2 - Electrons and Periodic Behavior Unit 2 - Electrons and Periodic Behavior Models of the Atom I. The Bohr Model of the Atom A. Electron Orbits, or Energy Levels 1. Electrons can circle the nucleus only in allowed paths or orbits 2. The

More information

Chapter Outline Understanding of interatomic bonding is the first step towards understanding/explaining materials properties Review of Atomic

Chapter Outline Understanding of interatomic bonding is the first step towards understanding/explaining materials properties Review of Atomic Chapter Outline Understanding of interatomic bonding is the first step towards understanding/explaining materials properties Review of Atomic Structure: Electrons, Protons, Neutrons, Quantum mechanics

More information

Salt vs. Sugar. 1. Ionic Compounds. 2. Molecular Compounds (Cont.) 12/18/2014. What is this Compound You Speak Of? Sodium Chloride Dissolving in Water

Salt vs. Sugar. 1. Ionic Compounds. 2. Molecular Compounds (Cont.) 12/18/2014. What is this Compound You Speak Of? Sodium Chloride Dissolving in Water Salt vs. Sugar Unit 7: Chemical Compounds & Formulas Lesson#7.1: Types of Compounds What is this Compound You Speak Of? Compound: Any substance that is formed by the chemical bonding of atoms. We classify

More information

ATOMS, MOLECULES and IONS

ATOMS, MOLECULES and IONS ATOMS, MOLECULES and IONS [MH5; Ch. 2] Atoms and Atomic Theory [MH5; 2.1-2.2] The three main postulates of atomic theory are: 1) Elements are made up of atoms. 2) In chemical reactions, atoms transfer

More information

CHAPTER 13. States of Matter. Kinetic = motion. Polar vs. Nonpolar. Gases. Hon Chem 13.notebook

CHAPTER 13. States of Matter. Kinetic = motion. Polar vs. Nonpolar. Gases. Hon Chem 13.notebook CHAPTER 13 States of Matter States that the tiny particles in all forms of matter are in constant motion. Kinetic = motion A gas is composed of particles, usually molecules or atoms, with negligible volume

More information

11/9/2017 CHEMISTRY UNIT LESSON FOUR

11/9/2017 CHEMISTRY UNIT LESSON FOUR CHEMISTRY UNIT LESSON FOUR 1 Covalent Bonds When two atoms form ionic bonds, they transfer one or more electrons from a metal atom to a atom. non-metal As a result of the electron transfer, one ion has

More information

Chemistry Vocabulary. These vocabulary words appear on the Chemistry CBA in addition to being tested on the Chemistry Vocabulary Test.

Chemistry Vocabulary. These vocabulary words appear on the Chemistry CBA in addition to being tested on the Chemistry Vocabulary Test. Chemistry Vocabulary These vocabulary words appear on the Chemistry CBA in addition to being tested on the Chemistry Vocabulary Test. atom the smallest unit of an element that still represents that element.

More information

Nature of Molecules. Chapter 2. All matter: composed of atoms

Nature of Molecules. Chapter 2. All matter: composed of atoms Nature of Molecules Chapter 2 Atomic Structure All matter: composed of atoms Understanding structure of atoms critical to understanding nature of biological molecules 2 1 Atomic Structure Atoms composed

More information

Chapter 1: The Biochemical Basis of life pg : The Fundamental Chemistry of Life pg. 8 18

Chapter 1: The Biochemical Basis of life pg : The Fundamental Chemistry of Life pg. 8 18 UNIT 1: Biochemistry Chapter 1: The Biochemical Basis of life pg. 6 69 1.1: The Fundamental Chemistry of Life pg. 8 18 The properties of life are based on the hierarchical arrangement of chemical parts.

More information

10/27/2017 [pgs ]

10/27/2017 [pgs ] Objectives SWBAT explain the relationship between energy and frequency. SWBAT predict the behavior of and/or calculate quantum and photon energy from frequency. SWBAT explain how the quantization of energy

More information

Chapter 7. Characteristics of Atoms. 7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation. Chapter 7 1. The Quantum Mechanical Atom. Atoms: How do we study atoms?

Chapter 7. Characteristics of Atoms. 7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation. Chapter 7 1. The Quantum Mechanical Atom. Atoms: How do we study atoms? Chapter 7 The Quantum Mechanical Atom 1 Characteristics of Atoms Atoms: possess mass contain positive nuclei contain electrons occupy volume have various properties attract one another combine to form

More information

Bonding in Chemistry. Chemical Bonds All chemical reactions involve breaking of some bonds and formation of new ones where new products are formed.

Bonding in Chemistry. Chemical Bonds All chemical reactions involve breaking of some bonds and formation of new ones where new products are formed. CHEMICAL BONDS Atoms or ions are held together in molecules or compounds by chemical bonds. The type and number of electrons in the outer electronic shells of atoms or ions are instrumental in how atoms

More information

Covalent Bonding. In nature, only the noble gas elements exist as uncombined atoms. All other elements need to lose or gain electrons

Covalent Bonding. In nature, only the noble gas elements exist as uncombined atoms. All other elements need to lose or gain electrons In nature, only the noble gas elements exist as uncombined atoms. They are monatomic - consist of single atoms. All other elements need to lose or gain electrons To form ionic compounds Some elements share

More information

Chapter. Basic Food Chemistry: The Nature of Matter. Images shutterstock.com

Chapter. Basic Food Chemistry: The Nature of Matter. Images shutterstock.com Chapter 4 Basic Food Chemistry: The Nature of Matter Images shutterstock.com Objectives Describe the basic structure of atoms. Identify symbols on the periodic table commonly used in food science. Define

More information

Chemical bonding in solids from ab-initio Calculations

Chemical bonding in solids from ab-initio Calculations Chemical bonding in solids from ab-initio Calculations 1 Prof.P. Ravindran, Department of Physics, Central University of Tamil Nadu, India & Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University

More information

REVIEW element compound atom Neutrons Protons Electrons atomic nucleus daltons atomic number mass number Atomic mass

REVIEW element compound atom Neutrons Protons Electrons atomic nucleus daltons atomic number mass number Atomic mass Domain 2: Matter REVIEW Matter is made up of elements An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions A compound is a substance consisting of two or more

More information

AP* Chapter 10. Liquids and Solids. Friday, November 22, 13

AP* Chapter 10. Liquids and Solids. Friday, November 22, 13 AP* Chapter 10 Liquids and Solids AP Learning Objectives LO 1.11 The student can analyze data, based on periodicity and the properties of binary compounds, to identify patterns and generate hypotheses

More information

Ch. 12 Section 1: Introduction to Chemical Bonding

Ch. 12 Section 1: Introduction to Chemical Bonding Name Period Date Chemical Bonding & Intermolecular Forces (Chapter 12, 13 &14) Fill-in the blanks during the PowerPoint presentation in class. Ch. 12 Section 1: Introduction to Chemical Bonding Chemical

More information

MATERIALS. Why do things break? Why are some materials stronger than others? Why is steel tough? Why is glass brittle?

MATERIALS. Why do things break? Why are some materials stronger than others? Why is steel tough? Why is glass brittle? MATERIALS Why do things break? Why are some materials stronger than others? Why is steel tough? Why is glass brittle? What is toughness? strength? brittleness? Elemental material atoms: A. Composition

More information

I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I)

I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I) I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I) 1. Which of the following conclusions could not be derived from Rutherford s α -particle scattering experiement? (i) Most of the space in the atom is empty. (ii) The

More information

Chapter 10: Modern Atomic Theory and the Periodic Table. How does atomic structure relate to the periodic table? 10.1 Electromagnetic Radiation

Chapter 10: Modern Atomic Theory and the Periodic Table. How does atomic structure relate to the periodic table? 10.1 Electromagnetic Radiation Chapter 10: Modern Atomic Theory and the Periodic Table How does atomic structure relate to the periodic table? 10.1 Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic (EM) radiation is a form of energy that exhibits

More information

For the following intermolecular forces:

For the following intermolecular forces: Lecturenotes 1 unit6_review_exercise_2017.odt Lecturenotes 2 unit6_review_exercise_2017.odt Lecturenotes 3 unit6_review_exercise_2017.odt Lecturenotes 4 unit6_review_exercise_2017.odt Answers: 1. Ionic

More information

Materials Science. Atomic Structures and Bonding

Materials Science. Atomic Structures and Bonding Materials Science Atomic Structures and Bonding 1 Atomic Structure Fundamental concepts Each atom consists of a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons which are encircled by electrons. Protons and electrons

More information

Chemical Bonding. Chemical Bonding 20/03/2015. The atomic radius increases from right to left. The atomic radius increases from top to bottom

Chemical Bonding. Chemical Bonding 20/03/2015. The atomic radius increases from right to left. The atomic radius increases from top to bottom Chemical Bonding Atomic Radius: This distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron. Chemical Bonding Chemistry 11 Two factors must be taken into consideration in explaining this periodic trend: Increasing

More information

UNIT 1 CHEMISTRY. How Can the Diversity of Materials Be Explained?

UNIT 1 CHEMISTRY. How Can the Diversity of Materials Be Explained? UNIT 1 CHEMISTRY How Can the Diversity of Materials Be Explained? AoS 1: How Can the Knowledge of Elements Explain the Properties of Matter? AoS 2: How Can the Versatility of Non-Metals be Explained? AoS

More information

AP Biology. Chapter 2

AP Biology. Chapter 2 AP Biology Chapter 2 Matter is anything that has weight and takes up space 1. Mass is a measure of how much matter is present in a body 2. Weight is a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object

More information

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY 1 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY 1. the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake 2. the means by which a society provides its members with those things needed and desired 3. the science concerned with

More information

States of Matter; Liquids and Solids. Condensation - change of a gas to either the solid or liquid state

States of Matter; Liquids and Solids. Condensation - change of a gas to either the solid or liquid state States of Matter; Liquids and Solids Phase transitions - a change in substance from one state to another Melting - change from a solid to a liquid state Freezing - change of a liquid to the solid state

More information

CHAPTER 3 Atomic Structure: Explaining the Properties of Elements

CHAPTER 3 Atomic Structure: Explaining the Properties of Elements CHAPTER 3 Atomic Structure: Explaining the Properties of Elements We are going to learn about the electronic structure of the atom, and will be able to explain many things, including atomic orbitals, oxidation

More information

Modern Atomic Theory and Electron Configurations

Modern Atomic Theory and Electron Configurations Chem 101 Modern Atomic Theory and Electron Configurations Lectures 8 and 9 Types of Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic radiation is given off by atoms when they have been excited by any form of

More information

Atomic structure & interatomic bonding. Chapter two

Atomic structure & interatomic bonding. Chapter two Atomic structure & interatomic bonding Chapter two 1 Atomic Structure Mass Charge Proton 1.67 х 10-27 kg + 1.60 х 10-19 C Neutron 1.67 х 10-27 kg Neutral Electron 9.11 х 10-31 kg - 1.60 х 10-19 C Electron

More information

Chapter 9. Blimps, Balloons, and Models for the Atom. Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table. Hindenburg. Properties of Elements Hydrogen Atoms

Chapter 9. Blimps, Balloons, and Models for the Atom. Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table. Hindenburg. Properties of Elements Hydrogen Atoms Chapter 9 Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table Blimps, Balloons, and Models for the Atom Hindenburg Blimps, Balloons, and Models for the Atom Properties of Elements Hydrogen Atoms Helium Atoms 1 Blimps,

More information