Chemistry. Chemistry is. The Study of Matter Change Study Study of the Composition of Substances & the Changes They Undergo. Matter: Mass: Volume:
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1 Chemistry 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 1 Chemistry is The Study of Matter Change Study Study of the Composition of Substances & the Changes They Undergo 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 2 Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space Mass: amount of matter an object contains Volume: amount of space and object occupies 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 3
2 Chemistry Specializations Inorganic Chemistry: Organic Chemistry: Biochemistry: Analytic Chemistry: Physical Chemistry: substances without carbon substances with carbon chemistry of living organisms composition of substances behavior (changes) of chemicals 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 4 Scientific Methods: Approaches to the Solution of Science Problems Observe Gather data using the senses Measure using tools Organize and Graph Form a Hypothesis: Propose an explanation for the observations Describe a pattern or trend 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 5 Test Experiment Find Different Set of Supporting Facts More Observations Use Different Strategies Conclude Accept/Verify Refine Discard 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 6
3 Some Definitions Theory: An explanation of a pattern linked hypotheses that are well-tested and verified Law: A description of a pattern a broad summary statement Fact: Verified observations 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 7 Alchemy Purpose: to transmute common metals into gold. Actual: Discovered new chemicals. Designed lab equipment. Developed procedures. Distillation..Sublimation etc. 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 8 Aristotle Reasoning/intellect Dominant force in scientific thought till end of Middle Age Good descriptions but no testing 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 9
4 Roger Bacon (1627~1691) The Sceptical Chemist Observation and experimentation will lead to understanding of the natural world Do experiments to test ideas obtained by reason 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 10 Antoine Lavoisier (1743~1794) Founder of modern chemistry Transformed chemistry from a science of observation and description to a science of measurement Experiments and precise measurements of mass changes in chemical experiments 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 11 Molecules Are Pure Substances Elements made of single type of atom Compounds Made of more than one type of atom 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 12
5 Physical Properties Physical Properties Quality of a substance: Intrinsic: does not change with size changes: Color, hardness, density, melting point, boiling point, solubility, normal state at room temperature, etc. Extrinsic: does change with size changes Mass, size, shape 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 13 Physical States & Physical Changes Solid, Liquid, Gas Change of state without change in composition water to ice melting metal Reversible 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 14 Chemical Properties Susceptibility to change in composition Reactivity NaCO 3 + HC 2 H 3 O 2 NaC 2 H 3 O 2 + CO 2 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 15
6 Chemical Changes Composition of substance changes Irreversible Signs: Bubbles (production of a gas) Change in temperature (explosion, fire, heat, or cold) Change in color or odor Production of a solid (precipitate) 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 16 Signs of a Chemical Reaction K + H 2 O KOH + H 2 Mg + KClO 4 + C 12 H 22 H 11 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 17 States of Matter Solid Matter with definite shape and volume Particles packed together and highly attracted Coal, sugar, ice, iron, gold 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 18
7 Chromium Powder & Melting Gallium 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 19 Copper Powder & Magnesium Flakes 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 20 States of Matter Liquid Matter with fixed volume Takes shape of container Flows Particles farther apart and slightly attracted to each other Water, cooking oil, vinegar, alcohol, nail polish remover 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 21
8 Mercury and Bromine, Liquid at Room Temperature 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 22 States of Matter Gas No definite shape nor volume Takes shape and volume of container Expands to fill any container Particles separated with no attraction Oxygen, nitrous oxide, methane, helium, water vapor* *(vapor = substance that is normally liquid or solid ar room temperature but which is in a gaseous state) 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 23 Hydrogen and Chlorine 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 24
9 Substances Pure Elements: one type cannot be separated by physical or chemical methods Compounds: 2 or more substances joined together Can only be separated by chemical methods Mixtures Physical blend of 2 or more substances Heterogeneous Not uniform throughout 2 or more phases Homogeneous (solution) Uniform 1 phase 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 25 Common Mixtures Solid~solid Sand, granite Solid~liquid Salad dressing Liquid~liquid Oil and water 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 26 Common Solutions Gas~Gas Gas~Liquid Gas~Solid CO 2 in air CO 2 in H 2 O (soda water) Ice cream Liquid~Gas H 2 O vapor in air Solid~Liquid Solid~Solid NaCl in H 2 O (salt water) Cu in Ag (sterling silver) 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 27
10 Brief History of Chemistry Democritus (circa 460~371 B. C.) All matter is composed of atoms..the rest is opinion 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 29 Democritus Atomic Theory 1. All matter is composed of atoms, which are bits of matter too small to be seen. These atoms CANNOT be further split into smaller portions 2. There is a void, which is empty space between atoms 3. Atoms are completely solid 4. Atoms are homogeneous, with no internal structure 5. Atoms are different in their size, shape, weight, arrangement 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 30
11 Atomists and Atomic Theory Atomists considered the void to be between atoms Current atomic theory holds that the void is within the atom 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 31 Aristotle (384~322 B. C.) Dominant philosopher of his time and through Middle Ages and Renaissance. Rejected Democritus' atomism, dooming that concept through ancient and medieval times. 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 32 Aristotle s Concept of Matter primitive matter consists of 4 primary entities possessing 4 general qualities 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 33
12 Elements and Qualities Elements Air Fire Water Earth Qualities Hot Dry Cold Fluid (moist) 9/4/2005 Chemistry: Chapters 1 & 2 34
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