Titration Curves. What is in the beaker at each stage of a titration? Beaker A Beaker B Beaker C Beaker D. 20 ml NaOH Added
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- Randolf McCormick
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1 Why? Titration Curves What is in the beaker at each stage of a titration? Titration is a very useful technique for determining the properties of an unknown solution. The unknown is reacted with a known titrant solution by adding small volumes until an equivalence point is reached. Titrations can be done using an acid base reaction, redox reaction or precipitation. Most commonly it is used to find the concentration of a solute. D epending on the type of reaction used, a chemist might also be able to determine the strength of an unknown acid or base, the potential of a species to oxidize or reduce another species, or the solubility of a substance. This activity will focus on an acid base titration. Model 1 HCl Sample Titrated with NaOH Beaker A Beaker B Beaker C Beaker D H 2 O H 3 O + HCl NaOH 0 ml NaOH Added 10 ml NaOH Added 20 ml NaOH Added 30 ml NaOH Added Beaker A B C D H 2 O molecules H 3 O 1+ ions Cl 1 ions Na 1+ ions OH 1 ions 1. Consider the diagrams in Model 1. a. Which beaker illustrates the solution before the titration begins? b. Why does the volume increase from Beaker A to Beaker D? 2. Explain why there are no HCl molecules in any of the beakers. 3. Write a balanced net ionic equation for the reaction between HCl and NaOH during the titration. Titration Curves 1
2 4. Which species in the illustrations in Model 1 are simply spectator ions? 5. Complete the table in Model 1 by counting the number of each species in each of the four beakers. Record the numbers in the appropriate box in the table. The first column has been done for you as an example. 6. For each beaker in Model 1 determine if the solution would be acidic, basic or neutral when checked with a ph meter. Justify your reasoning. Beaker A Beaker B Beaker C Beaker D Model 2 A Titration Curve ph Volume of NaOH Added (ml) 7. The graph in Model 2 shows the ph of the resulting solution from the titration illustrated in Model 1. Label four points on the graph in Model 2 to correspond with the four beakers in Model 1. 2 POGIL Activities for AP* Chemistry
3 8. The sample for the titration shown in Models 1 and 2 was ml of M hydrochloric acid. Verify that the initial ph of this sample is correctly plotted in the graph in Model 2. Show a calculation to support your answer. 9. The solution in Beaker B of Model 1 was the result of ml of M sodium hydroxide solution being added to Beaker A. a. How many moles of HCl were initially in Beaker A? b. How many moles of NaOH were added to Beaker A to get Beaker B? c. After the reaction, which species is in excess HCl or NaOH? d. How many moles of excess reactant are left in Beaker B? e. Calculate the concentration of the excess HCl or excess NaOH. Make sure to consider the new volume of the solution (assume the volumes are additive). f. Verify the ph of Beaker B in the graph in Model 2. Show a calculation to support your answer. 10. The solution in Beaker C of Model 1 was the result of ml of M sodium hydroxide solution being added to Beaker A. a. How many moles of HCl were initially in Beaker A? b. How many moles of NaOH were added to Beaker A to get Beaker C? c. After the reaction, which species is in excess HCl or NaOH? d. Verify the ph of Beaker C in the graph in Model 2. Titration Curves 3
4 11. The solution in Beaker D of Model 1 was the result of ml of M sodium hydroxide solution being added to Beaker A. a. How many moles of HCl were initially in Beaker A? b. How many moles of NaOH were added to Beaker A to get Beaker D? c. After the reaction, which species is in excess HCl or NaOH? d. How many moles of excess reactant are left in Beaker D? e. Calculate the concentration of the excess HCl or excess NaOH. Make sure to consider the new volume of the solution (assume the volumes are additive). f. Verify the ph of Beaker D in the graph in Model 2. Show a calculation to support your answer. 12. The point on the graph in Model 2 corresponding to Beaker C is called the equivalence point. a. Label the equivalence point on the graph in Model 2. b. With your group, discuss why this point might be called the equivalence point. Be prepared to share your thoughts with the class. 4 POGIL Activities for AP* Chemistry
5 Model 3 Determining the Unknown Concentration ph Sample X Sample Y Sample Z Volume of NaOH Added (ml) 13. The graph in Model 3 shows the titration curves of three samples of hydrochloric acid, each having the same volume (20.00 ml) but different concentrations. All three samples were titrated with the same sodium hydroxide solution. What feature of the titration curve changes the most when samples with different concentrations are titrated? 14. Does changing the concentration of the sample have a significant effect on the initial or final ph for the titration curve? 15. Circle the equivalence point of each titration in Model 3. Notice that the ph at all three equivalence points is Explain how this can be the case even though the initial samples were different concentrations. Titration Curves 5
6 16. Refer to Model 3. a. Estimate the volume of M NaOH added to sample X to reach the equivalence point. b. Calculate the moles of base that were added to reach the equivalence point. c. Calculate the moles of acid that must have been present in sample X initially. d. Calculate the initial concentration of HCl in sample X. Recall the initial volume of the sample was ml. 17. Use an approach similar to that in Question 16 to calculate the concentration of HCl in sample Z before the titration. 6 POGIL Activities for AP* Chemistry
7 Extension Questions Model 4 Weak Acid Titration Curves ph HCl Acetic Acid Volume of NaOH Added (ml) 18. Consider Model 4. The two titration curves were produced using the same volume (20.00 ml) and concentration of acid (0.100 M). The titrant was M NaOH. What is the major difference in the shape of a titration curve for a weak acid compared to the curve for a strong acid? 19. Write the net ionic equation for acetic acid (HCH 3 COO) with sodium hydroxide. 20. Draw a particulate representation of the weak acid titration at each of the four stages. Refer to Model 1 as a guide, but think about how a weak acid would be different from a strong acid. Titration Curves 7
8 21. Notice that the same volume of NaOH is required to reach the equivalence point for both the strong and weak acid. Explain why this is the case. 22. Notice that the equivalence point for the acetic acid titration is closer to 8 than 7. Considering what species are in the beaker at that point in the titration, explain why the solution has a ph that is in the basic range. 23. Discuss with your group how the ph of the solution in the beaker might be determined at each stage of the titration. Actual calculations are not necessary, but consider that you would be provided the K a of the weak acid being titrated. Record notes for yourself to help with problems of this type later. Beaker A Initial sample Beaker B Between the initial sample and the equivalence point Beaker C At the equivalence point Beaker D Beyond the equivalence point 8 POGIL Activities for AP* Chemistry
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