Primary Standardization of 152 Eu by 4πβ(LS) γ (NaI) coincidence counting and CIEMAT-NIST method
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1 Primary Standardization of 152 Eu by 4πβ(LS) γ (NaI) coincidence counting and CIEMAT-NIST method A Ruzzarin 1, P A L da Cruz 2, A L Ferreira Filho 2, A Iwahara 2 1 Laboratório de Instrumentação Nuclear/Programa de Engenharia Nuclear/Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação em Pesquisa de Engenharia /Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (LIN/PEN/COPPE/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil CEP Laboratório Nacional de Metrologia das Radiações Ionizantes/Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria/Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (LNMRI/IRD/CNEN), Av. Salvador Allende s/no, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil CEP aruzzarin@nuclear.ufrj.br Abstract: The 4πβ-γ coincidence counting and CIEMAT/NIST liquid scintillation method were used in the standardization of a solution of 152 Eu. In CIEMAT/NIST method, measurements were performed in a Liquid Scintillation Counter model Wallac In the 4πβ-γ coincidence counting, the solution was standardized using a coincidence method with beta efficiency extrapolation. A simple 4πβ-γ coincidence system was used, with acrylic scintillation cell coupled to two coincident photomultipliers at 180 each other and NaI(Tl) detector. The activity concentrations obtained were ± and ± kbq/g, respectively, for CIEMAT/NIST and 4πβ-γ coincidence counting measurement methods. Keywords: Standardization; Coincidence counting; CIEMAT/NIST method 1. INTRODUCTION 152 Eu is widely used as gamma standard spectrometry sources for the calibration of solidstate detectors. The main method used for the standardization of radionuclide activity by most National Metrology Institutes worldwide is the 4πβ-γ coincidence counting method, a primary method that has great versatility as may be used for those radionuclides which decay by alphagamma and beta-gamma emission, electron capture and pure beta emitters [1]. Another method currently used for determination of activity is the CIEMAT/NIST liquid scintillation method, consisting of three or two photomultipliers based on statistical Free Parameter model of the scintillation photons distribution and their detection probabilities [2]. The decay of 152 Eu is divided in branches of β- decay (27.8%), followed by photon emission, and electron capture (72.2%), with subsequent gamma emission. The gamma-ray spectrum ranges from 121 to 1769 kev, with 85 gamma emissions. The half-life of 152 Eu is (13.53 ± 003) years [3, 4]. Due the complex decay of 152 Eu, the activity determination is complicated, creating difficulties in the absolute standardization of this nuclide. The main features of the complex decay are shown in Figure 1. 1
2 acrylic scintillation cell for detection of gamma rays whose signals are analyzed and processed in a conventional electronic chain, forming the gamma channel. The counting rate of these events is denominated N γ. The counting rate of pulses from beta and gamma channels arriving simultaneously in a coincidence circuit with a fixed resolution time of 1.27 µs is denominated N c. The activity was determined by means of a variation of the mean beta efficiency, ε β, by electronic discrimination and applying the extrapolation method to the measurement results [8, 9]. The count rate N β, can be described by Figure 1. Simplified decay scheme of 152 Eu N i N a i i (1 i ) cei (1) 0 1 i 2. METODOLOGY πβ- coincidence counting method This well-known counting method for absolute activity measurement is commonly used for decay modes including β-emission, electron capture or a mixture of the two [6, 7]. For the determination of the activity, 14 sources were prepared by adding aliquots of 152 Eu solution in a glass vial with 10 ml of commercial cocktail Ultima Gold, manufactured by Perkin Elmer/USA. Sources were measured in 4 β(ls)- (NaI) coincidence system, consisting of an acrylic scintillation cell coupled to two coincident photomultipliers at 180 each other, in which the scintillation vial is placed and the generated signals analyzed and processed in a conventional electronic chain, forming the beta channel. The signals come mainly from the Auger electrons and characteristic X-rays generated by the electronic capture events. The counting rate of these events is called N β. A 10 x 10 cm 2 NaI(Tl) crystal is placed at the bottom of the where a i is the branching ratio of ith transition, α i is the internal conversion coefficient for the γ- transition(s) of the ith branch and ε ce is the efficiency by which the conversion electrons are detected by the β-detector [10] CIEMAT/NIST measurement method This counting system consists of two photomultipliers placed in coincidence at 180 to each other. The CIEMAT/NIST method uses a set of standard tracer tritium ( 3 H) samples for the commercial scintillator characterizing in terms of the quenching parameter by the introduction of the chemical quenching agent in increasing degree. Figure 2 shows the correlation between Free Parameter, quenching and efficiencies for standard tracer and radionuclide in analysis by CIEMAT/NIST method [2, 5]. The equation 2 gives the detection efficiency for two photomultipliers obtained from Poisson model. ( ) (2) 2
3 components of the uncertainties in determining the activity of 152 E by the coincidence method. Figure 2. CIEMAT/NIST model for the radionuclide standardization 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION πβ-γ coincidence counting method The activity was determined through the variation of the beta efficiency by electronic discrimination, and applying an extrapolation technique to the measurement data. Two levels of gamma discrimination were adjusted for the counts in the gamma channel: 100 and 180 kev. To obtain the extrapolation curve, the expression (N β N ) /N c is plotted as a function of (1 - β ) / β and extrapolated to β = 1. The function is linear in the region of high efficiencies [6]. β efficiencies ranged from 0.78 to 0.55 and 0.81 to 0.72 for the gamma window range of 100 and 180 kev, respectively. The extrapolated value to (1-N c /N )/(N c /N ), where β =1, provides the activity of the radioactive solution from which the sources were prepared. Figure 3 presents the extrapolation curves on the coincidence measurements of all 14 sources. The consistency of the results of value of activities from all sources was verified using the statistical test called "Birge ratio" [11]. The calculated value with the experimental results was The value adopted for the activity concentration was the weighted average of the 14 results: ± kbq/g, where the uncertainty refers to the standard deviation of the mean of the results. Table 1 presents the Figure 3. Extrapolation applied to the measurements by 4πβ-γ coincidence counting on all sources, measurements at gamma channel of 100 and 180 kev. Table Eu uncertainty components by coincidence method. Components Type Relative standard uncertainty (%) Counting statistics A 0.50 Weighing B Background A Dead-time B Resolving time B 0.20 Gandy effect B Fitting procedure A Decay correction B Combined 0.60 Expanded (k=2) CIEMAT / NIST measurement method 8 sources were prepared by adding aliquots of 152 Eu solution in a glass vial with 10 ml of commercial cocktail Ultima Gold, manufactured by Perkin Elmer/USA. During the measurement period the samples remained stable, showing no tendency. Measurements were performed in a Liquid Scintillation Counter model Wallac
4 The activity was calculated using the CN2003 computational code [12]. The value adopted for the activity concentration was the weighted average of the 8 results: 156,934 ± 0,722 kbq/g, where the uncertainty refers to the standard deviation of the mean of the results. Table 2 presents the components of the uncertainties in determining the activity of 152 E by the CIEMAT / NIST method. Table Eu uncertainty components by CIEMAT/NIST method. Components Type Relative standard uncertainty (%) 3 H activity B 0.20 Weighing 3 H Quenching (SQPE) Nuclear and Atomic data Photomultiplier asymmetry kb value 152 Eu quenching (SQPE) Statistic counts B 0.05 A 0.05 B 0.13 B 0.23 A 0.10 A 0.09 A 0.28 Combined 0.46 Expanded (k=2) 0.92 Figure 4. Activity concentration of the 152 Eu solution determined by two absolute methods. 4. CONCLUSION 152 Eu The results of the standardization of solution by the absolute CIEMAT / NIST and 4 β(ls)- (NaI) methods were consistent within the uncertainties evaluated at a confidence level of 68% (k = 1). The largest contributions to assessing the combined uncertainty came from the counting statistics for both methods indicating the need to increase the counting time or the mass of the sources to minimize these uncertainties. As a reference activity for calibration of other secondary calibration systems in operation at LNMRI, the value of the CIEMAT / NIST method activity was adopted because it presented a lower combined uncertainty (0.92%) than that of coincidence (1.2%). Figure 4 summarizes the results of two absolute measurements methods applied in the determination of the activity concentration of the 152 Eu solution. The uncertainties bars refer to combined uncertainty (coverage factor k = 1). 4
5 5. REFERENCES [1] Kawada Y 1972 Extended application and improvement of the 4πβ- coincidence method in the standardization of radionuclide. Researches of the Electrotechnical Laboratory No. 730 [2] da Cruz PAL et al 2016 TDCR and CIEMAT/NIST Liquid Scintillation Methods applied to the Radionuclide Metrology J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 733 pp 1-9 [11] Birge R T 1932 The calculation of errors by the method of least squares. Phys. Rev. 40 pp [12] Gunther E 2003 Program CN2003: A program to calculate the LC efficiency of a nuclide vs. efficiency the tracer H-3. (CIEMAT/NIST) PTB/Germany. [3] Vanin VR, de Castro RM, Browne E 2004 BNM-LNHB/CEA Table de Radionucléides USP, LNHB. [4] Lagoutine F, Coursol N, Legrand J 1987 Table de Radionucleides, Laboratoire Primaire des Rayonnements Ionisants, Commissariat À L Energie Atomique. [5] Malonda AG 1999 Free Parameter Models in Liquid Scintillation Counting, Editorial CIEMAT/Spain. [6] Campion P J 1959 The standardization of Radioisotopes by the beta-gamma coincidence method using high efficiency detectors Appl. Radiat. Isot. 4 pp 232. [7] Baerg AP 1973 The efficiency extrapolation method in coincidence counting, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 112 pp 43. [8] Houtermans H and Miguel M πβ-γ coincidence counting for the calibration of nuclides with complex decay schemes Appl. Radiat. Isot. 13 pp 137. [9] Funck E and Larsen A N 1983 The influence from low energy X-rays and Auger electrons on 4πβ-γ coincidence measurements of electroncapture-decaying nuclides Appl. Radiat. Isot. 34 pp 565. [10] Johansson L et al 2003 Six direct methods for standardization of 152 Eu Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 508 pp
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