Distillation Course MSO2015
|
|
- Daniella Richard
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Distillation Course MSO2015
2 Distillation Distillation is a process in which a liquid or vapour mixture of two or more substances is separated into its component fractions of desired purity, by the application and removal of heat. Distillation is done on the basis of differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction. Principle: Separation of components from a liquid mixture via distillation depends on the differences in boiling points of the individual components. And also depends on the vapour pressure characteristics of liquid mixtures.
3 For any liquid, the individual molecules within the liquid are continuously in motion Atmospheric pressure, P atm A small percentage of these molecules attain enough kinetic energy to leave the liquid phase Vapor Pressure, P This exerts an opposing pressure on the atmosphere above the solution known as the vapor pressure, P
4 When enough energy, in the form of heat, is imparted to the solution the vapor pressure becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure and the liquid begins to boil P < P atm P P atm
5 Raoult s Law In a solution of two miscible liquids (A & B) the partial pressure of component A (P A ) in the solution equals the partial pressure of pure A (P Ao ) times its mole fraction (X A ) Partial Pressure of A in solution = P A = (P Ao ) x (X A ) Partial Pressure of B in solution = P B = (P Bo ) x (X B ) When the total pressure (sum of the partial pressures) is equal to or greater than the applied pressure, normally Atmospheric Pressure (760 mm Hg), the solution boils P total = P A + P B = P Ao X A + P Bo X B If the sum of the two partial pressures of the two compounds in a mixture is less than the applied pressure, the mixture will not boil. The solution must be heated until the combined vapor pressure equals the applied pressure
6 Vapor Enrichment From Raoult s Law we can obtain the following relationships: X vapor A = P A/P T And X vapor B = P B/P T If A is more volatile than B, BP A < BP B and P A > P B Then X vapor A > X liquid A The result of this process is that when a mixture of two miscible liquids with different boiling points is heated, the vapor will have a different composition than the liquid. THE VAPOR IS ENRICHED IN THEMORE VOLATILE (LOWER BOILING) COMPONENT.
7 Vapour Pressure and Boiling Point
8
9
10 Boiling Point, Pressure, Vapour and Liquid Phases Boiling Point Curve
11 Vapour Liquid Equilibrium Curve (VLE)
12 VLE Ideal mixtures
13 VLE - Non-ideal mixtures
14 Minimum Boiling Point Azeotrope
15 Maximum Boiling Point Azeotrope
16 Examples of Azeotropic Mixtures Minimum-boiling azeotropes Carbon-disulfide - acetone (61.0 mole% CS2, o C, 1 atm) Benzene - water (29.6 mole% H2O, o C, 1 atm) Maximum-boiling azeotropes Hydrochloric acid - water (11.1 mole% HCl, 110 o C, 1 atm) Acetone - chloroform (65.5 mole% chloroform, 64.5 o C, 1 atm)
17 Separation of azeotropic mixtures
18 Relative Volatility
19 Binary Mixture
20 Separation area
21 Degree of Separability
22 Constant Relative Volatility
23 Examples
24 Toluene Benzene Mixture at 1 atm
25 Effect of Pressure - Although most distillations are carried out at atmospheric or near atmospheric pressure, it is not uncommon to distill at other pressures. - High pressure distillation (typically 3-20 atm) usually occurs in thermally integrated processes. 1 atm = kpa; 1 bar = 10 5 Pa - In those cases the equilibrium curve becomes narrower at higher pressures.
26 Separability becomes less at higher pressures
27 Effect of Pressure * Pressure is a critical factor in normal distillation. * As the pressure is increased, the temperatures throughout the column will also increase and visa versa. * Low pressures are often used to the separation of chemicals that are sensitive to high temperatures. * High pressures are used to reduce the cooling requirements in the condenser. * The pressure in a distillation column also has an effect on the vapor flow within the distillation column, as the pressure increases the vapor flow decreases.
28 Cont d * When the normal boiling point of the vapour product is lower than the temperature of the cooling water required to condense it. * In such cases, it is normally cheaper to pressurize the column in order to raise the boiling point of the vapour product than to install a refrigeration system to condense it. *As shown in the earlier figure, the phase diagram becomes narrower at higher pressures; and the corresponding temperatures also becomes higher.
Subject : Chemistry Class : XII Chapter-2.Solutions Work Sheet ( WS 2. 1) Topic- 2.1 Henry s & Raoult s Laws
Work Sheet ( WS 2. 1) Topic- 2.1 Henry s & Raoult s Laws Name -. Class/ sec.. Roll No.. A. Fill in the blanks: 1. Solutions are mixtures of two or more than two components. 2. Generally, the component
More informationColligative Properties. Vapour pressure Boiling point Freezing point Osmotic pressure
Colligative Properties Vapour pressure Boiling point Freezing point Osmotic pressure Learning objectives Describe meaning of colligative property Use Raoult s law to determine vapor pressure of solutions
More informationVapor-liquid Separation Process MULTICOMPONENT DISTILLATION
Vapor-liquid Separation Process MULTICOMPONENT DISTILLATION Outline: Introduction to multicomponent distillation Phase Equilibria in Multicomponent Distillation (Pg. 737) Bubble-point and dew-point calculation
More informationOutline of the Course
Outline of the Course 1) Review and Definitions 2) Molecules and their Energies 3) 1 st Law of Thermodynamics Conservation of Energy. 4) 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics Ever-Increasing Entropy. 5) Gibbs Free
More informationEXPERIMENT 7 - Distillation Separation of a Mixture
EXPERIMENT 7 - Distillation Separation of a Mixture Purpose: a) To purify a compound by separating it from a non-volatile or less-volatile material. b) To separate a mixture of two miscible liquids (liquids
More informationUnit - 2 SOLUTIONS VSA QUESTIONS (1 - MARK QUESTIONS) 1. Give an example of liquid in solid type solution.
Unit - 2 SOLUTIONS VSA QUESTIONS (1 - MARK QUESTIONS) 1. Give an example of liquid in solid type solution. 2. Which type of solid solution will result by mixing two solid components with large difference
More informationPHASE CHEMISTRY AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
PHASE CHEMISTRY AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES Phase Diagrams Solutions Solution Concentrations Colligative Properties Brown et al., Chapter 10, 385 394, Chapter 11, 423-437 CHEM120 Lecture Series Two : 2013/01
More informationPhase Separation Degree of Freedom Analysis. Binary Vapor-Liquid Systems. Azeotropic Systems. - Gibbs phase rule F C P 2 -General analysis
Lecture 5. Single Equilibrium Stages (1) Phase Separation [Ch. 4] Degree of Freedom Analysis - Gibbs phase rule F CP2 -General analysis Binary Vapor-Liquid Systems - Examples of binary system - Phase equilibrium
More informationDistillation of Liquids: Separation of 2-Propanol from Water by Fractional Distillation
Distillation of Liquids: Separation of 2-Propanol from Water by Fractional Distillation Introduction: Distillation is the process of vaporizing a liquid, condensing the vapor, and collecting the condensate
More informationChemistry Joke. Once you ve seen 6.02 x You ve seen a mole!
States of Matter Chemistry Joke Once you ve seen 6.02 x 10 23 atoms You ve seen a mole! Kinetic Theory Kinetic Theory explains the states of matter based on the concept that the particles in all forms
More informationSummary of Gas Laws V T. Boyle s Law (T and n constant) Charles Law (p and n constant) Combined Gas Law (n constant) 1 =
Summary of Gas Laws Boyle s Law (T and n constant) p 1 V 1 = p 2 V 2 Charles Law (p and n constant) V 1 = T 1 V T 2 2 Combined Gas Law (n constant) pv 1 T 1 1 = pv 2 T 2 2 1 Ideal Gas Equation pv = nrt
More informationChapter Solutions. MockTime.com. (a) M urea (b) 0.01 M KNO3 (c) 0.01 M Na2 SO4 (d) M glucose Ans: (c)
47 Chapter Solutions 1. Freezing point of an aqueous solution is ( 0.186) C. Elevation of boiling point of the same solution is K b = 0.512 C,Kf = 1.86 C, find the increase in boiling point. [2002] (a)
More informationThe temp. at which a liquid distills is a definite value at a given pressure, for every pure organic cpd called boiling point.
Distillation It is a process of separation & purification of liquid organic cpd.s by selective evaporation & condensation. It may result in complete separation ( nearly pure ), or,a partial separation
More informationSolution KEY CONCEPTS
Solution KEY CONCEPTS Solution is the homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in which the components are uniformly distributed into each other. The substances which make the solution are called
More informationCH2351 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics II Unit I, II Phase Equilibria. Dr. M. Subramanian
CH2351 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics II Unit I, II Phase Equilibria Dr. M. Subramanian Associate Professor Department of Chemical Engineering Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering Kalavakkam
More informationLiquids and Solids: The Molecular Kinetic Theory II. Unit 5
Liquids and Solids: The Molecular Kinetic Theory II Unit 5 Energy Definition Energy is the ability to do work. The ability to make something happen. Different Kinds of Energy: Heat (Thermal) Energy energy
More informationPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEM330
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEM330 Duration: 3 hours Total Marks: 100 Internal Examiner: External Examiner: Professor B S Martincigh Professor J C Swarts University of the Free State INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Answer five
More informationThey provide us with the knowledge of phase composition and phase stability as a function of temperature (T), pressure (P) and composition(c).
They provide us with the knowledge of phase composition and phase stability as a function of temperature (T), pressure (P) and composition(c). PHASE EQUILIBRIUM one of the most important sources of information
More informationCHAPTER 9 SOLUTIONS SHORT QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER Q.1 Binary solution can be homogenous or heterogeneous explain? The solutions which contain two components only are called as binary solution. If binary
More informationCHEMISTRY Topic #2: Thermochemistry and Electrochemistry What Makes Reactions Go? Fall 2018 Dr. Susan Findlay See Exercises in Topic 8
CHEMISTRY 2000 Topic #2: Thermochemistry and Electrochemistry What Makes Reactions Go? Fall 208 Dr. Susan Findlay See Exercises in Topic 8 Vapour Pressure of Pure Substances When you leave wet dishes on
More informationInvestigating the Phase of High Entropy. Pressure
Name: Investigating the Phase of High Entropy Do Now: Define atmosphere: What gases make up the atmosphere? What factors most strongly affect the weather? and Pressure A pressure gauge records a pressure
More information3 BaCl + 2 Na PO Ba PO + 6 NaCl
Q. No. 1 In which mode of expression, the concentration of solution remains independent of temperature? Molarity Normality Formality Molality Explanation Molality because molality involves mass which is
More informationIntroduction: Introduction. material is transferred from one phase (gas, liquid, or solid) into another.
Introduction: Virtually all commercial chemical processes involve operations in which material is transferred from one phase (gas, liquid, or solid) into another. rewing a cup of Coffee (Leaching) Removal
More informationDistillation is a method of separating mixtures based
Distillation Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process,
More informationChanges of State. Substances in equilibrium change back and forth between states at equal speeds. Main Idea
Section 4 s Substances in equilibrium change back and forth between states at equal speeds. A liquid boils when it has absorbed enough energy to evaporate. Freezing occurs when a substance loses enough
More informationSOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS
SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS The amount of solute in a solution (concentration) is an important property of the solution. A dilute solution contains small quantities of solute relative to the solvent, while
More informationSOLUTIONS CHAPTER 9 TEXT BOOK EXERCISE Q1. Choose the correct answer for the given ones. (i) Morality of pure water is (a) 1. (b) 18. (c) 55.5 (d) 6. Hint: Morality of pure water Consider 1 dm 3 (-1000cm
More informationBushra Javed Valencia College CHM 1046 Chapter 12 - Solutions
Bushra Javed Valencia College CHM 1046 Chapter 12 - Solutions 1 Chapter 12 :Solutions Tentative Outline 1. Introduction to solutions. 2. Types of Solutions 3. Solubility and the Solution Process: Saturated,
More informationFor more info visit
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two (or more) substances, the composition of which may vary between certain limits. A solution consisting of two components is called binary solution. The component
More informationCHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL SET UP AND PROCEDURE
16 CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL SET UP AND PROCEDURE 3.1 DETERMINATION OF VAPOUR LIQUID EQUILIBRIA Iso baric vapor liquid equilibria data have been obtained, using a Smith and Bonner (1949) type still, a modified
More informationCH1810 Lecture #2 Vapor Pressure of Liquids and Solutions
CH1810 Lecture #2 Vapor Pressure of Liquids and Solutions Vaporization and Condensation Kinetic Energy and Temperature Molecules in a liquid are constantly in motion Types of motion: vibrational, and limited
More informationBoiling point elevation and freezing point depression
Class 4.2 More Colligative Properties, Solutions & Distillation CHEM 102H T. Hughbanks Boiling point elevation and freezing point depression When nonvolatile solutes are present in a solvent, the solution
More informationCHEM 254 EXPERIMENT 7. Phase Diagrams - Liquid Vapour Equilibrium for two component solutions
pressure CHEM 254 EXPERIMENT 7 Phase Diagrams - Liquid Vapour Equilibrium for two component solutions The partial pressures of the components of an ideal solution of two volatile liquids are related to
More informationPSI AP Chemistry: Solutions Practice Problems
PSI AP Chemistry: Solutions Practice Problems Name Solutions: Mixtures, Solubility and Concentration Classwork 1. A student determined that there were 0.032 grams of oxygen gas dissolved in a 200.0 ml
More informationChemistry 360 Spring 2017 Dr. Jean M. Standard April 19, Exam points
Chemistry 360 pring 2017 Dr. Jean M. tandard April 19, 2017 Name Exam 3 100 points Note: You must show your work on problems in order to receive full credit for any answers. You must turn in your equation
More informationCHEMISTRY XL-14A PHYSICAL EQUILIBRIUM. August 13, 2011 Robert Iafe
CHEMISTRY XL-14A PHYSICAL EQUILIBRIUM August 13, 2011 Robert Iafe Chapter Overview 2 Phases and Phase Transitions Solubility Colligative Properties Binary Liquid Mixtures Phases and Phase Transitions 3
More informationDATA THAT YOU MAY USE UNITS Conventional Volume ml or cm 3 = cm 3 or 10-3 dm 3 Liter (L) = dm 3 Pressure atm = 760 torr = Pa CONSTANTS
DATA THAT YOU MAY USE UNITS Conventional S.I. Volume ml or cm 3 = cm 3 or 0-3 dm 3 Liter (L) = dm 3 Pressure atm = 760 torr =.03 0 5 Pa torr = 33.3 Pa Temperature C 0 C = 73.5 K PV L-atm =.03 0 5 dm 3
More informationOn the Synthesis of Distillation Sequences for Mixtures of Water, Hydrogen Chloride and Hydrogen Fluoride P. Pöllmann, SGL GROUP A.J.
On the Synthesis of Distillation Sequences for Mixtures of Water, Hydrogen Chloride and Hydrogen Fluoride P. Pöllmann, SGL GROUP A.J. Gerbino, AQSim (Speaker) Problem Statement Given... An aqueous feed
More informationName: Regents Chemistry: Notes: Unit 8 Gases.
Name: Regents Chemistry: Notes: Unit 8 Gases 1 Name: KEY IDEAS The concept of an ideal gas is a model to explain the behavior of gases. A real gas is most like an ideal gas when the real gas is at low
More informationFall Possibly Useful Information: 1 atm = lb/in 2 = kpa. 1 atm = 101,325 N/m 2 = 760 mmhg. 1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 1.
Chemistry 122 (Tyvoll) Fall 2005 PRACTICE EXAMINATION I Possibly Useful Information: 1 atm = 14.70 lb/in 2 = 101.325 kpa 1 atm = 101,325 N/m 2 = 760 mmg 1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 1.01325 bar 1 atm = 1013.25
More informationChemistry B11 Chapter 6 Gases, Liquids, and Solids
Chapter 6 Gases, Liquids, and Solids States of matter: the physical state of matter depends on a balance between the kinetic energy of particles, which tends to keep them apart, and the attractive forces
More informationCH 2: SOLUTIONS
1 CH 2: SOLUTIONS 2 SOLUTION, SOLVENT, SOLUTE Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more than two components. i.e. composition and properties are uniform throughout the mixture. Eg: The component
More informationColligative properties of solutions
Colligative properties of solutions Glucose and gycerol in the blood of the frog prevent it from freezing. Alcune immagine sono state prese e modificate da Chimica di Kotz, Treichel & Weaver, Edises 2007,
More informationChapter 12. Properties of Solutions
Chapter 12. Properties of Solutions What we will learn: Types of solutions Solution process Interactions in solution Types of concentration Concentration units Solubility and temperature Solubility and
More informationDATE: POGIL: Colligative Properties Part 1
NAME: AP Chemistry DATE: POGIL: Colligative Properties Part 1 Why? There is a general misconception that adding sodium chloride to cooking water for pasta increases the temperature of the boiling water
More informationx =!b ± b2! 4ac 2a moles particles solution (expt) moles solute dissolved (calculated conc ) i =
Properties of Solution Practice Exam Solutions Name (last) (First) Read all questions before you start. Show all work and explain your answers. Report all numerical answers to the proper number of sig.
More informationSolutions: Physical Properties and Behavior
Solutions: Physical Properties and Behavior In the previous chapter you were exposed to a great deal of information about the forces present in and the properties of individual pure substances (for example,
More informationChapter 12. Solutions and Their Behavior. Supersaturated contains more than the saturation limit (very unstable)
Chapter 12 Solutions and Their Behavior Unsaturated holds less than maximum capacity at a given T Supersaturated contains more than the saturation limit (very unstable) Saturated maximum amount of solute
More informationClass XII Chapter 2 Solutions Chemistry
Class XII Chapter 2 Solutions Chemistry Question 2.1: Calculate the mass percentage of benzene (C 6 H 6 ) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) if 22 g of benzene is dissolved in 122 g of carbon tetrachloride.
More informationCOLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES. Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 1
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 1 Colligative Properties Properties that depend on the collective effect of the number of solute particles. Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 2 COLLEGATIVE
More informationName Date Class STATES OF MATTER
13 STATES OF MATTER Chapter Test A A. Matching Match each description in Column B with the correct term in Column A. Write the letter of the correct description on the line. Column A Column B 1. amorphous
More informationRevision Sheet Final Exam Term
Revision Sheet Final Exam Term-1 2018-2019 Name: Subject: Chemistry Grade: 11 A, B, C Required Materials: Chapter: 10 Section: 1,2,3,4,5 (Textbook pg. 311-333) Chapter: 11 Section: 1,2, (Textbook pg. 341-355)
More informationPhase Transformations
Phase Transformations Chapter 8 of Atkins: Sections 8.4-8.6 Temperature- Composition Diagrams Distillation of Mixtures Azeotropes Immiscible Liquids Liquid- Liquid Phase Diagrams Phase Separations Critical
More informationChapter 11 Problems: 11, 15, 18, 20-23, 30, 32-35, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49-51, 53, 55-57, 59-61, 63, 65, 67, 70, 71, 74, 75, 78, 81, 85, 86, 93
Chapter 11 Problems: 11, 15, 18, 20-23, 30, 32-35, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49-51, 53, 55-57, 59-61, 63, 65, 67, 70, 71, 74, 75, 78, 81, 85, 86, 93 Chapter 11 Properties of Solutions Types of mixtures: homogenous
More informationSoluble: A solute that dissolves in a specific solvent. Insoluble: A solute that will not dissolve in a specific solvent. "Like Dissolves Like"
Solutions Homogeneous Mixtures Solutions: Mixtures that contain two or more substances called the solute and the solvent where the solute dissolves in the solvent so the solute and solvent are not distinguishable
More informationStates of Matter Chapter 10 Assignment & Problem Set
States of Matter Name Warm-Ups (Show your work for credit) Date 1. Date 2. Date 3. Date 4. Date 5. Date 6. Date 7. Date 8. States of Matter 2 Study Guide: Things You Must Know Vocabulary (know the definition
More informationPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS Do all the exercises in your study guide. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS A solution is a homogeneous mixture of a solute and a solvent. A solvent is a substance that
More informationName. Objective 1: Describe, at the molecular level, the difference between a gas, liquid, and solid phase.
Unit 6 Notepack States of Matter Name Unit 4 Objectives 1. Describe, at the molecular level, the difference between a gas, liquid, and solid phase. (CH 10) 2. Describe states of matter using the kinetic
More informationChapter 11. General Chemistry. Chapter 11/1
Chapter 11 Solutions and Their Properties Professor Sam Sawan General Chemistry 84.122 Chapter 11/1 Solutions Solution: A homogeneous mixture. Solvent: The major component. Solute: A minor component. Copyright
More informationGases, Liquids and Solids
Chapter 5 Gases, Liquids and Solids The States of Matter Gases Pressure Forces between one molecule and another are called intermolecular forces. Intermolecular forces hold molecules together and kinetic
More informationDistillation. Boiling
Distillation The most important technique for separating and purifying organic liquids is distillation 21. A gross oversimplification of the technique is this: the impure liquid in one vessel is vaporized,
More informationAll rights reserved. Armando B. Corripio, PhD, PE Flash Distillation Flash Drum Variables and Specifications... 2
Flash Distillation All rights reserved. Armando B. Corripio, PhD, PE. 2013 Contents Flash Distillation... 1 1 Flash Drum Variables and Specifications... 2 2 Flash Drum Balances and Equations... 4 2.1 Equilibrium
More informationCHAPTER SIX THERMODYNAMICS Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in a Binary System 6.2. Investigation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Water
CHAPTER SIX THERMODYNAMICS 6.1. Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in a Binary System 6.2. Investigation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Water 2 6.1. VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM IN A BINARY SYSTEM Keywords:
More informationA) sublimation. B) liquefaction. C) evaporation. D) condensation. E) freezing. 11. Below is a phase diagram for a substance.
PX0411-1112 1. Which of the following statements concerning liquids is incorrect? A) The volume of a liquid changes very little with pressure. B) Liquids are relatively incompressible. C) Liquid molecules
More informationSeparation Trains Azeotropes. S,S&L Chapter 9.5 Terry A. Ring Chemical Engineering University of Utah
Separation Trains Azeotropes S,S&L Chapter 9.5 Terry A. Ring Chemical Engineering University of Utah Distillation Recycle Loops Closing Recycle Loops Matrix Mathematics Without Recycle Loop [P] x = y Straight
More informationChemistry 163B. Concluding Factoids. and. Comments
Chemistry 163B Concluding Factoids and Comments 1 neuron, resting potential http://projects.gw.utwente.nl/pi/sim/bovt/concep4.gif http://www.uta.edu/biology/westmoreland/classnotes/144/chapter_48_files/image009.jpg
More informationChapter 11 section 6 and Chapter 8 Sections 1-4 from Atkins
Lecture Announce: Chapter 11 section 6 and Chapter 8 Sections 1-4 from Atkins Outline: osmotic pressure electrolyte solutions phase diagrams of mixtures Gibbs phase rule liquid-vapor distillation azeotropes
More informationChapter 2 Equilibria, Bubble Points, Dewpoints, Flash Calculations, and Activity Coefficients
Chapter 2 Equilibria, Bubble Points, Dewpoints, Flash Calculations, and Activity Coefficients 2.1 Vapour Pressure Calculations The basis for all phase equilibrium calculations are the vapour pressures
More informationUnit Five: Intermolecular Forces MC Question Practice April 14, 2017
Unit Five: Intermolecular Forces Name MC Question Practice April 14, 2017 1. Which of the following should have the highest surface tension at a given temperature? 2. The triple point of compound X occurs
More informationA- Determination Of Boiling point B- Distillation
EXP. NO. 2 A- Determination Of Boiling point B- Distillation The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to the surrounding atmospheric pressure. The normal boiling
More informationLECTURE 5: PHASE EQUILIBRIA
LECTURE 5: PHASE EQUILIBRIA PHASE EQUILIBRIA Phase equilibrium describes the way phases (such as solid, liquid and/or gas) co-exist at some temperatures and pressure, but interchange at others. 1 ENERGETIC
More informationChapter Practice Test Grosser
Class: Date: Chapter 10-11 Practice Test Grosser Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. According to the kinetic-molecular theory, particles of
More informationPhase Change: solid to liquid. Melting
Phase Change: solid to liquid Melting Most solids shrink in size when frozen. What substance is an exception and actually expands? water Use the phase diagram below to answer the following question. What
More informationMatter changes phase when energy is added or removed
Section 12.4 Phase Changes Explain how the addition and removal of energy can cause a phase change. Interpret a phase diagram. Matter changes phase when energy is added or removed Energy Changes Accompanying
More informationVapor-liquid equilibrium
Vapor-liquid equilibrium From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Vapor-liquid equilibrium, abbreviated as VLE by some, is a condition where a liquid and its vapor (gas phase) are in equilibrium with each
More informationReminder: These notes are meant to supplement, not replace the laboratory manual. Fractional Distillation notes
Reminder: These notes are meant to supplement, not replace the laboratory manual. Fractional Distillation notes History and Application: Fractional distillation is one of the most widely used separation
More informationPLEASE DO NOT MARK ON THE EXAM. ALL ANSWERS SHOULD BE INDICATED ON THE ANSWER SHEET. c) SeF 4
Chem 130 EXAM 4 Fall 99 PLEASE DO NOT MARK ON THE EXAM. ALL ANSWERS SHOULD BE INDICATED ON THE ANSWER SHEET QUESTIONS 1-5 MAY HAVE MORE THAN ONE POSSIBLE ANSWER CIRCLE ALL CORRECT RESPONSES TO EACH QUESTION
More informationChapter 1 The Atomic Nature of Matter
Chapter 1 The Atomic Nature of Matter 1-1 Chemistry: Science of Change 1-2 The Composition of Matter 1-3 The Atomic Theory of Matter 1-4 Chemical Formulas and Relative Atomic Masses 1-5 The Building Blocks
More information75 A solution of 2.500g of unknown dissolved in g of benzene has a freezing point of C. What is the molecular weight of the unknown?
75 A solution of 2.500g of unknown dissolved in 100.0 g of benzene has a freezing point of 4.880 C. What is the molecular weight of the unknown? Solving for Cm (molality) will allow us to calculate how
More informationChapter 12. Physical Properties of Solutions. Chemistry, Raymond Chang 10th edition, 2010 McGraw-Hill
Chemistry, Raymond Chang 10th edition, 2010 McGraw-Hill Chapter 12 Physical Properties of Solutions Ahmad Aqel Ifseisi Assistant Professor of Analytical Chemistry College of Science, Department of Chemistry
More information10. 2 P R O B L E M S L I Q U I D S A N D G A S E S
South Pasadena AP Chemistry Name 10 States of Matter Period Date 10. 2 P R B L E M S L I Q U I D S A N D G A S E S 1. Use the following table to answer these questions. Vapor Pressures of Various Liquids
More informationA).5 atm B) 1 atm C) 1.5 atm D) 2 atm E) it is impossible to tell
1. ne atmosphere is equivalent to A) 1.00 g ml 1 B) 22,400 ml ) 273 K D) 760. mmhg E) 298 K 2. A cylinder contains 2.50 L of air at a pressure of 5.00 atmospheres. At what volume, will the air exert a
More informationChapter 12 Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
Chapter 12 Intermolecular Forces of Attraction Intermolecular Forces Attractive or Repulsive Forces between molecules. Molecule - - - - - - Molecule Intramolecular Forces bonding forces within the molecule.
More informationGeneral Chemistry II, Unit II: Study Guide (part 2)
General Chemistry II Unit II Part 2 1 General Chemistry II, Unit II: Study Guide (part 2) CDS Chapter 17: Phase Equilibrium and Intermolecular Forces Introduction o In this chapter, we will develop a model
More informationName Date Class THE NATURE OF GASES
13.1 THE NATURE OF GASES Section Review Objectives Describe the assumptions of the kinetic theory as it applies to gases Interpret gas pressure in terms of kinetic theory Define the relationship between
More informationStates of Matter. The Solid State. Particles are tightly packed, very close together (strong cohesive forces) Low kinetic energy (energy of motion)
States of Matter The Solid State Particles are tightly packed, very close together (strong cohesive forces) Low kinetic energy (energy of motion) Fixed shape and volume Crystalline or amorphous structure
More informationChapter 3 PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES SUMMARY
Chapter 3 PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES SUMMARY PURE SUBSTANCE Pure substance: A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout. Compressed liquid (sub-cooled liquid): A substance that it is
More informationUNIT 9.SOLUTIONS.
BOOK BACK QUESTION AND ANSWERS: 31.Define (i) molality (ii) Normality (i) molality (ii) Normality UNIT 9.SOLUTIONS Number of moles of solute Molality(m) = Mass of the solvent( in Kg) Number of gram equivalengt
More informationChapter 10 Practice. Name: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Name: Score: 0 / 18 points (0%) [3 open ended questions not graded] Chapter 10 Practice Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. A sample of gas
More informationCHM2045 F13: Exam # MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
CHM2045 F13: Exam #3 2013.11.15 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) A metal crystallizes in a face centered cubic structure and has
More informationChapter 3 PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
Chapter 3 PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES PURE SUBSTANCE Pure substance: A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout. Air is a mixture of several gases, but it is considered to be a pure
More informationMCGILL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SCIENCE MIDTERM EXAMINATION CHEM 120 MONDAY MARCH 16, :30PM 8:30PM VERSION NUMBER: 1
MCGILL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SCIENCE MIDTERM EXAMINATION CHEM 120 MONDAY MARCH 16, 2009 6:30PM 8:30PM VERSION NUMBER: 1 Instructions: BEFORE YOU BEGIN: Enter your student number and name on the computer
More informationOverview. Types of Solutions. Intermolecular forces in solution. Concentration terms. Colligative properties. Osmotic Pressure 2 / 46
1 / 46 2 / 46 Overview Types of Solutions. Intermolecular forces in solution Concentration terms Colligative properties Osmotic Pressure 3 / 46 Solutions and Colloids A solution is a homogeneous mixture
More informationProblem Appendix Antoine constants Important properties of unordered packings... 22
Contents Sample problems and eercises Distillation... 3 Sample problems... 3 Sample : Calculating vapor phase composition for immiscible liquids... 3 Sample 2: Calculating boiling point and vapor phase
More informationDownloaded from
: Bhubaneswar Region CHAPTER 2-SOLUTIONS 1 MARK QUESTIONS 1 What is molarity? 2 What do you understand by saying that molality of a solution is 0.2? 3 Why is the vapour pressure of a liquid remains constant
More informationChapter 10: CHM 2045 (Dr. Capps)
Phase Diagram Phase diagrams for CO 2 and H 2 O Chapter 13. Solutions and Their Physical Properties Shows pressures and temperatures at which gaseous, liquid, and solid phases can exist. Allows us to predict
More informationChapter 10 States of Matter
Chapter 10 States of Matter 1 Section 10.1 The Nature of Gases Objectives: Describe the assumptions of the kinetic theory as it applies to gases. Interpret gas pressure in terms of kinetic theory. Define
More informationBorn-Haber Cycle: ΔH hydration
Born-Haber Cycle: ΔH hydration ΔH solution,nacl = ΔH hydration,nacl(aq) U NaCl ΔH hydration,nacl(aq) = ΔH hydration,na + (g) + ΔH hydration,cl (g) Enthalpies of Hydration 1 Sample Exercise 11.3 Use the
More informationProperties of Vapors
Properties of Vapors Topics for Discussion The Pressure/Temperature Relationship Vaporization Condensation Enthalpy Properties of Vapors Topics for Discussion Entropy Properties of Substances Saturated
More informationClassify each of these statements as always true, AT; sometimes true, ST; or never true, NT.
Chapter 11 THE NATURE OF GASES States of Matter Describe the motion of gas particles according to the kinetic theory Interpret gas pressure in terms of kinetic theory Key Terms: 1. kinetic energy 2. gas
More information